61. History Of Turkmenistan Sayfayý Yazdýr, history of turkmenistan. The name of Turkmen thatwas firstly used in a Sogut letter in the century VIII was used http://www.ozturkler.com/data_english/0006/0006_07_03.htm

History of Turkmenistan The name of Turkmen that was firstly used in a Sogut letter in the century VIII was used as a general identification name for the Turks and particularly the Muslim Oguz tribes that led a settled life since the century X. Nowadays, the name of Turkmen is used with a narrow sense for the Turks that live in the Republic of Turkmenistan and those are the members of Turkmen tribes living in Iraq, Iran, Syria and Anatolia. The most reasonable opinion about the etymology of this word is the opinion that states that the suffix of –man, -men that were observed in the words such as Kuman, Karaman, Ataman, Kolemen, Kogmen, etc. were attached to the end of the word of Turk. Turkmen Turkic language belongs to the Oguz Turkish of the Turkish language together with Azerbaijani, Turkey and Khorasan Turkish languages. Pursuant to Nadir Shah that was the Turkish ruler of the Safevi State, Turkmen people suffered from the attacks of the Iranians and Hive people. Then, they started to expand towards the region of Merv since the year of 1835. The Castle of Oraz was constructed in the banks of Tecend Darya River. However, they encountered the sudden attacks of the Persian and Hive people.

62. Search Results For Turkmenistan - Encyclopædia Britannica turkmenistan, history of, http://www.britannica.com/search?query=turkmenistan&ct=&fuzzy=N

63. Turkmenistan --  Encyclopædia Britannica history. , history from turkmenistan It is possible to follow the development ofhuman habitats in southern turkmenistan from Paleolithic times to the present. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=129486&tocid=214562&query=turkmenistan

64. Turkmenistan Extended history of turkmenistan, internet links, and human rights information. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/5246/

Turkmenistan English

65. TURKMENISTAN @ Mail Order America turkmenistan. turkmenistan, history, Human Rights Extended historyof turkmenistan, internet links, and human rights information. http://www.mailorderamerica.com/turkmenistan.htm

TURKMENISTAN @ Mail Order America Click here for advertising information! home Accommodation Search Engine Turkmenistan - Hotels in Turkmenistan. Altyn Asyr: T¼rkmen Language for Foreigners - Short, easy, quick and user-friendly grammar index in Web Site Format. Same index is available in last pages of Soft Turkmen Dictionary provided by Chaihana.Com. American Embassy Ashgabat - Includes information on embassy services and resources for visitors. Ashgabat Hotels - Offers online reservations for Ashgabat hotels. Asiaco Turkmenistan - Includes art, news, business, travel, and general information. Ayan Travel Home page - No frills travel services along the silkroad. Specializing in Turkmenistan travel. Banks of Turkmenistan - Banks of Turkmenistan from ICCTM. Baskurt - A site that aims to reasearch and assist in shaping up a new Turkmen identity through the learning of our heritage and adapting to modern realities. BISNIS - US Department of Commerce's primary resource center for U.S. companies exploring business opportunities in Russia and other Newly Independent States. British Embassy in Ashgabat - Photos, travel advisories, country information

66. International Observatory On End Of Life Care - Countries A-Z > Turkmenistan > P Button Observatory Home. Your Location Global Analysis Home Countries AZ turkmenistan Palliative Care history. Palliative Care Service Provision. http://www.eolc-observatory.net/global_analysis/turkmenistan_pc_history.htm

Your Location: Global Analysis Home Countries A-Z Turkmenistan > Palliative Care History Palliative Care Service Provision History and Development of Palliative Care Public Health Context Ethics and Ethnography References and Further Reading Choose a country Use this function to cross reference with other available countries Countries A-Z Download a Country Report Printer Friendly About Us ... Search Narrative History of Palliative Care in Turkmenistan We obtained no evidence of any palliative care developments in Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan Homepage Countries A-Z Observatory Home Global Analysis Home ... Palliative Care Workforce Capacity Narrative History of Palliative Care Hospice/Beacon Case Studies Life/Oral Histories Population Epidemiology ... Ethnographic Studies

67. Home : Country Focus : Turkmenistan : Humanities : History Home Country Focus turkmenistan Humanities history.Country Focus turkmenistan Humanities history. http://www.slavophilia.com/pages/Country_Focus/Turkmenistan/Humanities/History/

