81. The Virtual Research Centre: African Cultures And Countries Links to various cultural information on african Countries and peoples The Berber peoples North africa. Berber Languages in Libya. africa International Issue on Berbers Oromo peoples http://www.geocities.com/virtualresearch/africa.html

Sign Guestbook View Guestbook The Virtual Research Centre Return to Home Page of Virtual Research Centre Go to the World Cultures Department of Virtual Research Centre Virtual Research Centre: African Cultures and Countries This department last updated 22 August 2003 Search this site or the web powered by FreeFind Site search Web search Africa The African Studies Association The University of Pennsylvania African Studies Center Online About.Com African Cultures Public Broadcasting System (USA) Extensive Video Articles on Many Aspects of African Culture and History African and Diaspora Resources University of Pennsylvania Africa Web Links The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa Programmes and Policies in Africa United Nations Development Programme World Bank The Global Coalition for Africa Intergovernmental Forum for African Development International Partnership against AIDS in Africa Africa News Online Africa Economic Analysis ... Africa Links University of Wisconsin at Madison Profiles of Some African Peoples AFRICAN COUNTRIES Egypt How Old is the Sphinx?

82. HighBeam Research: ELibrary Search: Results Their contact with Bantu people produces the Swahili Ethnic groups Hutu (Bantu) 85%, tutsi 14%, Twa Chief religions Roman Catholic 62%, indigenous beliefs 32 http://www.highbeam.com/library/search.asp?FN=AO&refid=ency_refd&search_almanacs

83. Mar/Apr Gazette: Blood Feuds as a race, not as an ethnic group,” and as a “people not indigenous to Rwanda as being “intent on taking power.” The experience of the tutsi in the http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0301/hughes5.html

Blood Feuds continued The two panelists on the Rwanda session shared one area of agreement about the genocidal fighting between the Hutus and the Tutsis: that it had its origins in the years of colonial rule. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism races ; the other group would be called tribes ethnicities The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide previous page next page Mar/Apr Contents Gazette Home ... The Pennsylvania Gazette Last modified 3/6/01

84. Misconceptions Today notice of the ability of these indigenous people to create countries and a population of about 700 million people. and Burundi, The Hutu and tutsi have been http://www.princetonol.com/groups/iad/lessons/middle/misconc.htm

ART HOME Program Goals Lesson Plans Year Plan ... To top of page Today's Misconceptions Home Bwa Mask Weaving of Mali What is Art? ... Test Your Knowledge [ Misconceptions Today ] Art of Mali Songhai Empire Senufo Ancestor Dogon Ancestor ... Preservation of Art Background information on Africa Africa . Third Edition. Indiana: Indiana University Press. Martin and O'Meara (1995) dispel any misconceptions one might have about Africa today. They present the reader with an objective perspective on the problems facing Africans today: the diversity, the conflicts, and the changesall a result of Western interference. Africa, more that three times the size of the United States, includes fifty- three very diverse countries and a population of about 700 million people. Africans are divided not only by boundaries, which did not exist prior to colonization, but also by ethnic identities, class distinctions, urban and rural experiences, geographic barriers, and vast distances. Population varies widely (Gabon- one million; Nigeria- 115 million). Ways of life vary dramatically. Some live in cities and work in offices or skyscrapers, buy clothes from department stores and have all of the modern conveniences- yet may travel to the rural areas for traditional festivals, to see healers or to visit extended families. Rural community members may seldom visit the cities, may walk miles for water in the dry season, and listen to transistor radios as they welcome a relative back from graduate studies overseas.

85. Search Results For Indigenous Knowledge - Encyclopædia Britannica Batusi, Tussi, Watusi, or Watutsi), people of Central Numbering some 1.5 million, the tutsi are one for teaching and learning, and indigenous knowledge systems http://www.britannica.com/search?query=indigenous knowledge&ct=ebi&fuzzy=N

86. GREAT LAKES IRIN Focus On The Twa People - OCHA IRIN The huntergatherer pygmies are the indigenous inhabitants of life, resisting missionaries and other people who came either the Hutu or the tutsi, depending on http://www.plusnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=2645&SelectRegion=Central_East_Afric

87. Mmegi Online ::> News We Need To Know and Mungezi argues that most key people in government and the army are from the minority tutsi group, who after the genocide, similar to South africa’s Truth http://www.mmegi.bw/2004/March/Friday26/449355286330.html

