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  1. Season of Blood: A Rwandan Journey by Fergal Keane, 1996-09-01

61. GeographyIQ - World Atlas - Africa - Burundi - People Facts And Figures
HIV/AIDS people living with HIV/AIDS 390,000 Ethnic groups Hutu (Bantu) 85%, tutsi (Hamitic) 14 Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 5%), indigenous beliefs 23
http://www.geographyiq.com/countries/by/Burundi_people.htm
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B C D ... Burundi (Facts) Burundi - People (Facts) Population:
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2003 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 46.7% (male 1,438,759; female 1,409,567)
15-64 years: 50.6% (male 1,516,833; female 1,564,513)
65 years and over: 2.7% (male 66,355; female 100,129) (2003 est.) Population growth rate: 2.18% (2003 est.) Birth rate: 39.72 births/1,000 population (2003 est.) Death rate: 17.8 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.) Net migration rate: -0.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2003 est.) Infant mortality rate: total: 71.54 deaths/1,000 live births

62. GeographyIQ - World Atlas - Africa - Rwanda - People Facts And Figures
HIV/AIDS people living with HIV/AIDS 500,000 (2001 Ethnic groups Hutu 84%, tutsi 15%, Twa (Pygmoid 26%, Adventist 11.1%, Muslim 4.6%, indigenous beliefs 0.1
http://www.geographyiq.com/countries/rw/Rwanda_people.htm
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B C D ... Rwanda (Facts) Rwanda - People (Facts) Population:
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2003 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 42.5% (male 1,667,128; female 1,651,422)
15-64 years: 54.8% (male 2,128,495; female 2,148,694)
65 years and over: 2.7% (male 85,576; female 128,741) (2003 est.) Population growth rate: 1.84% (2003 est.) Birth rate: 40.1 births/1,000 population (2003 est.) Death rate: 21.72 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.) Net migration rate: migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2003 est.) Infant mortality rate: total: 102.61 deaths/1,000 live births

63. Lecture 1(9/29): War In Central Africa I
5. French got much of West africa D. As for local groups to govern the indigenous people (then called 1. They fostered and supported tutsi domination, which
http://ic.ucsc.edu/~rlipsch/pol160A/Pol160A-03-1.html
Lecture 1 (9/29/03): Why is there war in Central Africa I?
I. Introduction
A. How international politics is reflected in Central Africa
B. A brief history of the Great Lakes region of Africa
C. Sources of genocide in Rwanda
D. Why war spread into the Democratic Republic of the Congo
E. How civil war became a "world war"
II. How international politics is reflected in Central Africa
A. Peoples are organized along linguistic/cultural lines
B. Africa was divided up in 1885 by European powers, and colonies became "states"
C. These states are integrated into the global political economy to varying degrees D. These states all suffer from limited capacity to protect territory, provide services to citizens E. Security problems arise from discontinuities between borders and ethnies, and internal power struggles F. That has been repeated violence and war within and between states and peoples, as a result G. In Central Africa, the war in the Congo has been facilitated by interventions from neighboring states H. Repeated efforts to resolve conflicts through negotiation have largely failed

64. Africa.iafrica.com | Countryinfo | Rwanda | People
RWANDA People. Ethnic groups Hutu 80%, tutsi 19%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%. Religions Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%, indigenous beliefs and other 25%.
http://africa.iafrica.com/countryinfo/rwanda/people/
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[Select country] Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Cent.Afr.Rep Chad Comoros Cote D'Ivoire DRC Djibouti Egypt Eq. Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rep. of Congo Reunion Rwanda Sao Tome Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa St Helena Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda W. Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe
Stock Exchange Egypt Ghana Kenya Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria South Africa Tanzania Tunisia Zimbabwe You are in: Country Info Rwanda People
RWANDA
People Population: 8 154 933 (July 1999 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 44% (male 1 807 695; female 1 793 590) 15-64 years: 53% (male 2 148 477; female 2 179 119) 65 years and over: 3% (male 92 490; female 133 562) (1999 est.)

65. Africa.iafrica.com | Countryinfo | Burundi | People
BURUNDI People. Ethnic groups Hutu (Bantu) 85%, tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1 Christian 67% (Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 5%), indigenous beliefs 32
http://africa.iafrica.com/countryinfo/burundi/people/
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[Select country] Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Cent.Afr.Rep Chad Comoros Cote D'Ivoire DRC Djibouti Egypt Eq. Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rep. of Congo Reunion Rwanda Sao Tome Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa St Helena Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda W. Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe
Stock Exchange Egypt Ghana Kenya Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria South Africa Tanzania Tunisia Zimbabwe You are in: Country Info Burundi People
BURUNDI
People Population: 5 735 937 (July 1999 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 47% (male 1 349 995; female 1 345 201) 15-64 years: 50% (male 1 392 880; female 1 479 835) 65 years and over: 3% (male 69 748; female 98 278) (1999 est.)

