41. LookSmart - Directory - History Of Turkmenistan turkmenistan history and Structure Austin Cline at About.com providesthis guide to turkmenistan s history, structure and religion. http://search.looksmart.com/p/browse/us1/us317836/us317911/us53828/us56154/us102

@import url(/css/us/style.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); Home IN the directory this category YOU ARE HERE Home Library Humanities History ... By Country History of Turkmenistan - Access study guides and articles that chronicle the history and culture of Turkmenistan. Directory Listings About allRefer Reference - Turkmenistan, History Resource highlights the origin and an early history, formation of the Turkmen nation, its incorporation into Russia, Soviet Turkmenistan, sovereignty, and independence. Archaeological Pre-History of Turkmenistan Illustrated guide explores the long and indigenous cultural history of Turkmenistan through archeological evidence. Encyclopedia.com - Turkmenistan: History Reviews the history of the Central Asian country that has been ruled over the centuries by Persians, Arabs, Seljuks, Mongols, and Timurids. Embassy of Turkmenistan in Washington DC provides this guide to the Central Asian country's rich history and culture. Turkmenistan - History and Structure Austin Cline at About.com provides this guide to Turkmenistan's history, structure and religion. Turkmenistan - History of Merv Describes archeological projects underway in the ancient Islamic capital of Merv in Turkmenistan. Details the history of the important site.

42. World History Archives: The Economic History Of Turkmenistan The economic history of turkmenistan. Hartford Web Publishing is theircopyright. The history in general of turkmenistan. An alternative http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/53/index-cc.html

The economic history of Turkmenistan Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in World History Archives The history in general of Turkmenistan An alternative approach to saving Turkmenistan's biodiversity By Galina Kamakhina, Catena Ecological Club, 6 September 1997. Proposes a technological change (soy beans), rather than a change in social relations, as a solution for environmental destruction resulting from commercialization of agricultural production. Turkmenistan Energy Reserve Controversy By Michael Sullivan, Ashkhabad, and Bob Edwards, Washington DC, NPR, 8 September 1998. Turmenistan sits on enormous gas and oil reserves, and US capitalists don't want to see the benefit accrue to Turkmenistan and Iran.

43. Turkmenistan - History And Structure Country Listing. turkmenistan Table of Contents. turkmenistan. Historyand Structure. Islam came to the Turkmen primarily through the http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-13852.html

Country Listing Turkmenistan Table of Contents Turkmenistan History and Structure Islam came to the Turkmen primarily through the activities of Sufi (see Glossary) shaykhs rather than through the mosque and the "high" written tradition of sedentary culture. These shaykhs were holy men critical in the process of reconciling Islamic beliefs with pre-Islamic belief systems; they often were adopted as "patron saints" of particular clans or tribal groups, thereby becoming their "founders." Reformulation of communal identity around such figures accounts for one of the highly localized developments of Islamic practice in Turkmenistan. Integrated within the Turkmen tribal structure is the "holy" tribe called övlat . Ethnographers consider the övlat, of which six are active, as a revitalized form of the ancestor cult injected with Sufism. According to their genealogies, each tribe descends from the Prophet Muhammad through one of the Four Caliphs. Because of their belief in the sacred origin and spiritual powers of the övlat representatives, Turkmen accord these tribes a special, holy status. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the

44. History Of Turkmenistan Affiliate; Make Money. turkmenistan. No Brief history Currently Available,Brief history; Main Country Page; Vital Statistics; Embassy Info; http://www.worldrover.com/history/turkmenistan_history.html

Search The Web! Search The Web! Search The Web! Search The Web! Free Travel Cheap Tickets Auction ... Make Money Turkmenistan No Brief History Currently Available Brief History Main Country Page Vital Statistics Embassy Info Travel Guides Search Net: History Free Clip Art w/ Flags! home guides ... embassies

45. Turkmenistan Maps, Pictures, History And More turkmenistan. Click on a link below to find travel guides, embassyinfo, flags, maps, brief history, facts, and more. Please email http://www.worldrover.com/country/turkmenistan_main.html