Home Search Options Home : Country Focus : Turkmenistan : Humanities : History Country Focus : Turkmenistan : Humanities : History Home Add a Site Modify a Site What's New ... Advertising info Inside Home Translation/Interpretation Services Software Dictionaries Slavophilia Forums Reserve your hotels/hostels worldwide Links: History of Turkmenistan - Turkmenistan is an ancient Land. Its History is closely connected with the neighboring peoples: Uzbeks, Kazakhs Tadjiks, Persians and Afgans. - (Added: 30-Jan-2003) [Rate It] Sheffield Archaeology: Turkmenistan - details the work at the early Neolithic site of Jeitun, near Turkmenistan's capital, Ashgabad. - (Added: 30-Jan-2003) [Rate It] Turkmenistan - Goal of this page is mainly History of Turkmenistan and exposing of violation of Human Rights in contemporary independent Turkmenistan. - (Added: 30-Jan-2003) [Rate It] You can post your questions, suggestions, ideas, news on Slavophilia Bulletin Board Join Slavophilia Forums Send comments, suggestions and corrections to webmaster@slavophilia.com

68. Travel In Ashghabat - Turkmenistan - Asia - History - WorldTravelGate.net®- WorldTravelGate.net®Information about Ashghabat,turkmenistan,Asia,history,Gallery,Photos,Restaurants,Hotels,CarRental,Rentals,Campings,Travel Agencies.! http://www.asiatravelling.net/turkmenistan/ashghabat/ashghabat_history.htm

Ashghabat - History World War II Memorial Ashghabat's name means "City of Love," but this city on the fringe of the Karakum desert is more an interesting place of history than romance. Ashghabat is the capital of Turkmenistan and, with a population of around 450,000, the nation's largest city. Like other major Central Asian cities such as Tashkent, Ashghabat was felled by a massive earthquake in this century, which wiped out much of its unique, historic architecture and killed more than 110,000 residents (two thirds of the population). After the earthquake in October, 1948 (measuring nine on the Richter scale), the city was totally rebuilt by its Soviet caretakers. Though Ashghabat has a mid-century facade now, it has a lustrous history as a Silk Road city. It dates back at least to the Parthian empire, though an earthquake leveled that earlier version as well, in the first century, B.C. Archeologists have uncovered evidence of this lost city in an excavation area thought to be a former Parthian fortress. Over the centuries, control of the city (really just a village until a century ago) passed among such rival tribes and hordes as the Seljuqs and the Mongols, though the Russians were firmly in control by the end of the 19th century.

69. Regional, Asia, Turkmenistan, Society And Culture: History Archaeology@. history of turkmenistan history of turkmenistan with maps, linksand articles. Help build the largest human-edited directory on the web. http://www.combose.com/Regional/Asia/Turkmenistan/Society_and_Culture/History/

Top Regional Asia Turkmenistan ... History of Turkmenistan - History of Turkmenistan with maps, links and articles. Help build the largest human-edited directory on the web. Submit a Site Open Directory Project Become an Editor The combose.com directory is based on the Open Directory and has been modified and enhanced using our own technology. About ComboSE Download Combose Toolbar

70. Documents | United Nations Liaison Office Of The Seventh-day Adventist Church Documents. turkmenistan Letterwriting Campaign. Adventists Call onturkmenistan President to Rebuild Church and Uphold Human Rights. http://un.adventist.org/documents/turkmenistan/history.html

Documents Turkmenistan Letter-writing Campaign Adventists Call on Turkmenistan President to Rebuild Church and Uphold Human Rights Dr. Jonathan Gallagher addresses participants at a Capitol Hill meeting on religious freedom Haunting image The image is a haunting one. It is a grainy, fuzzy picture of a group of people standing outside, in their coats, on a cold November day in the city of Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. They stand there, weeping. The picture is part of a home video shot during the destruction of the only Adventist church building in the country. We see the wrecking ball smashing into the windows. We see the bulldozer pushing over the walls. We see the inside of the sanctuary open to the elements, desecrated and destroyed. But the hardest part is to see the shock, pain and hurt in the faces of the congregation, who instead of worshiping inside their beautiful church on the Sabbath are forced outside by the security police and can only watch as their place of worship is torn down before their eyes. This is the nightmare of being part of a religious minority in Turkmenistan.