66. Suburban Blight: What Kind Of World...
prior to the Hutu Power led genocide of the tutsi. really it isn t unique to africa, you don t been forced to slowly integrate the indigenous people into their
http://www.suburbanblight.net/archives/001684.html
Main
February 28, 2004
What kind of world...
...do we live in, here? What does it take to twist and pervert a mind so, that it could grow to even dream of such a diabolical thing, such a horrible, evil thing ? What does it take to bend and snap a conscience to the point where training children to murder and torture seems acceptable or even normal? And on such a grand scale, too. What is wrong with Mugabe's subjects that they will allow this to happen? Just accept it and give their children over to brutal re-education, rape, torture - and classes in the most efficient ways to perform same? Africa has proved itself unable, unwilling, or just unfit to deal with its own brutal regimes. If someone with money and power (i.e., the west) doesn't step in, twenty years from now these children will be our worst nightmare. Yet we continue to read these stories, cluck our tongues, and say "how sad". I'm not suggesting that the United States go in there. I don't know what I'm suggesting. I have no answers. All I know is that the African continent is diseased and rotten to its core. It has been raped and polluted and left in a ditch to die. I'm sick to my stomach.

67. The Killing Fields
set of group rights for the world s indigenous peoples. state control (eg, Hutu VS tutsi in Rwanda Ogoni) because stateindoctrinated peoples are uncomfortable
http://www.scania.org/ssf/docu/1116saro.htm
Stiftelsen Skånsk Framtid Stiftelsen Skånsk Framtid
Documentation Project

(File 1116saro.htm) b>
The Conceptual Killing Fields
Dr Richard A Griggs, Political Geographer, University of Cape Town
Before dying blindfolded and dangling from a rope, Ken Saro-Wiwa uttered his last words:" Lord take my soul, but the struggle continues. " Those who would now protest his death in the singular language of "human rights" and simply forget his struggle for group rights are blinded in the conceptual killing fields: an arena of indoctrinated thinking in which one cannot conceptualise nation-killing ( geno nation cide =to kill). This leader of the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People was an official of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation and a representative to the annual UN-sponsored conference to draft a set of group rights for the world's indigenous peoples. The "struggle" was against cultural genocide. Saro-Wiwa's cultural identity and that of the 500 000 people he represented was Ogoni, one of some 6 000 to 9 000 internationally unrecognised nations that are subjected daily to various forms of genocide engendered by " nation-building " processes (often a euphemism for state-building by nation-destroying). From the Polar Nations of the North (

68. Probert Encyclopaedia: People And Peoples (T-Thn)
The Tukano are an indigenous South American Indian people of the Vaupos region The Turkana are an east African people living between Lake Turkana in north tutsi.
http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/CE.HTM
Browse: General Information Actors People Gazetteer ... Dictionary
People and Peoples (T-Thn)
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T. J. JARVIS
T J Jarvis was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of North Carolina from 1879 until 1885.
T. R. CALDWELL
T R Caldwell was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of North Carolina from 1871 until 1874.
T. T. GEER
T T Geer was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Oregon from 1899 until 1903.
TAANGUTS
The Tanguts are a nomadic, pastoral Tibetan people of the Kan-su province of China
TABARDER
A tabarder was the name given to a scholar on the foundation of Queen's College, Oxford England , so called because their original dress was a tabard
TACUNAS
See " Ticunas.
TAGALOG
The Tagalog are the majority ethnic group living around Manila on the island of Luzon , in the Philippines , who number about 10 million. The Tagalog live by fishing and trading. In its standardized form, known as Pilipino, Tagalog is the official language of the Philippines, and belongs to the Western branch of the Austronesian family. The Tagalog religion is a mixture of animism, Christianity, and Islam.
TAGISHES
See " Thinklits.