Travel Books Used Books Bestsellers Search The Web! Search The Web! Search The Web! Search The Web! Free Travel Cheap Tickets Auction ... Make Money Turkmenistan Click on a link below to find travel guides, embassy info, flags, maps, brief history, facts, and more. Please email us if you have any questions or suggestions. Search the Net for: Travel Guides source: CIA World Factbook 1999 Vital Statistics Brief History Embassy Info Travel Guides Search Net: Term Paper Search Net: Travel Free Clip Art w/ Flags! Slash your student loans 53%!! Thanks Uncle Sam!! home ... embassies

46. Travel & Tours In Turkmenistan - A Briefly Stated History Of Turkmenistan BRIEFLY STATED history OF turkmenistan. Chronology of significant events.The territory of turkmenistan has been populated since ancient http://www.sitara.com/turkmenistan/history.html

CHOOSE A DESTINATION - Country - Afghanistan China Iran Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Pakistan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan HOME TOURS Turkmenistan General Info ... Contact BRIEFLY STATED HISTORY OF TURKMENISTAN Chronology of significant events The territory of Turkmenistan has been populated since ancient times, as armies from one empire to another decamped on their way to more prosperous territories. Tribes of horse-breeding Turkmen drifted into the territory of Turkmenistan from ancient times, possibly from the Altay Mountains, and grazed along the outskirts of the Karakum Desert into Persia, Syria, and Anatolia. As early societies learned to make pottery and metal tools, they began to trade with other peoples of Central Asia. This profitable trade however, also attracted foreign invaders. By the 6 th century BC, the powerful Persian Empire had established its provinces in what is now Turkmenistan. From their base south of the Kopet-Dag Range, the Persians controlled trade through Central Asia and subdued the many nomadic peoples who lived on Turkmenistan's arid plains.

47. A Short History Of Turkmenistan facts, maps, flags and pictures from countries around the world. A Short historyof turkmenistan. Search Google for another short history of turkmenistan. http://www.abacci.com/atlas/history.asp?countryID=346

48. A Brief Outline To The Archaeological Pre-History Of Turkmenistan The long and indigenous cultural history of turkmenistan, which began well beforemigrations of mounted nomads from the northern steppe during the eighth http://www.weavingartmuseum.org/ex3_prehist.htm

Part I The history of the Turkmen responsible for the weavings illustrated in this catalog has never been easy to understand. Most references to their origins are based on the same hypothesis that begins with the migration of nomads from southern Siberia who brought with them the art of cut-pile weaving. While it is true that the oldest known knotted-pile weaving has been found in this general area, the following text will show that the prehistoric occupation of south-west Turkestan by indigenous groups of inhabitants must be considered before conceding that the much later migration of Siberian nomad groups was the only source for the Turkmen lifestyle and weaving tradition. The long and indigenous cultural history of Turkmenistan, which began well before migrations of mounted nomads from the northern steppe during the eighth century BC, should become quite obvious after reading the The tenacious quality of culture and tradition to remain fixed to geographical location is another factor that should not be forgotten in considering the history of the Turkmen. The societal changes that began in this area during the sixth millennium BC established important cultural fundamentals that were able to remain unchanged in the face of great social unrest and pressure. These intrinsic patterns in settlement location, architectural techniques, agricultural methods, animal husbandry and design traditions have survived virtually unchanged for thousands of years. They provide the real history of the Turkmen.