Vol.21 No.48 Friday 26 March 2004 Home News Editorial Opinion/Letters ... Sport News Rwandan journalist warns of repeat genocide LETSHWITI TUTWANE Staff Writer 3/26/2004 12:51:17 AM (GMT +2) RWANDAN journalist Ally Yusufu Mungezi is convinced that there is a strong possibility that Rwanda could experience a repeat of the 1994 genocide and he should know better. Not only is age on his side but as a journalist who practised his trade in Rwanda, he had access to a lot of privileged information. On the eve of the Rwandan genocide, the BBC’s Senior Producer (Great Lakes Service) left his country to take up employment at Bush House, the BBC’s headquarters in London. The job offer came at the right time, because by then Mungezi was thinking about quitting the profession. “Once I had to go and apologise to the head of the militia about a story I had filed to the BBC. Of course the story was true but I had to save my life,” Mungezi told Mmegi in an interview from London, on Monday. Machetes and sticks were at the ready and Mugenzi knew that his head was about to roll. But a soldier from the opposite direction came at the right time and Mugenzi beat the hangmen. Just a month before the genocide, Mugenzi, who had been a stringer for the BBC Swahili service got the job in London and managed to flee Rwanda. Eventually his wife and three children followed him, but he lost three sisters, who all died due to illness and exhaustion, whilst trying to flee the genocide.

88. Lecture 8 Summary colonial wars exterminated some indigenous groups. popular belief in West, almost all people forced from Eg 1994 Rwandan genocide tutsi victims flee to Tanzania http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Users/mpc20/issues/summaries/lecture8.html

Lecture For a Word version of this summary, click here Migration Historical framework A mobile, hybrid humanity Out of Africa - our common origins, the spread of humankind, the formation of distinct communities, cultures, states, followed by interpenetration. Historic empires as political frameworks of migration In the ancient world, great empires like Rome and China, and especially cities , incorporated many different peoples, groups, traditions: mobility, exchange and diversity were normal. combination of conquest, enslavement and free movement. evidence of trade, mobility from archaeology even in peripheral regions. Modernity and migration Modern world formed by new vigour of European mobility around 1500: Europeans as traders, conquerors, migrants to 'New World', Asia and Africa. Slavery: migrants as victims Coercive migration and 'primitive accumulation': the enslavement and forced mobility of millions of Africans slave trade to the Americas plantation economies in Caribbean and southern USA results - hybrid societies of 'New World' slavery key to accumulated wealth of merchant cities in Europe, then invested in industrial revolution

89. Negrophile. One Who Admires And Supports Black People And Their Culture. the Great Lakes were settled by indigenous Hutu cultivators type is deeply marked among the tutsi, making them Previous phile Are the unluckiest people in the http://www.negrophile.com/phile/articles/modern_hatreds_not_ancient_ones_destroy

Negroes contributors links Philes articles data reviews weblogs ... archives Contact Name: E-mail: Comment: Search Negrophile Syndicate RSS RDF RSD Powered By Movable Type 2.66 Technorati Profile Gwen Harlow Background Patterns Squid Fingers This site is licensed under a Creative Commons License. Sign up Your address will not be shared with any third parties. Modern hatreds, not ancient ones, destroyed Rwanda. The story begins with the geography of the central African highlands. Despite its equatorial location, Mr. Chrétien says, "the region is blessed with good climate, is rich with diverse soils and plants, and has prospered thanks to some strong basic techniques: the association of cattle keeping and agriculture; the diffusion of the banana a millennium ago; and the mastery of iron metallurgy two millennia ago." In this healthy environment, complex social structures evolved in which the idea of kingship and strong central authority took hold and flourished for more than 300 years before the arrival of colonial powers in the mid-19th century. The fertile lands around the Great Lakes were settled by indigenous Hutu cultivators, while the more mountainous areas were used for the raising of cattle by Tutsi pastoralists. In the early kingdoms of the region, agricultural and pastoral systems were integrated because they controlled complementary ecological zones and served mutually beneficial economic interests. As Mr. Chrétien argues convincingly, nowhere at this time could the "social dialectic be reduced" to a Hutu-Tutsi cleavage.