71. Expedia.co.uk Travel Guide Hotels Flights And Car Hire To turkmenistan, history and Government history The territory of what is now turkmenistanprovided the bedrock for many of the most powerful empires of their age http://www.expedia.co.uk/daily/wg/P43831.asp

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72. Jewish History In Turkmenistan Jewish history in turkmenistan An Overview. © 19992000 Jonah GabrielLissner, BA. All Rights Reserved. Preface turkmenistan is a http://www.kulanu.org/turkmenistan/jturk.html

Jewish History in Turkmenistan: An Overview Preface Turkmenistan is a country the size of California, with roughly two hundred miles of coastline on the petrol and fish-wealthy Caspian Sea, its northwest bordered by the vital Central Asian Amu Darya river. It has historically since important Turkic migrations at least 1500 years BP been a Turkic state, replacing an earlier Persian ethnography and culture, directly en route to the Eurasian, Near Eastern, and East Asian centers of commerce and civilization. Turkmenistan has often absorbed amounts of political and religious innovations, including Jewish culture, religion, and heroes, in an otherwise conservative Turkic society. i The Oghuz nation, including the other Oghuz nations Onogur, Saragur and Utigurii inhabited the area of modern-day Turkmenistan at least before the Oghuz Khazar invasion of the circa 550-600 CE, and at the latest 689 CE. iii,iv The Khazars were led by the Ashena dynasty clan from the area around which Theophanes notes, "[that the] populous people of the Khazars came for the innermost parts of Bersilia in Sarmatia Prima," Bersilia or Bersula, being a region also corroborated by the historian M.I. Artamonov, in present Northern Dagestan. This evidence is further corroborated by expanding historical proof pointing to a widespread Khazar utilization of the river Itil, today the Volga River. The Oghuz were nominally converted to Sunni Islam by repeated Arab raids and Khazar counter raids past the Caucasian Caspian citadel of Derbend by 850 CE. The Khazar ruling class had already adopted Judaism as the state religion by 750 CE, or 850 CE at the latest date.

73. GlobalEDGE (TM) | Country Insights - History Of Turkmenistan structure, vital statistics, country map, real time news, and countryspecific links. http//globaledge.msu.edu turkmenistan history. http://globaledge.msu.edu/ibrd/CountryHistoryPrint.asp?CountryID=176&RegionID=3

74. GlobalEDGE (TM) | Country Insights - History Of Turkmenistan history. The territory of turkmenistan has been populated since ancient times,as armies from one empire to another decamped on their way to more prosperous http://globaledge.msu.edu/ibrd/CountryHistory.asp?CountryID=176&RegionID=3

75. Welcome To Turkmenistan To fulfill the tasks assigned to it, the National Museum will conduct research intothe history of turkmenistan and the study of its arts, using national and http://siyakhat.narod.ru/museum.html

Licence ¹ 000029 - April 12, 1996 - the President of Turkmenistan Saparmurat Niyazov approved the architectural project of the National Museum of Turkmenistan (Turkish architect Jan Onai) - April 26, 1996 - May 16, 1996 - the President of Turkmenistan and Turkey Saparmurat Niyazov and Suleiman Demirel took part in the solemn laying of the National Museum's foundation stone - November, 1997 - Construction work completed - January 5, 1998 - November 12, 1998 - the President of Turkmenistan and Turkey Saparmurat Niyazov and Suleiman Demirel took part in a ceremony of solemn unveiling of the National Museum of Turkmenistan Tehnical parameters: - General area - 14563 sq.m - Exhibition area - 3171 sq.m - Number of exhibition halls - 7 - Namber of storage units - 33776 - Designed for 2500 visitors a day National Museum of Turkmenistan Turkmenistan's National Museum was "born" on the January, 5, 1998. On that day the President of the country signed a statement setting out its future. The construction of the building was already completed, but work to equip the interior and shape its displays was still to come. The museum traces its roots back to the XIX century and a small amateur collection of household artifacts and examples of Turkmen workmanship which were displayed at the Russian industrial exhibition in Nizhni Novgorod in 1896. The exhibits were returned to Ashkhabad and used to found the Transcaspian Regional Museum, 100 years ago, on of March, 17, 1899. It soon became the single centre for the study of local nature, ethnography and history, with natural history as its main direction for a long time.

