61. Mythic Asian Crossroads vietnamese Myths by Janice Cook is part of the Collaborative Myths andLegends Project site at Kapi olani Community College. vietnamese http://www.mythiccrossroads.com/asia.htm

Last updated on var site="s14mythiccrossroads" Afghan Anatolian Arabic Chinese ... Vietnamese Afghan Afghan Ceremonies and Traditions offers a summary of customs associated with weddings, funerals, and other occasions. Anatolian (Altaic, Hittite, Turk) Folklore discusses the history of folklore studies in Turkey. The Hittite/Hurrian Mythology Reference by Christopher B. Siren presents the history of the Hittites, their deities and their cosmology, along with references to source material on the Hittites. Poems from the Turkish Epic are adapted by Gene Doty from Gulten Yenner's prose translation. Includes the Altaic creation myth, how God Kara-han gets splashed, and the mythical origin of the Altaic tribes. Turkish Mythology by Handan Oz discusses Turkish myths from their origins in Central Asia. Much of the site is in Turkish, some is in English. Arabic 1001 Sites is an Arab Internet Directory and search engine. Arab Folk Tales has three stories The Price of Pride (Saudi)

62. Vietnam War initially relied on the frontier mythology of Indian/Viet Cong as enemy, it ledto the rejection of the generation of a new mythology of Vietnam veteran as http://www.english.upenn.edu/~despey/vietnam.htm

RETURN TO MAIN PAGE The Journal of American Culture and Literature Uprising: The Protests and the Arts Editors, David Landrey and Dr. Bilge Mutluay, 1994 Department of American Culture and Literature, Hacettepe University, Ankara. Co-Published with the Poetry/Rare Books Collection, SUNY Buffalo AMERICA AND VIETNAM: THE INDIAN SUBTEXT David Espey Among the many changes in American culture influenced by the Vietnam War in the years 1968-75 were transformations in the popular image of the American Indian and in Native American political consciousness. Vietnam and the Indians share a curious association in the American imagination. In the early years of the war, the United States often thought of Vietnam in images of the American West and cast the Vietnamese in the role of Indians. But this perception eroded as the anti-war movement grew and the mythic association of Vietnam with the Indians changed. In his study of frontier mythology, historian Richard Slotkin called the Vietnam War "our last great Indian war.''1 American soldiers in Vietnam routinely called enemy territory "Indian Country." In her study of the Vietnam War, Fire in the Lake

63. Vietnamese Girls Vietnam Girls Jewels Of The Blue Dragon First, why the name Blue Dragon ? This comes from from ancient Asianmythology, Vietnam is the Land of the Blue Dragon . The http://www.vietnamesebusiness.com/bluedragon/

Home Page Age Groups Order Form Why Vietnam ... 40+ yrs New Payment System for 2004 for those concerned about SECURITY - Pay Pal is about the best Search our database: Form values in: Metric American I am a Select year old man (optional - this will find all girls seeking men your age) I am seeking a Vietnamese girl: Bluedragon Code# : Her name is (partial): Her age should be from: TO years old Her height should be from: m cm. TO m cm. Her weight should be from: kg. TO kg. Or, you can use our Advanced Search form. New Stuff Tour Info English Class Gift Service ... Balloon gifts and flowers Attention: - - Guys - - Let us place your Personal AD in a Newspaper in Vietnam - - This really works - Give it a try - Click here for more information or go direct to the order form Personal Ad Order form link Welcome to Jewels of the Blue Dragon.

64. Vietnamese Girls Vietnam Girls Jewels Of The Blue Dragon First, why the name Blue Dragon ? This comes from from ancient Asianmythology, Vietnam is the Land of the Blue Dragon . The http://www.vietnamesebusiness.com/vbcweb2/jewelsof1.htm

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65. Classic Images Of Vietnam Today: Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, Markets, Mekong Delt Although this may seem a bit touristy on the surface, it is a wonderful opportunityto learn about some of Vietnam’s mythology and it welldone. http://www.infohub.com/TRAVEL/SIT/sit_pages/12914.html

