141. "An Army Of One?" By Gen. Wesley Clark general Wesley Clark's September 2002 column explains the dangers of unilateralism and the importance of alliances and consensus both in Kosovo and the war against terrorism. http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2001/0209.clark.html

Respond to this Article September 2002 An Army of One? In the war on terrorism, alliances are not an obstacle to victory. They're the key to it. By Gen. Wesley Clark A few days after September 11, I happened to be walking the halls of the Pentagon, the scene of so many contentious meetings during my years as commander of NATO forces in Europe, and ran into an old acquaintance, now a senior official. We chatted briefly about TV coverage of the crisis and the impending operations in Afghanistan. At his invitation, I began to share some thoughts about how we had waged the Kosovo war by working within NATObut he cut me off. "We read your book," he scoffed. "And no one is going to tell us where we can or can't bomb." That was exactly how the United States proceeded. Of course, the campaign in Afghanistan, as it unfolded, wasn't an all-American show. The United States sought and won help from an array of countries: basing rights in Central Asian states and in Pakistan; some shared intelligence from Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and other Muslim states; diplomatic backing from Russia and China; air and naval support from France; naval refueling from Japan; special forces from the United Kingdom, and so on. But unlike the Kosovo campaign, where NATO provided a structured consultation and consensus-shaping process, allied support in this war took the form of a "floating" or "flexible" coalition. Countries supported the United States in the manner and to the extent they felt possible, but without any pretenses of sharing in major decisions. European leaders sought to be more involved. At the Europeans' urging, NATO even declaredinvoking, for the first time, Article V of its founding treatythat the attack on the United States represented an attack on every member. But even so, Washington bypassed and essentially marginalized the alliance. The United Nations was similarly sidelined.

142. Urban Legends Reference Pages: Rumors Of War (Pershing The Thought) Spanish cession of the islands at the conclusion of the SpanishAmerican war in1898 Suffice it to say that general John J. Black Jack Pershing was part of http://www.snopes.com/rumors/pershing.htm

Pershing the Thought Claim: General John J. Pershing effectively discouraged Muslim terrorists in the Philippines by killing them and burying their bodies with pigs. Status: Undetermined. Example: [Collected on the Internet, 2001] HOW TO STOP ISLAMIC TERRORISTS . . . it worked once in our History . . . Once in US history an episode of Islamic terrorism was very quickly stopped. It happened in the Philippines about 1911, when Gen. John J. Pershing was in command of the garrison. There had been numerous Islamic terrorist attacks, so "Black Jack" told his boys to catch the perps and teach them a lesson. Forced to dig their own graves, the terrorists were all tied to posts, execution style. The US soldiers then brought in pigs and slaughtered them, rubbing their bullets in the blood and fat. Thus, the terrorists were terrorized; they saw that they would be contaminated with hogs' blood. This would mean that they could not enter Heaven, even if they died as terrorist martyrs. All but one was shot, their bodies dumped into the grave, and the hog guts dumped atop the bodies. The lone survivor was allowed to escape back to the terrorist camp and tell his brethren what happened to the others. This brought a stop to terrorism in the Philippines for the next 50 years.

143. Biography Of General Omar N. Bradley Reassesses the role of general Omar V. Bradley in the United States' campaign in World war II. http://www.pattonuncovered.com/html/bradley.html