49. # 3 In Turkmenistan. History, Culture turkmenistan 3 history, culture Picture not available yet ( $6.00. WANT TO PURCHASETHIS ITEM? Read our Ordering Information first. Go to the Main page. http://www.bistamp.com/inter/BiStamp.nsf/0/f5fc704dcae5f7cbc2256a510038b34c?Open

50. FSU New Issues - Turkmenistan - History And Culture Of Turkmenistan. history and Culture of turkmenistan. Date of issue 27th August 1992. 10.0 (R).multicoloured. Map of turkmenistan with places of culture and history. http://home.nestor.minsk.by/fsunews/turkmen/1992/tmbl.1.html

History and Culture of Turkmenistan. Date of issue: 27th August 1992. Enlarged Image. Designer: Ye. Goldin, I. Skorupsky Paper: coated Printing process: offset Perforation: imperforated Size of the Souvenir Sheet: 111,50 x 79 mm. Printing run: 160.000 Michel catalogue number: Block1. 10.0 (R). multicoloured. Map of Turkmenistan with places of culture and history. For buying FSU stamps, Postal stationery and Postal History, please, see Classified Ads This page is a part of the FSU New Issues Catalogue , maintained by the Worldwide Society of Russian Philately

51. FSU New Issues - Turkmenistan - History And Culture Of Turkmenistan. history and Culture of turkmenistan. Date of issue 27th August 1992.Designer G. Komlev, Ye. Goldin, I. Skorupsky Paper coated http://home.nestor.minsk.by/fsunews/turkmen/1992/tm4-9.html

History and Culture of Turkmenistan. Date of issue: 27th August 1992. Designer: G. Komlev, Ye. Goldin, I. Skorupsky Paper: coated Printing process: offset Perforation: comb 12 1/2 Size: No 4, 6, 8 - 31,50 x 41,50 mm; No 5, 7, 9 - 41,50 x 31,50 mm. Sheet composition: No 4, 6, 8 - 35 (7 x 5) stamps; No 5, 7, 9 - 35 (5 x 7) stamps Printing run: 175.000 Michel catalogue numbers: 4-9. 10.0 (R). multicoloured. National women's gold and jewelled decoration, XIX c.. 10.0 (R). multicoloured. Girl in traditional dress and Kopet-daga mountain 10.0 (R). multicoloured. Akhaltekin horseman. 10.0 (R). multicoloured. Buiding of Mollanepes drama theatre, Ashgabat. 15.0 (R). multicoloured. State arms. 25.0 (R). multicoloured. Portrait of president Saparmurat Niyazov on the background of national flag. Souvenir Sheet Block1. For buying FSU stamps, Postal stationery and Postal History, please, see Classified Ads This page is a part of the FSU New Issues Catalogue , maintained by the Worldwide Society of Russian Philately

52. World InfoZone - Turkmenistan Information - Page 2 history Presentday turkmenistan has been inhabited for many thousands of years;farming settlements were in existence eight thousand years ago and nomads have http://www.worldinfozone.com/country.php?country=Turkmenistan&page=2

53. WHKMLA : History Of Turkmenistan, ToC turkmenistan Virtual Library turkmenistan, from ICARP; has short history section;further links on the history of turkmenistan, from Eurasianet; further http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/centrasia/xturkmenistan.html

First posted on May 29th 2002, last revised om September 27th 2003 Turkmenistan 1869-1917 Turkmenistan 1917-1925 Turkmenistan 1925-1945 Turkmenistan 1945-1991 ... Turkmenistan independent, since 1991 EXTERNAL FILES CIA World Factbook Turkmenistan BBC Country Profile : Turkmenistan ; World Reference Desk : Turkmenistan Virtual Library : Turkmenistan , from ICARP; has short history section; further links on the history of Turkmenistan, from Eurasianet ; further links on Turkmenistan from oxuscom , from Center for the Study of Global Change Library of Congress Country Studies : Turkmenistan Timeline Turkmenistan, from BBC News ; from timelines.ws ; Timeline : Major Events relevant to Central Asian History (since 1600), from oxuscom Chronology of Catholic Dioceses : Turkmenistan, from Kirken i Norge History of Turkmenistan, by ; from Turkmenistan Embassy ; from Turkmenistan on the Web ; from Times of Central Asia Article Ashgabat, from infoplease Political Resources on the Net : Turkmenistan For the Record 2000 : Turkmenistan , from UN Human Rights System Languages of Turkmenistan (2), from