You are here: Home Asia Vietnam Trip Listing Service ... Home Categories Active Adventure Affinity Family Hobby ... Sports Destination Africa Asia Australia Caribbean ... Maps Weekend Getaways Backroad CityEscape Unique Stays Castle Hotel Eco Lodge Outdoors Fishing Lodge Guest Ranch Hunting Lodge Resorts Diving Golf Naturist Spa Are you interested? Want to learn more about this tour, order travel brochures, pose questions to the tour operator or book this tour? Click for details. Classic Images of Vietnam Today Myths and Mountains Click here for info Capture the essence of traditional Vietnam as the country opens its arms to visitors from around the world. With a rich history of Chinese, French, Japanese, and American influences, Vietnam offers a fascinating blend of ancient and modern sites. This fascinating trip begins in Saigon, explores the Mekong Delta, travels north through Dalat to Nha Trang and takes a boat through the surrounding islands. From Nha Trang, you head to Danang and explore the city before driving on to Hoi An and over the pass to Hue. Here you can wander by river, road and bicycle around this ancient citadel. Your last flight takes you from Hue to the capital of Hanoi, where you can explore perhaps Asia’s most beautiful city. Your Itinerary Day 1: D Day 2: B Day 3: B Day 4: Rising early, you will head out towards Lam Dong Province through “Borri Country,” once the home of Jesuit missionaries. Your destination is “The City of Love,” Dalat, a favorite holiday resort for Vietnamese as well as the French. With evergreen forests, waterfalls, beautiful lakes, the country’s best flower gardens, and delicious fresh produce, Dalat has always provided a welcome respite from the heat of the lowlands. You can spend the afternoon and tomorrow morning visiting the highlights of Dalat - its gardens, cathedral, waterfalls, Valley of Love, convent, university and key pagodas. Your hotel is the beautiful Dalat Palace.

66. The War In Vietnam And The Movies: A Short Bibliography Of Materials In The UC B 16 no. 4. 1988. pp 218225. Rasmussen, Karen; Downey, Sharon D. DialecticalDisorientation in Vietnam War Films Subversion of the mythology of War. http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/VietnamBib.html

The War in Vietnam and the Movies: A Short Bibliography of Materials in the UC Berkeley Libraries Books Journal and Newspaper Articles 1960's videography Books Adair, Gilbert. Vietnam on Film: From The Green berets to Apocalypse Now / Gilbert Adair. New York : Proteus: distributed by Scribner, c1981. UCB Main PN1995.9.W3 .A3 UCB Moffitt PN1995.9 .W3A3 Adair, Gilbert. Vietnam on Film: From The Green Berets to Apocalypse Now / Gilbert Adair. New York: Proteus: distributed by Scribner, c1981. UCB Main PN1995.9.W3 .A3 UCB Moffitt PN1995.9 .W3A3 America Rediscovered: Critical Essays on Literature and Film of the Vietnam War. Edited by Owen W. Gilman, Jr., Lorrie Smith. New York: Garland, 1990. Series title: Garland reference library of the humanities ; vol. 986. UCB Main PS228.V5 A44 1990 UCB Moffitt PS228.V5 A44 1990 Auster, Albert. UCB Main DS557.73 .A971 1988 UCB Moffitt DS557.73 .A97 1988 Bates, Milton J. The Wars We Took to Vietnam: Cultural Conflict and Storytelling / Milton J. Bates. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1996.

67. A Reality Check For A Clueless Nation Published on Thursday, May 3, 2001 by Ted Rall. The mythology of VietnamA Reality Check for a Clueless Nation. by Ted Rall. NEW YORK http://www.commondreams.org/views01/0504-06.htm

Home Newswire About Us Donate ... Archives Featured Views Printer Friendly Version E-Mail This Article Published on Thursday, May 3, 2001 by Ted Rall The Mythology of Vietnam A Reality Check for a Clueless Nation by Ted Rall NEW YORK Historical memory has never done terribly well in this country, but our national case of collective amnesia over the Vietnam War surely sets a record for mass delusion. Former Sen. Bob Kerrey (finally) admits that he led a commando raid on the village of Thanh Phong on the night of Feb. 25, 1969, that ended up with the accidental killings of between 12 and 14 unarmed civilians. One of the six men under Kerrey's command alleges that Kerrey ordered the Vietnamese lined up and shot. For all we know, both men may be telling the truth as they remember it. According to Dr. Frank Ochberg, a former associate director of the National Institute of Mental Health, the stress of combat "makes it possible to remember things in a part of the brain that causes you to focus on certain events and completely ignore others." In an April 29 op-ed piece that appeared in the Washington Post, Sens. John Kerry, D-Mass., Max Cleland, D-Ga., and Chuck Hagel, R-Neb., wrote: "Many people have been forced to do things in war that they are deeply ashamed of later. Yet for our country to blame the warrior instead of the war is among the worst, and, regrettably, most frequent mistakes we as a country can make."