Excerpted from Appendix B of “ Patton Uncovered ” by B. E. Boland It is worth reviewing the personality of another famous commander, General Omar N. Bradley. Six years after the war he wrote a careful “official history” book entitled, “A Soldier’s Story.” He attacks Montgomery and his plans viciously, yet defends Eisenhower’s actions – sometimes even when these actions were to support Montgomery. However at occasions there is a break in the “official history” where we get a real glimpse of his thoughts. Unfortunately for us, Bradley did not keep a diary. If he had, we would have seen his day to day thoughts and what he was really thinking. Instead, we know only that both Eisenhower and Montgomery published their “Histories of the War” first, and that it some cases Bradley scrupulously “corrected history” and corroborated Eisenhower’s version. Patton is the only clear voice that remains from WWII without need of deciphering. We are extremely lucky that Patton followed General Pershing’s advice and kept a diary. Without Patton’s diary, we would not have clear proof of his incredible “sixth sense:” his accurate guesses as to the intention of the enemy. It is easy for a commander to say, years after the war, that he “knew all along” the enemy was about to attack. That commander must be able to prove that he knew – and the best proof is a day-to-day account in a war diary.

144. Jubal Anderson Early, 1816-1894 Lieutenant General Jubal Anderson Early C.S.A.: Lieutenant general Jubal Anderson Early CSA Autobiographical Sketch and Narrativeof the war between the States. By Jubal Anderson Early, 18161894. http://docsouth.unc.edu/early/menu.html

Jubal Anderson Early, 1816-1894 Lieutenant General Jubal Anderson Early C.S.A.: Autobiographical Sketch and Narrative of the War between the States. Philadelphia; London: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1912. Full Text (xxvi, 496 p., ca. 1.1MB) HTML file XML/TEI source file Illustrations Frontispiece Title Page List of Illustrations Learn More Summary of this title Subjects Confederate States of America. Army Officers Biography. Confederate States of America. Army. Virginia Infantry Regiment, 24th. Early, Jubal Anderson, 1816-1894. Generals Confederate States of America Biography. ... Virginia History Civil War, 1861-1865 Personal narratives. Funding from the Library of Congress/Ameritech National Digital Library Competition supported the electronic publication of this title. Return to First Person Narratives of the American South Home Page Return to Documenting the American South Home Page Feedback URL: http://docsouth.unc.edu/early/menu.html Last update May 25, 2004

145. Crimes Of War Project Dedicated to raising awareness of the laws of war and war crimes among the media, policy makers, human rights and humanitarian aid workers, and the general public. http://www.crimesofwar.org

The American Military Justice System and the Response to Prisoner Abuse By Michael N. Schmitt America's Interrogation Network: Rules on the Treatment of Prisoners By Anthony Dworkin The American Military Justice System and the Response to Prisoner Abuse By Michael N. Schmitt America's Interrogation Network: Rules on the Treatment of Prisoners By Anthony Dworkin ... Rwanda Tribunal Finds Media Executives Guilty of Genocide

146. Freedom From War (1961) In order to overcome the danger of nuclear war now confronting mankind, the UnitedStates has introduced at the Sixteenth general Assembly of the United http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/arms/freedom_war.html

Freedom From War The United States Program for General and Complete Disarmament in a Peaceful World U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION 7277 Disarmament Series 5 Released September 1961 Office of Public Services BUREAU OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. - Price 15 cents INTRODUCTION The revolutionary development of modern weapons within a world divided by serious ideological differences has produced a crisis in human history. In order to overcome the danger of nuclear war now confronting mankind, the United States has introduced at the Sixteenth General Assembly of the United Nations a Program for General and Complete Disarmament in a Peaceful World This new program provides for the progressive reduction of the war-making capabilities of nations and the simultaneous strengthening of international institutions to settle disputes and maintain the peace. It sets forth a series of comprehensive measures which can and should be taken in order to bring about a world in which there will be freedom from war and security for all states. It is based on three principles deemed essential to the achievement of practical progress in the disarmament field: First, there must be immediate disarmament action:

147. Baltimoresun.com - Administration Wages War On Pornography news. Administration wages war on pornography. Obscenity For the first time in 10 theperspective of the Justice Department and Attorney general John Ashcroft. http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bal-te.obscenity06apr06,0,3004361.story?coll=ba