90. FWDP -- Winners, Losers, And Wild Cards In The Great Lakes Conflict The pieces are influential people, cash, armies The alliance consists of tutsis indigenous to Zaire Banyarawanda and Banyamulenge, the tutsiminority dominated http://www.cwis.org/burtrib.html

Winners, Losers, and Wild Cards in the Great Lakes Conflict Dr. Richard A Griggs, Independent Projects Trust (Dr. Griggs is Research Director for Independent Projects Trusta non-governmental organization in durban, South Africa. Griggs is also coordinator for the Center for World Indigenous Studies Fourth World Atlas Project.) Imagine Africa as a game board consisting of 50 brightly coloured political states. The pieces are influential people, cash, armies, and capital that the political players must move into the right places at the right time to facilitate outcomes favourable to their strategic or political interests. Like Park Lane in monopoly, one of the biggest prizes on this game board is Zaire, the second largest state and a geostrategic zone of great natural riches at the heart of Africa. The players who win influence there gain access to: vast quantities of minerals such as copper, zinc, gold, and industrial diamonds; strategic minerals such as uranium and cobalt [Zaire is the world's largest producer of this ingredient vital to jet engines]; unfelled forests, enough hydroelectric potential to meet all of Africa's needs, and enough fresh water to quench Southern Africa's thirst. The Winners Tutsi Alliance: The genius behind the Tutsi alliance is not Laurent Kabila but President Museveni. Kabila constantly consults the old master whose own National Resistance Movement [MNR] successfully defeated the corrupt Obote regime in 1986. The MNR included many Tutsis from neighbouring Rwanda and Zaire. For instance, Paul Kagame, now Rwanda's Vice-President and Defence Minister, was former head of Uganda's military intelligence. In turn, the RPF-ruled Rwandan regime assumed power in 1994 with Ugandan support. Thus, Museveni's Tutsi-led revolution has not ended but extended itself to Rwanda, Burundi and Zaire.

91. Adherents.com The Batwa made up 0.4%, some 20,000 people, the Hutu and tutsi comprised 85 The Community of indigenous People of Rwanda (CAURWA) is uniting three existing http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_617.html

Adherents.com 42,669 adherent statistic citations : membership and geography data for 4,000+ religions, churches, tribes, etc. Index back to Tuareg, world Tuareg, continued... Group Where Number of Adherents % of total pop. Number of congreg./ churches/ units Number of countries Year Source Quote/ Notes Tuareg world countries From Afar to Zulu: A Dictionary of African Cultures . New York: Walker Publishing Co. (1995); pg. 152-156. Tuareg : Population: 400,000; Location: Algeria, Mali, and Niger; Languages: Tamahaq, Arabic "; Pg. 154: "Although they retain some vestiges of their earlier Christian faiththeir favorite decorative motif is the crossfor the most part, the Tuareg have abandoned their ancestral way of life and have adopted that of the Muslims. "; Pg. 156: "Unlike other Muslim peoples, the Tuareg men take just one wife... " Tubatulabal North America - Pacific Coast Terrell, John Upton. American Indian Almanac . New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co. (1974); pg. 430-431. Tubatulabal world Terrell, John Upton. American Indian Almanac . New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co. (1974); pg. 430-431.

92. African Indigenous Languages As Semi-official Languages: A Study In The Causes O His appointees, also appoint people of the same ethnic Once that is done, the indigenous language becomes an The tutsi minority ran the capital city entirely. http://www2.univ-reunion.fr/~ageof/text/74c21e88-254.html

Université de La Réunion - Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines Observatoire de Recherches sur les Anciennes Colonies et leurs Liens avec l'Europe Revue ALIZES Alizés n°16 1.4.4.9. African Indigenous Languages as Semi-official Languages: A Study in the Causes of Political Conflicts in Africa opyright 1998 — ISSN : 1155-4363 1.0 The Beginnings B Colonialism thus gave birth to a new type of nationhood — a nationhood in which the natives surrendered their ethnic loyalties for those of the colonising power. This involved the acquisition and application of the Western notions of nationism and nationalism. Nationism denotes governance while nationalism denotes the patriotic feelings one has for one’s nation. In both governance and patriotism, language poses a problem. Governance requires, according to Fasold, “communication both within the governing institutions and between government and the people” (1984: 3). The people who were to be governed or who were being governed were illiterate and diverse. They needed to be educated and united. The need for the language of governance, that of education and national cohesion engendered the desire for an official language (OL) — a prestigious, bias-free highly efficient language capable of handling the functional load of governance, trade, modern religion and diplomacy. Only the colonising languages satisfied these requirements. They were therefore imposed as the official languages. 1.1 Indigenous Languages Under the Canopy