68. Insight On The News: Paying Tribute To Heroes: Hollywood's Vietnam Mythology Tak are Here Articles Insight on the News May 6, 2002 Article. Paying tributeto heroes Hollywood s Vietnam mythology takes a Uturn with We Were Soldiers. http://www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/m1571/16_18/85523458/p1/article.jhtml

@import url(/css/us/style.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); Advanced Search Home Help IN all publications this publication News Automotive Business Computing Entertainment Health News Reference Sports YOU ARE HERE Articles Insight on the News May 6, 2002 Content provided in partnership with Print friendly Tell a friend Find subscription deals Paying tribute to heroes: Hollywood's Vietnam mythology takes a U-turn with We Were Soldiers. . - Americana - movie review Insight on the News May 6, 2002 by Don Feder Wayne Lewellen, president of distribution for Paramount Pictures, which released We Were Soldiers, Mel Gibson's tribute to Americans who served in Southeast Asia, observed: "I certainly think the Sept. 11 incident puts people more in the mood for wanting to cheer American soldiers." But even before 9/11, audiences had tired of movies that portrayed U.S. forces in Vietnam as drug-crazed sadists and soul-less killing machines. With the exception of John Milius' 1990 Flight of the Intruder, such films had for decades been excruciatingly monotonous in defaming Americans who fought there. For Hollywood (whose consciousness was stunted by the sixties antiwar movement), U.S. involvement in Vietnam was the most demented phase of a paranoid Cold-War crusade. It followed that Americans who fought in the jungles and rice paddies were misguided at best and malevolent at worst, a rabble of toked or drunken frat boys with M-16s. The result was The Deer Hunter (1978), Apocalypse Now (1979), Platoon (1986), Full Metal Jacket (1987), Casualties of War (1989) and similar cinematic peace marches. With classic understatement, a review of We Were Soldiers in the Canadian Press comments, "It's a rare Vietnam movie that presents U.S. soldiers in a good light as honorable comrades in arms."

69. Amputees & Back-seaters This myth claims that the vietnamese did not release the US POWs in the first twobullets because they did not want to have the deficiencies of their medical http://www.miafacts.org/injuries.htm

Amputees and Back Seaters Summary . Let us now dispel another myth generated by the MIA cult: US POWs were not returned at the end of the war because they: had amputated limbs, severe burns, or other disfiguring injuries; had been driven insane by their treatment; were special prizes because of their technical knowledge. This myth claims that the Vietnamese did not release the US POWs in the first two bullets because they did not want to have the deficiencies of their medical system exposed. For the third bullet, the claim is that these prized Americans, with advanced degrees or special technical knowledge about weapons and weapons systems, were sent to the Soviet Union, China, or some other place as re-payment for support given to Vietnam in the way. None of these myths is true but that has not prevented them from becoming part of the MIA cult canon. Amputees, burn cases, disfiguring injuries A constant refrain that one hears from the MIA cult is that, among the US POWs who returned from Vietnam, there were none with amputated limbs, severe injuries, disfiguring burns, or other disfiguring injuries. They then go on to reason that, in the number of Americans lost during the war, there had to be men with such injuries who survived. The activists also argue that US POWs had to have been severely injured while being tortured by the Vietnamese. POWs with such injures did not return because the Vietnamese stashed them away in some secret prison and refused to release them for fear of exposing the serious deficiencies in their medical system.

70. 500 Myth Links Appearing on almost all monuments in Vietnam palaces, pagodas, temples, tombsand Flowers are woven into the fabric of religion, mythology, and folklore of http://www.mysteries-megasite.com/main/bigsearch/myth-1.html