148. War Of 1812 - Battle Of North Point - Methodist Meeting House This building was known as the Battle Ground MethodistEpiscopal Church, which was occupied by general Stricker the night preceding the Battle of North Point and was used as a hospital by both armies, during and after the the battle which took place on September 12, 1814. http://www.bcpl.net/~etowner/npstop7.html

Virtual Tour Stop #7 - Methodist Meeting House After the Battle of North Point, the British commander did not press his attack on the withdrawing Americans. This battle being complete, the injured were taken to a local Methodist church where surgeons worked through the night. An unusual point is that casualties from both armies were treated together in the same field 'hospital'. At that time, prisoners where held only until they could be exchanged for an equal number of enemy prisoners. General Stricker, therefore, did not abandon his injured, leaving them with the British. The British, who had decided to encamp for the night, were ill prepared. As a cold September rain began to fall, they did their best to keep themselves and their muskets dry, as they had left their coats and tents back at the landing site on North Point. General Stricker ,"After proper deliberation", chose to withdraw his battle weary troops once again, closer to the defenses of Baltimore. Today, only a few stones of the foundation of the Methodist Meeting House remain visible. The site of this impromptu field hospital is marked with a large stone monument.

149. World War II - The Cradle Of Aviation Museum Offers historical museum dedicated to military aircraft production in Long Island during World war Two. Offers exhibits, IMAX theater, history, general information, news, events, and guestbook. http://www.cradleofaviation.org/exhibits/ww2/

150. Antiwar.com US Steps Up Hunt in Leaks to Iraqi Exile. Poll Bush Ratings, war Support Continueto Slide. Is Failure Now an Option? general Zinni They ve Screwed Up . http://www.antiwar.com/

Highlights Hypocrisy: Charley Reese End of a Golden Age in China: Sascha Matuszak Hail the Great Leader!: Lew Rockwell Our Shortsighted Emperor: Alexander Cockburn ... Quotable I believe in only one thing: liberty; but I do not believe in liberty enough to want to force it upon anyone. Original Letters Blog Casualties of War ... Hypocrisy: The US Government's Biggest Single Problem by Charley Reese Kerry's Saudi Sucker Punch by Ashraf Fahim Our Shortsighted Emperor Video interview with Alexander Cockburn Hail the Great Leader! by Lew Rockwell When Laws Get in the Way of Torture by William Pfaff Live Free, or Be Killed

151. Thomas Clingman Biography of Huntersville native and prewar United States senator who commanded the 8th, 31st, 51st and 61st North Carolina infantry Regiments. http://dd1.library.appstate.edu/regional_history/people/Clingman, Thomas L..htm

Asheville Art Museum Asheville-Buncombe Library UNC Asheville YMI Cultural Center ... Southern Highland Craft Guild Thomas L. Clingman "...was born at Huntersville, July 27, 1812; graduated from University of North Carolina, 1832; studied and practiced law; elected to House of Commons in 1835; moved to Asheville in 1836; elected State Senator in 1840; elected as a Whig to 28th Congress...; defeated by James Graham to 29th Congress; reelected to 30th - 35th Congresses when he resigned; appointed in 1858 United States Senator as a Democrat to fill vacancy cause by resignation of Asa Biggs; was elected to United States Senate and served from May 6, 1858 to Jan. 21, 1861. when he withdrew; was formally expelled from United States Senate July 11, 1861; appointed May 17, 1862, brigadier general in the Confederate service and commanded a brigade composed of the 8th, 31st, 51st and 61st North Carolina infantry;...explored and measure mountain peaks and developed mineral resources of several regions; died Nov. 3, 1897; buried in Asheville. ( 1914. Arthur, John Preston.