69. MapZones.com People
During the revolution some 300,000 tutsi were forced The indigenous population consists of three ethnic groups. are traditionally a pastoral people who arrived
http://www.mapzones.com/world/africa/rwanda/peopleindex.php
Country Info Rwanda Introduction Rwanda General Data Rwanda Maps Rwanda Culture ... Rwanda Time and Date Rwanda People Back to Top The 2001 estimated population of Rwanda is 7,312,756. The population density is 278 persons per sq km (719 per sq mi), making Rwanda one of the most densely populated countries in Africa. The civil war that broke out in Rwanda in 1994 greatly disrupted the ethnic and geographic distribution of the population and caused massive numbers of deaths. However, the country’s density remains high.
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70. Online NewsHour: The Continuing Crisis In Zaire -- February 17, 1997
GEORGE NZONGOLA, Zairian Professor In africa, every people is supposed of competition for land between Rwanda, or tutsi and Hutu, and indigenous Zairians.
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/february97/crisis_2-17.html
SECOND LOOK: ORIGINS OF A CRISIS
February 17, 1997
TRANSCRIPT Conflict and unrest continue to haunt the Central African nation of Zaire and its neighbors. Charlayne Hunter-Gault re-examines the centuries-old causes of the violence. CHARLAYNE HUNTER-GAULT: The crisis began last October when rebels in Eastern Zaire launched a military campaign aimed at ousting Mobutu Sese Seko, the dictator who has ruled Zaire with an iron fist for the past 30 years. The ever-deepening crisis took a turn today when the government rejected a cease-fire with the Tutsi-dominated rebels and launched air raids that killed six and wounded at least twenty people. This was the first bombing attack against the rebels since they launched their military campaign. Mobutu, ailing with advanced cancer, has retreated to an isolated jungle hide-away in the northern village of Gbadolite and from there has accused the rebels of fighting a proxy war on behalf of the Tutsi-led governments of neighboring Rwanda, Burundi, and Uganda. Last week, the U.N. accused Mobutu’s government of arming exiled Hutu hard-liners. The action is in the Eastern part of the country. There, the conflict is intertwined with the Hutu-Tutsi conflict in neighboring Rwanda. In Zaire, rebel leader Laurent Kabila, a shadowy figure of uncertain ethnicity, and his Tutsi-dominated forces have carried out a startling four-month offensive that has swept across Eastern Zaire and captured an area the size of the U.S. Eastern seaboard from New York to Atlanta. And while the advance has slowed in recent days, the rebels are pressing on toward their two main targets, the Southern mining center of Lubumbashi and Kisangani, the commercial hub of Northern Zaire. The loss of these areas could bring down the government.

71. BBC NEWS | Africa | Country Profiles | Country Profile: Burundi
in which an estimated 300,000 people, most of Major religions Christianity, indigenous beliefs; Life expectancy 40 succeeded Pierre Buyoya, a tutsi, as head
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1068873.stm
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Last Updated: Thursday, 26 February, 2004, 14:11 GMT E-mail this to a friend Printable version Country profile: Burundi
Since independence in 1961 Burundi has been plagued by tension between the dominant Tutsi minority and the Hutu majority and has been the scene of one of Africa's most intractable conflicts.
In 1993 Burundi seemed poised to enter a new era when, in their first democratic elections, Burundians chose their first Hutu head of state, Melchior Ndadaye, and a parliament dominated by the Hutu Front for Democracy in Burundi (Frodebu) party. OVERVIEW
FACTS
LEADERS MEDIA But within months Ndadaye had been assassinated, setting the scene for years of Hutu-Tutsi violence in which an estimated 300,000 people, most of them civilians, have been killed. In early 1994 parliament elected another Hutu, Cyprien Ntaryamira, as president. But he was killed in April alongside the president of neighbouring Rwanda when the plane they were travelling in was shot down over Kigali. Another Hutu, Sylvestre Ntibantunganya, was appointed president in October 1994. But within months, the mainly Tutsi Union for National Progress (Uprona) party withdrew from the government and parliament, sparking off a new wave of ethnic violence.

72. Sociology 337-Ethnic Conflict < Classes < Guides < Resources < DePauw University
AfricaHistoriography AfricaEthnic relations Australia Poland MexicoHistory tutsi (African People Jewish (19391945) indigenous peoples Intergroup Relations
http://www.depauw.edu/library/resources/guides/classes/Jo's BIs/SOC337-Ethnic Co
DePauw University Libraries Research Guide
Sociology 337 - Ethnic Conflict
Professor Tom Hall
This guide suggests resources and strategies for research on ethnic conflict, whether it be between states, between states and nonstate societies, between ethnic groups, etc. Overview Sources Fact Sources Finding Sources Style Guides Overview Sources Get an overview of your topic Use general and subject specific encyclopedias, handbooks, etc. to find:
  • Bibliographies leading you to other information
Try these or ask a librarian for additional suggestions:
Africans South of the Sahara
Ref GN645 .M67 1991
Aggression and Conflict