Myth Database Myths Part 1 Go to Frames! Break Out of Frames Read Some Testimonials From the Herbal Healer Academy! http://www.herbalhealer.com The Herbal Healer Academy is endorsed by Mysteries-Megasite.com as a leader in Health Care products, Herbs and natural remedies. Also they have an extremely comprehensive selection of herbs in their catalog. We have TESTED some of these products and find them to be first rate, gentle and very effective. Check out their newsletter, and products catalog. Seva Chakra Award - 20 Years Experience Credentials American Naturopathic Medical Board Certified and Accredited Hit CTRL+D to Bookmark this page! Search Mystery Links Home Page-Site Guide Complete A-Z Subject Guide 1000 Freeware Links ... http://members.aol.com/Great15164/index.html Times of Antiquity, When GIANTS ruled.. in the Days of NOAH Gobbling Information and knowledge ~~~The GIANTS were inhabitants on earth from the earliest days of old. There's numerous references to the land of the giants in the Bible, and throughout ancient myths and history from nearly every... http://netguide.aust.com/guides/myths_guide.html

71. Introduction Early vietnamese history is intertwined with myths about the. whole. The myths,legends and fables of Vietnam offer an ideal vehicle for scratching at. http://mcel.pacificu.edu/as/students/kelly/Intro.html

Introduction "So be it, my king," said the fairy queen and she took fifty of their sons and they returned to the mountains. These sons became the mountain and hill tribes of Vietnam known for their skills in hunting and upland farming. The Great Dragon took the other fifty sons to the sea and they became Vietnam's renowned fisherman and lowland farmers. -Duong Van Quyen, Beyond the East Wind- Here in the United States we have little mythology concerning our heritage with the exception maybe of the Native Americans. PeopleBlack, White, and Asiacame to America on a boat. In this scenario there is no mystery; however, this is far from the case in Vietnam. As the above quotation about the origins of the Vietnamese people illustrates, the Vietnamese people have a much different way of viewing the world and their place in it. Early Vietnamese history is intertwined with myths about the gods of the sea and air and mountains, coming together to create and shape the world of the Vietnamese people. Understanding this and the differences in the way Vietnamese

72. Beliefnet.com Ho prints and water puppets, find out about the vietnamese language, and EgyptianMythology Gallery With retellings of the mythic cycles, illustrated glossaries http://www.beliefnet.com/index/index_20418.html

Home Community Religions Spirituality ... More Explore Beliefnet Beliefnet Home Buddhism Christianity Catholic Eastern Orthodox Mormon Protestant Hinduism Islam Judaism Earth-Based More Religions General Spirituality Other Topics (Alphabetical) Apocalypse Astrology Atheism Bible Books Celebrations Christian Inspiration Culture Dating Discussions Family Giving Humor Inspiration Jesus Marriage Memorials Money Morality Music News Parenting Politics Prayer Circles Prayer of the Day Quizzes Relationships Science Sexuality Spirituality Teens Travel Volunteering Welcome What's your spiritual type? Belief-O-Matic Join now for free About Beliefnet Tools Quizzes Meditations Prayer Circles Memorials ... Expert Advice Daily Offerings The Dalai Lama Prayer of the Day Spiritual Parenting Inspiration More Bible Buddhist Hindu Muslim Torah Sponsor Find Search Beliefnet drawSearch('search_for') Dictionary drawdictionary('entry') Sacred Texts Columnists Houses of Worship Site Map ... Kids : Mythology and Stories BELIEFNET PICKS Note: These sites are not sponsored or maintained by Beliefnet. Aaron's Storybook Original tales and retellings of familiar (and not-so-familiar) legends and sacred stories.

73. CNN - Giant Turtle Sightings Set Vietnam Capital Abuzz - Apr. 13, 1998 HANOI, Vietnam (AP) The vietnamese capital of Hanoi is buzzing with excitementfollowing the turtles, long believed to be nothing more than myth and legend http://www.cnn.com/EARTH/9804/13/vietnam.turtles.ap/

COMMUNITY Message Boards Chat Feedback SITE SOURCES Contents Help! Search CNN Networks SPECIALS Quick News Almanac Video Vault News Quiz Giant turtle sightings set Vietnam capital abuzz Ceramic turtle on display at Hanoi National University April 13, 1998 Web posted at: 1:56 p.m. EDT (1756 GMT) HANOI, Vietnam (AP) The Vietnamese capital of Hanoi is buzzing with excitement following reported sightings of rare giant turtles in a downtown lake where thousands of pedestrians pass daily. And amateur video footage purportedly of the turtles, long believed to be nothing more than myth and legend, now has skeptics wondering whether the giant beasts really do exist. For years, people have reported sighting three giant turtles in Hanoi's Hoan Kiem Lake. The latest sighting, and perhaps one of the most credible, came on March 24, when passersby caught a glimpse of the turtles as they surfaced to take in the spring air. Rare giant turtles reportedly spotted in a downtown Hanoi, Vietnam lake 1.4 MB / 13 sec. / 320x240 395 K / 13 sec. / 160x120 QuickTime movie An amateur cameraman caught the creatures' appearance on video, which subsequently aired on Vietnamese television. The station also claimed the turtles made a second appearance on April 5. Researchers who have been trying to get a glimpse of the turtles believe they could be the only ones of their kind in the world.