93. Voices: Special Forum On Personal Experiences Of Racism (WCAR) of a Hutu man who married a tutsi woman and trends in the United Kingdom, an indigenous doctor trying rights of plant life used by his people throughout their http://www.csvr.org.za/articles/artwcar.htm

Voices: Special Forum on Personal Experiences of Racism and Racial Discrimination - A Report Part of the United Nations World Conference Against Racism Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance Convenors Ambassador Nozipho January-Bardill Member, UN Commitee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Gay J. McDougall Member, UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination N. Barney Pityana Chair, South African Human Rights Commission The World Conference Against Racism held in Durban, South Africa from 27th August to the 7th September was an important and unique opportunity for the global community to develop practical and effective strategies to combat contemporary forms and manifestations of racism. In order to achieve its objectives, the World Conference needed to make visible those individuals, groups and communities who have been confronted and harmed by racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. An essential aspect of the World Conference Against Racism had to be to amplify the voices of the victims. Indeed, one of the major themes on the conference agenda, as decided by governments during the first Preparatory Committee, was the session for "victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance". But, placing the topic on the official agenda, however, could only partially achieve the goal of placing the victims at the center of the World Conference proceedings. Official agenda items were to be discussed in a highly formal and structured forum, in which governments would be the principal actors. Likewise, the NGO Forum, while serving a number of other critical purposes, was never seen as providing an appropriate venue in which to give due recognition to the centrality of the experiences of the victims.

94. Rwanda of thousands of people, both Hutu and tutsi, fled to of thousands of innocent and unarmed people were slaughtered of Rwandans are adherents of indigenous beliefs http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~bdevans/

Rwanda By: Brandon Dallas Evans Introduction Officially named the Rwandese Republic, Rwanda is located in central Africa, east of Zaire. Populated by nearly seven million people, many of which reside in its country's capital of Kigali. Kinyarwanda, French, Swahili, and English are among the many dialects spoken. National Name: Repubulika y'u Rwanda T he red yellow , and green of their countries' flag stands for Africa's unity and t he "R" stands for Rwanda Brief History The original inhabitants of Rwanda were the Twa, a Pygmy people engaged in hunting and pottery making. Exactly when the Hutu arrived in Rwanda is not known, but they were well established when the Tutsi appeared in the 14th century. The pastoral Tutsi established dominance over the Hutu agriculturists by their superior military skills and by a series of land and cattle contracts. In the 15th century, Ruganzu Bwimba , a Tutsi leader, founded a kingdom near Kigali. What is now central Rwanda was absorbed by this kingdom in the 16th century, and outlying Hutu communities were subdued by the mwami (king) Ruganzu Ndori in the 17th century. The borders of the Rwanda kingdom were rounded out in the late 19th century by

95. Democratic Republic Of Congo - The People And Their History area inflicted such atrocities on the indigenous population, that February 1992, security forces killed over 30 people. of the rival ethnic tutsi minority were http://www.pcusa.org/pcusa/wmd/ep/country/dempeop.htm

Ecumenical Partnership Central and West Africa Democratic Republic of Congo Democratic Republic of Congo DRC The People and Their History The rain forest covering most of the Congo River basin obscures archaeological sites, making knowledge of human origins in present-day Congo and evidence of past societies scarce. First Indigenous Societies By the middle of the second millennium A.D., the Bantu had begun to organize themselves into small states governed by chiefs, some of which were later formed into larger kingdoms. Well-known are the Kongo, Luba, Lunda and Kuba Empires. In that same period, two groups of people speaking non-Bantu languages started to penetrate the northern region. These migrations have laid the basis for the Congo's present day population, comprising of numerous ethnic groups which are designated by the external boundaries. Explorations, Slave Raids and Colonialism In the fifteenth century, Portuguese explorers landed on the coast at the mouth of the Congo River. There they found an organized society, the Bakongo Kingdom, which included parts of areas presently known as Angola, Congo (Kinshasa) and Congo (Brazzaville). The Portuguese named the area, Congo, after this kingdom and soon after their arrival they began buying slaves from the Kongo people. The impact of this trade on local communities became even more disastrous with extensive slave raids carried out by Afro-Arabs from Zanzibar. These events caused a serious depopulation of the area and crippled the Congo for almost 400 years.