54. MSN Encarta - Turkmenistan Throughout its history, the expansive, barren area between the Caspian Sea and theAmu Darya river—the area of presentday turkmenistan—has been subject to http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761555783_3/Turkmenistan.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money Web Search: logoImg('http://sc.msn.com'); Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade to Encarta Premium Search Encarta Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Send us feedback Related Items capital, Ashgabat Akhal-Tek©, horse breed native to Turkmenistan more... Magazines Search the Encarta Magazine Center for magazine and news articles about this topic Further Reading Editors' Picks Turkmenistan Facts and Figures Quick information and statistics News Search MSNBC for news about Turkmenistan Internet Search Search Encarta about Turkmenistan Search MSN for Web sites about Turkmenistan Also on Encarta Encarta guide: The Reagan legacy Compare top online degrees Proud papas: Famous dads with famous kids Also on MSN Father's Day present ideas on MSN Shopping Breaking news on MSNBC Switch to MSN in 3 easy steps Our Partners Capella University: Online degrees LearnitToday: Computer courses CollegeBound Network: ReadySetGo Kaplan Test Prep and Admissions Encyclopedia Article from Encarta Advertisement Page 3 of 3 Turkmenistan Multimedia 7 items Dynamic Map View map of Turkmenistan Article Outline Introduction Land and Resources The People of Turkmenistan Economy ... History B Legislature Turkmenistan has a 50-member legislature called the Majlis (Assembly). Members of the Majlis are directly elected and serve for five-year terms. The Khalk Maslakhaty is a supervisory organ that is authorized to perform some duties normally reserved for a legislature. The Khalk Maslakhaty debates and approves some legislation, reviews possible constitutional amendments, and may vote an expression of “no confidence” against the president. The Khalk Maslakhaty is headed by the president of the republic. It is composed of the 50 members of the Majlis, 10 appointed regional representatives, 50 directly elected members, the members of the Council of Ministers, the chairperson of the Supreme Court, and other important officials.

55. MSN Encarta - Search Results - Turkmenistan 11. turkmenistan history. turkmenistan Library of Congress Offers a shortoverview of this country s history, population, government, and economy. http://encarta.msn.com/Turkmenistan.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money Web Search: logoImg('http://sc.msn.com'); Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade to Encarta Premium Search Encarta Encarta Search results for "Turkmenistan" Page of 2 next Exclusively for MSN Encarta Premium Subscribers Turkmenistan Article—Encarta Encyclopedia Turkmenistan , republic in the southwestern portion of Central Asia, bordered on the north by Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, on the east by Uzbekistan and... article outline Introduction Land and Resources The People of Turkmenistan Economy ... History related items capital, Ashgabat Akhal-Tek©, horse breed native to Turkmenistan business and economy cities ... Ashgabat, capital of Turkmenistan Article—Encarta Encyclopedia Ashgabat , formerly Ashkhabad, capital and largest city of Turkmenistan, in the southwestern part of the country, about 25 km (about 15 mi) north of... Garagum Desert, large sand desert, covering Turkmenistan Article—Encarta Encyclopedia Garagum , desert in Central Asia, occupying most of Turkmenistan; its name is Turkic for “black sands.” The desert covers about three-fourths of... Map of Turkmenistan Dynamic Map—Encarta Encyclopedia Dynamic map from Encarta Encyclopedia Turkmenistan Facts and Figures Facts and Figures—Encarta Encyclopedia Facts in brief from Encarta Encyclopedia Turkmenistan Flag and Anthem Picture and Sound Clip—Encarta Encyclopedia Picture and sound clip from Encarta Encyclopedia Magazine and news articles about Turkmenistan Encarta Magazine Center Search the Encarta Magazine Center

56. Uzbekistan Travel Trips history and Government. history The territory of what is now Turkmenistanprovided the bedrock for many of the most powerful empires of their age. http://www.asia-planet.net/turkmenistan/history-government.htm