74. Myth*ingLinks: Lunar New Year 2004 - 2005 - Year Of The Wood Monkey of annotated links to the vietnamese Tet celebration the links include folklore,customs, the vietnamese zodiac, food OTHER RELEVANT Myth*ingLinks PAGES http://www.mythinglinks.org/LunarNewYear2000.html

MYTH*ING LINKS by Kathleen Jenks, Ph.D. LUNAR NEW YEAR: 21/22 January 2004 - 8 February 2005 (Note: Lunar New Year is 21 January in USA time zones, 22 January in Asia) YEAR of the WOOD monkey (YANG, MALE) NOTE: Myth*ing Links 2003-2004 Year of the Water Goat is now at: Lunar Archives: Water Goat Myth*ing Links 2002-2003 Year of the Horse is now at: Lunar Archives: Water Horse Myth*ing Links 2001-2002 Year of the Snake page is now at: Lunar Archives: Metal Snake Myth*ing Links 2000-2001 Year of the Dragon page is now at: Lunar Archives: Metal Dragon Monkey Reaching for the Moon Shosan [Koson] circa 1910 Japanese Woodcuts at Connecticut College http://www.romanization.com/chinesenewyear/ [Added 3 January 2004:] If you'd like to know the dates and animals for any Lunar New Year from 1645 to 2644, this is the site for you. Chinese New Year http://www.chinesefortunecalendar.com/2004.htm [Updated for 2004] This is a page chockfull of odd bits of information about Chinese Lunar New Year, Chinese astrology ("fortune-telling"), and much more. About the year, times, and dates in general: ...Year 2004 is Male Wooden Monkey , the 21st of the Stem-Branch in the system. Because Wood(Tree) is equivalent to color Green in the Five-Element system, Year 2004 is also called Green Monkey year....The Chinese New Year day is on January 22nd, 2004. Because this is a new moon day, it is the first day of the first Chinese lunar month in the Chinese Lunar Calendar system. The new moon time is at 05:05 on 22-Jan-04 in China time zone. However, the new moon time is at 13:05 of 21-Jan-04 in the US Pacific Standard Time and also at 10:05 of 21-Jan-04 in the US Eastern Standard Time, so the Chinese New Year day is on January 21st, 2004 for USA time zones....

75. Foreign Relations Of Vietnam - Encyclopedia Article About Foreign Relations Of V and region; for the seanymph named Asia in Greek mythology, see Asia (mythology). China reestablished full diplomatic ties with Vietnam in 1991, and the two http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Foreign relations of Vietnam

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Foreign relations of Vietnam Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition During the Second Indochina War The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1964 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos ( see Secret War) and in bombing runs (Rolling Thunder) over North Vietnam. See also a timeline of the Vietnam War. Fighting on one side was a coalition of forces including the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam or the "RVN"), the United States, South Click the link for more information. Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s - Years: 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 - Events January - Playboy magazine issue features Margie Harrison, the first playmate. January 7 - The first public demonstration of a machine translation system was held in New York at the head office of IBM. Click the link for more information. Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century Decades: 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s - Years: 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 - Events January 1 - Watergate scandal: John N. Mitchell, H. R. Haldeman, John D. Ehrlichman are found guilty of the Watergate cover-up and are sentenced to 30 months to 8 years in jail on February 21

76. Paying Tribute To Heroes in a Third World country on rough terrain with a remorseless enemy driven by acause, it s necessary to begin deconstructing Hollywood s Vietnam mythology. http://www.insightmag.com/main.cfm?include=detail&storyid=236123

77. Questia Online Library - The Online Library (3) Jean LeClerc issued a joint communiqué calling on the people of Vietnam to wel 2In deed, contrary to the popular mythology that the United States supported http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&se=ggl&docId=95168048