152. The Memory Hole > US Army Report On Torture Of Iraqis In Abu Ghraib Prison Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of war, Enemy Prisoners of war, Retained Personnel Ialso recommend that the Provost Marshal general of the Army assign a http://www.thememoryhole.org/war/iraqis_tortured/taguba_report.htm

US Army Report on Torture of Iraqis in Abu Ghraib Prison here . The Memory Hole has made a FOIA request for this report. For some of the photos that triggered this investigation, see " Photos of Iraqis Being Abused by US Personnel ." ARTICLE 15-6 INVESTIGATION OF THE 800th MILITARY POLICE BRIGADE [prepared by Maj. Gen. Antonio M. Taguba] TABLE OF CONTENTS Assessment of DoD Counter-Terrorism Interrogation and Detention Operations In Iraq Report on Detention and Corrections In Iraq Findings and Recommendations References Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, 12 August 1949Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in the Armed Forces in the Field, 12 August 1949 3. Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea, 12 August 1949 4. Geneva Convention Protocol Relative to the Status of Refugees, 1967 5. Geneva Convention Relative to the Status of Refugees, 1951

153. Memories Of Forty-Eight Years Service A personal account of service during the Zulu war, the Boer war and World war One, written by general Sir Horace SmithDorrien. http://www.richthofen.com/smith-dorrien/

MEMORIES OF FORTY-EIGHT YEARS SERVICE GENERAL HORACE SMITH-DORRIEN British General Sir Horace Lockwood Smith-Dorrien is famous for his part in two famous events; the Battle of Isandhlwana in 1879, and the Battle of Le Cateau in 1914. At Isandhlwana, he was one of only five soldiers to survive the Zulu Army's envelopment of an invading column of British troops. At Le Cateau, he successfully guided the Second Corps of the British Expeditionary Force in France through one of the most difficult operations possible, that of a fighting withdrawal. In 1915, as the vicious trench fighting of the western front heated up, he was one of the first senior Allied officers to request a change of methods in order to reduce the appalling casualties already being suffered. Instead of being encouraged in his efforts, he was removed from command by his less than imaginative superior, Sir John French. It will never be known how differently the war in the trenches might have developed had Smith-Dorrien remained on the scene. But the loss of such a capable commander of long experience most likely caused more hardship than otherwise might have occurred. The excerpts below are from Smith-Dorrien's 1925 book Memories of Forty-Eight Years Service . This 500 page memoir begins with his service as a young man in Africa during the Zulu War, moves on to Egypt, India, Malta, further African service during the Boer War, and finally his famous tour of duty in Belgium and France during World War One. Note that due to its great length and the wide variety of subjects, select chapters will be presented in regular installments.

154. Office Of Australian War Graves: General Information general information about the Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Australianwar Graves. Office of Australian war Graves general Information. http://www.dva.gov.au/commem/oawg/general.htm

Office of Australian War Graves: General Information General Information Publications Current Projects Commonwealth War Graves Commission ... Significant Dates Anzac Day Remembrance Day Mothers' Day / Fathers' Day Australian War Memorial General information The wide-ranging responsibilities of the Office of Australian War Graves (OAWG) generally fall within five areas: processing of new official commemorations maintenance of war cemeteries, plots, individual graves, post-war commemorations and battle exploit memorials management of major projects at overseas locations provision of research services for commemorative information, and issuing permission to use the relevant Service badge. OAWG acts as Australian agent for the Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC). In addition to the above, OAWG is responsible for providing and maintaining the graves and memorials for those eligible veterans who have died as a result of their war service. Memorials for official Post War Commemorations are to be found in most cemeteries and crematoria throughout Australia. When it is not possible to provide a memorial at the site of a veteran's remains, a plaque is provided in one of our Gardens of Remembrance (these have been established in each capital city and Launceston). On behalf of the Department of Defence, the Office issues permission to use the relevant Service badge for use on veterans' graves. Anyone who served in the armed forces, whether eligible for official commemoration or not, is entitled to use the emblem of the Service in which he/she served.