Introduction Turkmenistan Information Turkmenistan Travel Trips Turkmenistan Regions Turkmenistan Travel Trips Passport and Visa Money Public Holidays Travel International ... Climate History and Government History : In 1993, the Majlis (see Government) approved a motion to extend Nyyazow’s term of office beyond 1997 until 2002. Then, in 1999, it decided to make him president for life. ‘Türkmenbashy’ has evolved a cult of personality to rival any in the world - it has reportedly extended to renaming calendar months in honour of him and assorted relatives. Opposition has been quickly and brutally suppressed, especially in the wake of a reported assassination attempt against Nyyazow in late 2002. This peculiar and unpleasant regime is tolerated by the international community for two main reasons - the country’s strategic position and its enormous (and, as yet, largely undeveloped) reserves of oil, gas and precious metals. Abroad, Turkmenistan has forged strong economic and political links with Iran and

57. Turkmenistan Encyclopedia : Maps - Weather - Travel - History - Economy - Govern State website. Not Wikified. history of turkmenistan; Geography of turkmenistan;Demographics of turkmenistan; Politics of turkmenistan; http://syria.asinah.net/en/wikipedia/t/tu/turkmenistan.html

Hotel Reservations AmeriHost Aparthotel Barcelo ... [ SHOPPING ] syria.asinah.net Encyclopedia Switch Language Encyclopedia worldwide This article could be outdated : Visit our new Table of Contents Main Page Edit this page Turkmenistan A new page based on the new template is being worked on at Turkmenistan/Temp, please make any changes you want to make on that page. Turkmenistan is a country in Central Asia . It has borders with Afghanistan Iran Kazakhstan Uzbekistan and has a coastline on the Caspian Sea Annexed by Russia between and Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic in . It achieved its independence upon the dissolution of the USSR in . President Saparmurat Niyazov retains absolute control over the country and opposition is not tolerated. Extensive hydrocarbon natural gas ) reserves could prove a boon to this underdeveloped country if extraction and delivery projects can be worked out. From the CIA World Factbook 2000 and the U.S. Department of State website. Not Wikified. History of Turkmenistan Geography of Turkmenistan Demographics of Turkmenistan Politics of Turkmenistan ... Foreign relations of Turkmenistan Human rights issues in Turkmenistan All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License This article courtesy of Wikipedia.org

58. Virtual Reference Desk Search Results / history Channel Index of Topics / In the News / What will Hussein s capturemean for the future of the war in Iraq? turkmenistan s Turkmenbashi http://www.bcpl.gov.bc.ca/VRD/basic_show.php?searchby=subject_class&searchfor=Tu

59. Turkmenistan shores are on the west Historically it certainly was in the crossroads betweeneast and west being part of the Silk Road - turkmenistan s history goes back http://www.lotsofplaces.com/cgi-bin/location/country.pl?Turkmenistan

60. Nations Online :: Turkmenistan Official web sites of turkmenistan, the capital of turkmenistan, art, culture,history, cities, airlines, embassies, tourist boards and newspapers. http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/turkmenistan.htm

advertise with us Home Continents Asia Turkmenistan This page is part of One World - Nations Online the countries of the world One World - Nations Online Countries and Nations keywords: turkmenistan information, best of turkmenistan, turkmenistan newspapers, tourist information for turkmenistan, turkmenistan tourism, turkmenistan map Note: Links will open in a new browser window. Turkmenistan Country Code: tm Flag of Turkmenistan Background: Annexed by Russia between 1865 and 1885, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic in 1925. It achieved its independence upon the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. President NIYAZOV retains absolute control over the country and opposition is not tolerated. Extensive hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves could prove a boon to this underdeveloped country if extraction and delivery projects can be worked out. (Source: CIA - The World Factbook) border countries: Afghanistan Iran Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Official Sites of Turkmenistan Ministry of Communication of Turkmenistan Embassy of Turkmenistan Washington, D.C. Capital City: Ashgabat Map Political Map of Turkmenistan Turkmenistan.News

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