78. Hidden Places: Adventure Travel Expeditions To Unusual Locations By Kayak, Bike, During this trip we enjoy the best paddling in the world, gain an insight to Vietnameseculture, tradition and mythology and, as a bonus, enjoy the finest http://www.hiddenplaces.net/expeditionsvietnam.html

What Sets Us Apart Schedule Destinations f Vietnam Vancouver Island Private Trips Vietnam- Where There Be Dragons! Paddling Halong Bay When we first arrived in Ha Long Bay in 1994, we knew we had discovered one of the world's ultimate paddling destinations. Since then we have returned regularly to Vietnam to lead kayaking trips in this myriad of fantastically shaped islets. In Ha Long Bay we live aboard a mothership, a beautiful, traditional sailing vessel, complete with a friendly crew and a marvelous chef. From this base we spend eight days paddling the bay, winding through its labyrinth of limestone islets, and finding secret passages to hidden lagoons and magical sea caves. We stop for breaks on white sand beaches and swim in warm, jade waters. We visit the floating villages of fisherfolk who live their whole lives aboard tiny bamboo boats, and we witness their animistic ceremonies, in which they lyrically worship dragons and other deities of the bay. During this trip we enjoy the best paddling in the world, gain an insight to Vietnamese culture, tradition and mythology and, as a bonus, enjoy the finest cuisine Vietnam has to offer! Read more about Vietnam in our book:

79. SOS Children's Villages UK : Country Information On Vietnam from Indonesia. According to mythology, the first ruler of Vietnamwas Hung Vuong, who founded the nation in BC 2879. China ruled http://www.soschildrensvillages.org.uk/html_uk/country_information_on_vietnam.ht

Country Information on Vietnam Three-quarters of the country's landscape are mountainous and hilly, especially in the north and in the north-western sections, while the lowlands consist of the Red River Delta and the coastal plains. The country's highest elevation is Fansipan (3,143 m) in the north-west. Central Vietnam is divided into a narrow coastal strip, Country Information on Thailand The country may be divided into four main zones: the fertile, central plains of the Chao Phraya River; Country Information on South Korea The Koreans are descendants of the Tungus tribal peoples. The documented history of Korea begins in the 12th century BC, when a Chinese scholar, Country Information on The Gambia The country's landscape is so flat that in the River Gambia's 375 km meandering course, it drops in elevation only about 10 m. Country Information on Vietnam Terrain Three-quarters of the country's landscape are mountainous and hilly, especially in the north and in the north-western sections, while the lowlands consist of the Red River Delta and the coastal plains. The country's highest elevation is Fansipan (3,143 m) in the north-west. Central Vietnam is divided into a narrow coastal strip, a broad plateau and the Annamite Mountain Chain, which separates the plateau from the coastal lowlands. The lower third of South Vietnam, including the Mekong River System, is a low and marshy flat land while further north and east, upland forests as well as rugged terrain dominate. The country has three large lakes, which are the Ba-Be, HoTay and Hoan-Kiem.

80. AllRefer Reference - Vietnam - Political Culture | Vietnamese Information Resour Vietnam s political processes, therefore, incorporate as much from the nationalmythology as from the pragmatic concerns engendered by current issues. http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/vietnam/vietnam102.html

You are here allRefer Reference Vietnam History ... Vietnam Vietnam POLITICAL CULTURE Vietnam's political culture has been determined by a number of factors of which communism is but the latest. The country's political tradition is one of applying borrowed ideas to indigenous conditions. In many ways, Marxism-Leninism simply represents a new language in which to express old but consistent cultural orientations and inclinations. Vietnam's political processes, therefore, incorporate as much from the national mythology as from the pragmatic concerns engendered by current issues. The major influences on Vietnamese political culture were of Chinese origin. Vietnam's political institutions were forged by 1,000 years of Chinese rule (111 B.C. to A.D. 939). The ancient Chinese system, based on Confucianism, established a political center surrounded by loyal subjects. The Confucians stressed the importance of the village, endowing it with autonomy but clearly defining its relationship to the center. Those who ruled did so with the "mandate of heaven." Although they were not themselves considered divine, they ruled by divine right by reason of their virtue, which was manifested in moral righteousness and compassion for the welfare of the people. A monarch possessing these traits received the unconditional loyalty of his subjects. Selection of bureaucratic officials was on the basis of civil service examinations rather than heredity, and government institutions were viewed simply as conduits for the superior wisdom of the rulers (see

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