96. New York Times In the late 19th century, the tutsi were even turned to the Fulani, a minority people who were should not undervalue the underlying indigenous forces, said Ms http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~dgalvan/ps607-w04/col-construcion-tutsi.htm

New York Times Once Chosen, Tribal Elites Now Suffer Consequences William E. Schmidt, April 17, 1994, sec 4, p 3. THEY are tall and narrow featured, and during the colonial era in central Africa, the Tutsi were among Africa's most remarkable elites. While they numbered only a small minority among the majority Hutu, the Tutsi not only administered Rwanda and neighboring Burundi, but the Germans and, later, the Belgians celebrated them with a kind of Wagnerian romanticism, assuring them the best jobs and favored treatment. Even entrance to school was fixed in the Tutsi's favor; admission to college was limited to those who could pass a minumum height test. To varying degrees, the Maronites in Lebanon and the Copts in Egypt, the Sikhs in India and the Vietnamese in Cambodia have also paid, like the Tutsi, the price of having been singled out. These were groups that had been disproportionately chosen to fill the bureaucracies or staff the schools or run the armies of European empire, much to the resentment of others in the population whom they helped to rule, and whose own grievances sometimes took violent form in the year following independence. For the French or the British or the Germans, the tendency to settle on one group among many underscored, at heart, a practical and economic necessity: To administer their far-flung holdings, the European powers needed locals to rule in their place. But too often, said Amitav Ghosh, an Indian novelist who was trained as a sociologist, the Europeans deliberately settled on selected minority groups to serve as their collaborators. "The idea was to create a kind of client community, and dependency," said Mr. Ghosh. "It was a way of insuring loyalty."

97. `No Interest In Ethnic Politics': Rwandan Rebels The RPF was born in east africa but later spread during the 80s when the Ugandan people were resisting the Large numbers of the tutsi ethnic group fled Rwanda http://www.greenleft.org.au/back/1994/150/150p17.htm

Recommend us to a friend Your name Friend's email Latest GLW Australian news International news ... Click here to visit the Socialist Alliance website `No interest in ethnic politics': Rwandan rebels By Norm Dixon Green Left Weekly on June 22. The RPF's goals are democracy and national unity, he said. At first the front sought to mobilise the Rwandan people to oppose the repressive government of General Juvenal Habyarimana, who seized power in a military coup in 1973. Habyarimana's regime deliberately whipped up ethnic rivalries to maintain power. Large numbers of the Tutsi ethnic group fled Rwanda following several waves of bloody pogroms instigated by the government. While most refugees were Tutsi, many democratic and anti-chauvinist Hutus, the ethic majority in Rwanda, were also forced to flee. Most went to Uganda. The Ugandan regime also repressed the Rwandan exiles, many of whom in the early 1980s had joined the Ugandan National Resistance Army in its struggle to overthrow the regime. The National Resistance Army was then led by the current president of Uganda, Yoweri Museveni. In 1986, a Rwandan, Fred Rwigyema, became the NRA chief. In 1990, about 2000 Rwandan NRA soldiers, led by Rwigyema, grabbed their guns, stole supplies from Ugandan army stores and entered Rwanda. In the battles that followed, Rwigyema was killed but the RPF force advanced to within 30 km of the capital, Kigali. It was only the intervention of French, Zairean and Belgian troops that saved Habyarimana's government. Museveni denied any knowledge of the RPF's plans. The RPF said it acted alone.

98. Africa Abstract AN ABSTRACT HISTORY OF SUBSAHARAN africaN. Introduction. The following abstract is based on the book, "africa A Biography of the Continent" by John Reader (1998). Mr. Reader was born in London in http://www.icltd.org/africa_abstract.htm

AN ABSTRACT HISTORY OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN Introduction The following abstract is based on the book, "Africa: A Biography of the Continent" by John Reader (1998). Mr. Reader was born in London in 1937. He lived and traveled in Africa for many years. Students are encouraged to read Mr. Reader's book. In the meantime, the following abstract highlights some of the most important trends and events detailed in his workevents that occurred in Africa from the geological birth of the continent almost 3 billion years ago to the mid-1990's. The student is directed to review the Definitions Companion and Questions Supplement accompanying this Abstract, which should make reading easier. The Abstract The Land topography of the African continent is wide ranging. North Africa is dry and arid and dominated by deserts. Central and southern Africa is a combination of jungle, mountains and wide-open ranges called savanna profound affect on African history. The Cradle of Life Recent research has shown Africa to be the cradle of life, providing the environment in which modern humans evolved. This development was closely associated with the changing environmental and climatic forces that, in turn, affected the food supply and the competition for survival.

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