Ref HM 136.L46 1994
Border and Territorial Disputes
Ref D 843.B623 1987
Course of Mexican History Ref F1226 .M54 1995 Encyclopedia of Africa Ref DT351 .E53 1997 Encyclopedia of African Peoples Ref DT15 .E53 2000 Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education Ref LC3707 .E53 1998 Encyclopedia of Conflict Resolution Ref. HM136 .B783 1997 Encyclopedia of European Social History Ref HN373 .E63 2001

73. LETTER TO PRESIDENT CLINTON
of enlightened leadership for africa has also consists of the (largely tutsi) Rwandan Patriotic women and discrimination against indigenous people are problems
http://www.inshuti.org/clinton3.htm
LETTER TO PRESIDENT CLINTON
Rally for the Return of Refugees and Democracy in Rwanda (RDR)
President William Jefferson Clinton
The White House
1600 Pennsylvania Ave.
Washington, D.C. 20500 Dear Mr. President, We have been informed of your up-coming visit to Africa starting on March 23rd 1998. May your visit usher in true peace and reconciliation for the suffering people of the Great Lakes region. During your visit to Uganda, you plan to meet a number of African heads of states, including the leaders of Rwanda. You are aware, Mr President, that while your visit is truly an historic event, it is not without generating a torrent of criticism. There are those who see your visit, and perhaps rightly so, as a stamp of approval to some of the most brutal dictatorships on hand in Africa, particularly in the Great Lakes region. Mr. President, in these waning years of the 20th century, this region has made itself infamous for being the theatre of genocides, the 1994 genocide against ethnic Tutsis in Rwanda by Hutu extremists, and the 1996-1997 genocide against ethnic Hutus refugees in former Eastern Zaire by the Tutsi dominated Rwanda Patriotic Army, which is in fact the Rwandan Government Forces led by General Paul Kagame. To this day, Rwandan security forces are still using the same strategy inside Rwanda which is responsible for several thousands of deaths of civilians, including women and children. The oppressed people of Rwanda whom RDR represents would like to believe that your planned stop over at Kigali airport will be an excellent opportunity to put the record straight, and express the need for national reconciliation, the return for democracy and an independent judiciary as a condition for the whole truth to come out and justice to take place in Rwanda.

74. Gene Expression: "Medieval" Africa
as the Hutu, they were probably originally a Nilotic people (though if The Japanese had an indigenous elite Of course, minor note, the Hutu, tutsi and Twa (Pygmy
http://www.gnxp.com/MT2/archives/001549.html
Main December 30, 2003 "Medieval" Africa This War Nerd column about the Tutsi-Hutu conflict is pretty good. It gives a brief intro to the Bantu demic expansion that is well sketched out in Guns, Germs and Steel , though I think he simplifies when he terms the Tutsi "Bantu." Though they now speak the same language as the Hutu, they were probably originally a Nilotic people (though if you google this topic, the issue is very confused by racialist pseudo-hypotheses). As for Brecher's observation that Tutsi rule(d) the roost in both Rwanda and Burundi through force of arms, he is spot on. If the Hutus did not constitute 85% of Rwanda's population I am not so sure that the Tutsi government that took over after the 1994 genocide would not have been more explicit in its own policies of ethnic cleansing (as it is, they pursue a pro-natalist policy for Tutsis). As long as the Tutsis are a ruling group, I doubt these two nations will ever progress very far on quality-of-life metrics . Dominant minorities have no reason to fully mobilize the human capital of the majority because once that happens-their own hold on power becomes tenuous. It is no surprise that the Mughal's and Manchus did not mobilize the populations of India and China against the European threat and modernize like Japan, both were alien elites! The Japanese had an indigenous elite.