76. Turkmenistan-Islam And Middle East Archaeological Prehistory of turkmenistan - Addresses questions about originalinhabitants of turkmenistan and their culture based off the archaeological http://www.ou.edu/mideast/country/turkmeni.htm

SITE COUNTRIES SITE CATEGORIES Links on this page: Culture ... Economy Turkmenistan CIA World Factbook US State Department Library of Congress World Bank Map from CIA World Factbook 200 Additional Links Do you have a link to contribute? Please use this online form to submit your suggestions. Culture Archaeological Pre-History of Turkmenistan - Addresses questions about original inhabitants of Turkmenistan and their culture based off the archaeological discoveries and artifacts of the region. Includes images and some chronological history. History and Culture - Provided by the Turkmenistan Embassy, gives history from the early historic rulers and culture to the Soviet victory and Stalin's rule through to independence again. THE INTERNATIONAL MERV PROJECT TURKMENISTAN "An Anglo-Turkmen Archaeological Collaboration" Gives information about the history and cities of Merv as well as information about the excavation program and the aims of the International Merv Project. Photos of Turkmenistan - See pictures of ancient Merv as well as modern Turkemenistan. This includes many of the monuments in Turkmenistan as well as scenes of architecture and the marketplace and daily life.

77. International Services | Project History | Turkmenistan What s New, Events, - Useful Contacts, About IS, Air EuroSafe, Training, FlightCrew Exams, Consultancy, Project history, Contact Us, Project history turkmenistan. http://www.caa.co.uk/srg/intsd/history/countrydetails.asp?id=65

78. FANTASIA -> Turkmenistan -> Travel Basics -> History turkmenistan travel basics. history of turkmenistan, historical overview,etc Home, Central Asia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, http://www.fantasticasia.net/?p=468

79. History Of Turkmenistan Search. 20th Century history history of turkmenistan. Britannica.com turkmenistanhistory A thorough encyclopedic history from Britannica.com. http://history1900s.about.com/library/world/blxturkmenistan.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About History 20th Century History Home ... Free, Email Newsletter zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Decade By Decade Great Events of the Century Holocaust Horrible Disasters ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About 20th Century History newsletter. Search 20th Century History History of Turkmenistan Britannica.com: Turkmenistan History A thorough encyclopedic history from Britannica.com. Use the outline below the article to navigate through the complete text of this extensive encyclopedia entry. Country Study: Turkmenistan This comprehensive book-length information from the Library of Congress includes a fantastic section of history of the country. Flags of the World: Turkmenistan Information, images, and available history of the current and past flags of the country. Geography and Maps of Turkmenistan A plethora of geographical information and online maps from the About Geography site. Infoplease.com: Turkmenistan

80. Sheila A-Stray's Redheaded Ramblings: Turkmenistan - Part III - Niyazov A new constitution was drawn up, a democratic constitution, which set inmotion a presidential election. The first in turkmenistan s history. http://www.sheilaomalley.com/archives/000583.html

Sheila A-Stray's Redheaded Ramblings "This race and this country and this life produced me, he said. I shall express myself as I am." James Joyce, Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Main December 15, 2003 Turkmenistan - Part III - Niyazov This post is about Niyazov, the "president" of Turkmenistan. Actually, he has renamed himself Turkmanbashi , which means "Chief of the Turkmens". The guy is nuts. Turkmenistan - Niyazov Saparmurat Niyazov is the president of Turkmenistan. One of his primary goals (well, besides creating a ridiculous personality cult around himself and making himself the center of the Universe) was to invent a glorious national past for Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan, throughout the millennia, was not a unified place. It still is not. 55 nationalities alone live in the capital city. It is a place of nomads, and wanderers. Desert people. But Niyazov wanted to inflame in the Turkomens a sense of ethnicity and unification. He set out to re-invent the past. The truth of the matter, the FACTS of the past, did not suit his purposes, so he made stuff up, to make the Turkomens feel better about themselves. The local scholars, the intelligent people left in the country, know the truth: that the Turkomens are not the source of everything wonderful and innovative on the planet, the Turkomens did not discover America, etc...but they must parrot the regime's version of the truth.

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