155. Revolutionary War Battlefield South Carolina A Revolutionary war battle between general Daniel Morgan sPatriot troops and Banastre Tarleton s (Bloody Ben) British forces. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/4393/rev_war.html

home Revolutionary War Links Revolutionary War Books Revolutionary War Lesson Plans ... America's Freedom Documents The Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights and the Constitution American Revolution Navigation Tools keyword search, subject search, timeline of the American Revolutionary War, regional maps of American Revolutionary War battles Benjamin Franklin a short biography Betsy Ross Homepage Betsy Ross' house, quotes, notes, flag etiquette, links, flag trivia, step-by- step directions to cut a 5 pointed star, flag facts and timeline Biography online database of 15,000 biographies, both past and present Charleston Connections: Historical Highlights a chronological list of events arranged by centuries The Charleston Multimedia Project: Timeline a chronology of noteworthy events from the 16th century to the present Colonial Currency view colonial currency from 15 states, Continental currency, Colonial Lottery Tickets and Colonial Fiscal Documents Colonial Lexington This is a web page created by students on the history of Lexington. The Colonies during the Revolutionary War get information about a battle site by clicking on its location on an image map Cowpens National Battlefield South Carolina A Revolutionary War battle between General Daniel Morgan's Patriot troops and Banastre Tarleton's (Bloody Ben) British forces.

156. Cariadoc's Miscellany: Cooking From Primary Sources: Some General Comments An article which discusses aspects of medieval food such as appropriate fare for war time, and ethnic food. Links to relevant recipes are included in the text. http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cariadoc/cooking_from_primary_sources.html

[This is an article from Cariadoc's Miscellany Miscellany Introduction Cooking from Primary Sources: Some General Comments One definition of what the Society is about is "studying the past by selective recreation." Period cooking is one of the few activities that really lets us do this, in a sense of "study" that goes substantially beyond merely learning things that other people already know. There are thousands of pages of period source material available, and I would guess that most of the dishes have not been made by anyone in the past three hundred years. As with many things, the best way to learn is to do it; the following comments are intended to make the process a little easier. When working with early English recipes, remember that the spelling has changed much more than the language and is often wildly inconsistent; one fifteenth century recipe contains the word "Chickens" four times-with four different spellings, of which the first is "Schyconys." It often helps to try sounding out strange words, in the hope that they will be more familiar to the ear than to the eye. Recipes rarely include quantities, temperatures, or times. Working out a recipe consists mostly of discovering that information by trial and error. You may find a modern cookbook useful in doing so. The idea is not to adapt a modern recipe but to use the modern recipe for information on how long a chicken has to be boiled before it is done or how much salt is added to a given volume of stew. That gives you a first guess, to be used the first time you try the dish and modified accordingly.

157. A People At War Gen. Benjamin O. Davis During World war II, general Benjamin O. Davis was thefirst AfricanAmerican general officer in the United States military. http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/a_people_at_war/new_roles/general_benjamin_

Gen. Benjamin O. Davis The 99th Pursuit Squadron The Codetalkers The 442nd Infantry Regiment "Brig. Gen. Benjamin O. Davis watches a Signal Corps crew erecting poles, somewhere in France.". (NWDNS-111-SC-192258-S) The armed forces established special units during World War II to accommodate minority groups. These segregated units of American Indians, African Americans, and Japanese Americans served their country heroically in many battlefields in Europe and in the Pacific. Gen. Benjamin O. Davis During World War II, General Benjamin O. Davis was the first African-American general officer in the United States military. General Davis served as an inspector for the Inspector General and later as a special investigator with Judge William Hastie for the Secretary of War's Advisory Committee on Negro Troop Policies. His investigation of discrimination and racial disturbances brought to light the problems of a racially closed military. A report issued November 9, 1943, provides an overview of the problems he uncovered: page 1 page 2 page 3 A document dated January 20, 1945, recommending General Davis for the Distinguished Service Medal illustrates the numerous occasions upon which the general was ordered to investigate incidents involving African-American troops:

158. Hiroshima: Who's Who And What'd They Do? Short biographies of those who were involved in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Sec.of State James F. Byrnes, Sec. of war Henry L. Stimson and general Leslie R. Groves. http://www.doug-long.com/who.htm

H I R O S H I M A : WHO'S WHO AND WHAT'D THEY DO? by Doug Long Below are some of the people who were involved in the atomic bombing of Japan. I've taken a broad approach as to who should be included; for instance, some were involved in the Manhattan Project or were Japanese leaders. There are political leaders and advisors, military men, and scientists, all listed alphabetically. I'll be adding more as time permits. Just click on the names below for a description of the person. Where available, I've listed some of the key books for more information on each person. And remember... this can be like eating peanuts. LATEST ADDITION (July 8, 2001): Manhattan Project Scientist Niels Bohr Japanese Minister of War Korechika Anami Admiral William D. Leahy Under Sec. of the Navy Ralph A. Bard ... Koichi Kido, Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal More to come... To return to the Hiroshima: Was it Necessary? home page, click Home Page (http://www.doug-long.com)

159. Ulysses S. Grant Home Page outstanding military figure and the savior of the Union during the Civil war, aswell here will start you on an odyssey in discovering Grant as a general, as a http://www.mscomm.com/~ulysses/

/* Neon Lights Text By JavaScript Kit (http://javascriptkit.com) For this script, TOS, and 100s more DHTML scripts, Visit http://www.dynamicdrive.com */ GRANT BOARD VITAL STATS F.A.Q. TABLE TALK ... 6 REFLECTIONS This website contains 200 pages of images, text and information on Ulysses S. Grant. Grant was an outstanding military figure and the savior of the Union during the Civil War, as well as the 18th President of the United States from 1869-77. Unfortunately, Grant has been PHOTO GALLERY 0 INTERVIEWS CONTRIBUTIONS SOUTHERN VIEWS ... BIBLIOGRAPHY profoundly misunderstood in popular culture. Often portrayed as a slovenly drunkard, he was actually a modest and moral man, uncommonly devoted to his wife and children. He was an author of unusual ability and his Memoirs are widely regarded as one of the great books written in the English language. He was also a complex individual with uncommon virtues. We invite you to explore Ulysses S. Grant, a man whose abilities are still misunderstood and underrated. His accomplishments and courage were rare, his personal integrity unmatched. The information here will start you on an odyssey in discovering Grant as a General, as a human being and as a great American. Questions, comments or suggestions about the Ulysses S. Grant Home Page can be addressed to the creator and maintainer of this site

160. NASP - Children And Fear Of War And Terrorism Maintain general academic and behavioral expectations, but be realistic about anindividual child terms, and how their skills contribute to the war effort or http://www.nasponline.org/NEAT/children_war_general.html

Children and Fear of War and Terrorism Tips for Parents and Teachers National Association of School Psychologists Adults need to help children feel safe at a time when the world seems to be a more dangerous place.  Parents and teachers in particular must help youngsters understand current events factually, how events do or do not impact their lives, and how to handle their emotional reactions. The degree to which children are affected will vary depending on personal circumstances. Children who have suffered a personal loss from, or had firsthand exposure to, terrorist acts or military actions will be much more vulnerable. Also at greater risk are children whose parents are in the military or in active duty in the reserve forces, and those children whose parents are involved in emergency response or public safety.  Emotional Responses Emotional responses vary in nature and severity from child to child.  Nonetheless, there are some similarities in how children (and adults) feel when their lives are impacted by war or the threat of war: Fear: Fear may be the predominant reactionfear for the safety of those in the military as well as fear for their own safety. Children's fantasies of war may include a mental picture of a bomb being dropped on their home. While their worries are probably exaggerated, they are often based on real images of terrorist attacks or war scenes. When children hear rumors at school and pick up bits of information from television, their imaginations may run wild. They may think the worst, however unrealistic it may be. Any publicized threat of war or terrorism close to home may also add to their fear.

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