75. Land And Spirituality In Africa
and Burundi between the Hutus and the tutsi can be why we find it so difficult when indigenous communities like to suit the people and not the people to suit
http://www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/what/jpc/echoes-16-05.html
The Earth as Mother
Land and Spirituality in Africa Articles in this series: Land: Breaking bonds and cementing ties
by Edmore Mufema Spirituality, land and land reform in South Africa ... Rev. Rupert Hambira In 1996, Indigenous People met during the Conference on World Mission and Evangelism held in Salvador Bahia Brazil. One year later, the World Council of Churches’ Indigenous Peoples’ Programme (WCC/IPP) in cooperation with the Botswana Christian Council also held a workshop under the theme "Spirituality, Land and the Role of the Churches in the Struggle for the Indigenous Peoples’ Rights" in Gabarone. From that meeting came a call to continue building spiritual,cultural and political identities within the churches in the countries where Indigenous Peoples are located. The areas of critical concern identified were land, protection of rights under international law, preservation/promotion of culture, decision making processes, advocacy, spirituality and networking. In February 1998, some Indigenous Peoples participants who had been at the Gabarone workshop and other representatives from Africa, attended a consultation on "Land and Spirituality" in Karasjok, Norway. Here the world-wide Indigenous Peoples community exchanged ways in which their spiritualities and lands were threatened. From this sharing, ideas of cooperation and responsibilities were discussed. The Indigenous meeting and the statement of Karasjok became a strong challenge to convene in Harare to identify the critical issues affecting African Indigenous Peoples in general. Before the WCC’s eighth Assembly in Harare, "Land and Spirituality: The African Context" was the theme chosen for the workshop the same theme used in Karasjok, Norway. It showed the connectedness between the spiritualities of the Indigenous Peoples and the land on which they originated.

76. Central Africa, A Catastrophe Created By Capitalism
imposing rigid distinctions between the tutsi and Hutu European colonialists to aspiring indigenous capitalist elites. Frankfurt could assure the people of the
http://www.wsws.org/public_html/prioriss/iwb12-2/edit.htm
To return to the current issue's index
Central Africa, a catastrophe created by capitalism
THE IMPOVERISHED states of Central Africa have once again become the scene of terrible human suffering. Barely two years after the slaughter in Rwanda claimed more than 1 million lives, new scenes of hunger, disease and mass flight are being broadcast around the world. Thousands have already died in the chaotic exodus across the borders of Zaire and Rwanda. Countless children have been separated from their parents. Hundreds of thousands of people still remain unaccounted for. As terrible as it is, the situation on the Zaire-Rwanda border is neither unique nor isolated. All of sub-Saharan Africa is beset by starvation, disease and warfare. Almost one-third of the region's population 170 million peoplelack adequate food. More than 10 million are infected with HIV/AIDS. Life expectancy for the region, already declining, is expected to fall to 47 by the year 2000. Forty years after formal independence for Europe's colonies in Africa, conditions for the masses of people are worse than at any time in the continent's history. In Africa, multinational capital has perfected a system for sucking out the resources of the continent at the expense of its inhabitants. The response of the major capitalist powers to the latest catastrophe in Africa is the preparation of a military force to carry out yet another so-called humanitarian mission. But any military intervention in Zaire will have as its basic aim the maintenance of the imperialist status quo, which is responsible for the worsening human tragedy.

77. MRG - International Statements
The Twa, an indigenous people, have been caught up in a war interests which transcend the Hutututsi divide could efforts in the Great Lakes Region of africa.
http://www.minorityrights.org/International/int_stat_detail.asp?ID=10

78. Africa Watch Burundi: The Politics Of Intolerance - African Security Review Vol
Belgium made little provision for indigenous political development tutsi militants of the UPRONA youth wing attacked and and supporters of the People’s Party
http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/ASR/8No6/AfricaWatch.html
Africa Watch
Burundi: The politics of intolerance
Richard Cornwell and Hannelie de Beer
Africa Early Warning Programme, Institute for Security Studies
Published in African Security Review Vol 8 No 6, 1999
The histories of Burundi and its northern neighbour Rwanda provide interesting comparisons and contrasts. This is not simply because they share the same ethnic composition, but because by the time they were absorbed into the German colonial empire in the late 19th century, both were long-established kingdoms. In other words, Burundi and Rwanda are unusual among modern African states in that they are not simply artificial creations of the colonial era.
The kingdom of Burundi developed its present territorial base starting in the 17th century. Under the leadership of a royal clan, Hima pastoralists entered the country from southern Ethiopia and extended their control over the indigenous Bantu societies, which they then assimilated. Further conquest was prevented by the proximity of other powerful states, but in the early 19th century, expansion was resumed to include areas that now form part of Rwanda and Tanzania.
ganwa mwami.

79. Marietta Leader - History 04.12.00
cases they have lost their indigenous language and as a result of acculturation with neighboring peoples. symbiosis with the pastoral tutsi, the agricultural
http://www.mariettaleader.com/041200/notesfromtheunderground.htm

80. Joshua Project - Peoples By Country Profiles
People Name General Zanaki. indigenous Fellowship of 100
http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=111143&rog3=TZ

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