21. Travel To History Turkmenistan - Detailed Travel Information And More About Hist http//www.cheapairlines.com turkmenistan history  HISTORY  TURKMENISTANThis remote former republic of  http//www.nationbynation.com/ History http://www.traveling-cheap.com/directory/Turkmenistan/history_turkmenistan

Check-In: January February March April May June July August September October November December Check out: January February March April May June July August September October November December City: Flights Hotels Cars Vacation Packages ... Maps Airline Specials US Carriers Air Grand Canyon Air Sunshine Air Wisconsin Airlines Alaska Airlines ... World Airways Canadian Carriers Air Canada Air Inuit Canadian North Central Mountain Air ... West Jet French Carriers Air France German Carriers Deutsche Lufthansa AG British Carriers British Airways KLM UK Ltd ... Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd Australian Carriers Airnorth Ansett Norfolk Jet Qantas Airways Ltd ... Virgin Blue Airline Japanese Carriers All Nipon Airways JL Japan Airlines Malasian Carriers Malaysia Airlines Singaporian Carriers Singapore Airlines Indian Carriers Air-India Ltd Indian Airlines Jet Airways Ltd Sahara Airlines Ltd Irish Carriers RyanAir Turkmenistan > history turkmenistan The Best history turkmenistan Sites We've Found Click here for history turkmenistan Travel Deals It's easy to find the best hotels, airfare, rental cars and more. Our powerful new search engine returns vacation deals directly to you. http://www.cheapairlines.com

22. Useful Turkmenistan Links turkmenistan history, culture and horses Historical timeline by BBC http//news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_1298000/1298522.stm; http://www.usemb-ashgabat.usia.co.at/linkstm.html

English version What's New? Search Official Site of the U. S. Embassy in Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Links This page brings you a comprehensive list of significant web-sites of Turkmen-origin. In the history, culture and horses category we have added a few other international sources. If you are looking for international sources about Turkmenistan, please see our More links category. This page will be updated regularly, so please bookmark it for reference. Latest update: May 14, 2004 News and current events Turkmenistan.RU - http://www.turkmenistan.ru/ Turkmenistan: Golden Age - http://www.turkmenistan.gov.tm Press-Courier Turkmenbashy - http://www.tmpress.gov.tm/ "Ene-mahri" - http://www.nt-ene.gov.tm/ News by Sibnet - http://www.sibnet.tm/ Web-sites of Turkmen government and agencies Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan - http://www.grida.no/enrin/htmls/turkmen/soe2/english/backgr/backgr.htm Ministry of Communication of Turkmenistan - http://www.mct.gov.tm

23. Turkmenistan History of Turkmenistan. http://www.heritagefilms.com/Turkmenistan.htm

History of Turkmenistan WELCOME MAPS Map of Turkmenistan Turkmenistan (1994 estimated population 3,995,000), 188,455 square miles (488,100 square km), central Asia, formerly a constituent republic of the USSR. It borders Afghanistan and Iran (South); Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan (East, North East); and the Caspian Sea (West). The Kara Kum desert occupies 90% of the country; the Kara Kum canal provides irrigation and hydroelectricity. The Turkmens (or Turkomans), a Sunni Muslim, Turkic-speaking people, comprise 60% of the population; other groups include Russians, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, and Tatars. Turkmen is the official language, and Russian is widely spoken. Turkmenistan was part of the kingdom of ancient Persia and was later (8th-19th century) ruled by the Arabs, the Seljuk Turks, Jenghiz Khan, Timur and the Timurids, and the Uzbeks. Under Russian rule from 1881, the area initially resisted the Bolsheviks but fell to the Red Army by 1920. In 1925 the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic was formed from Turkmenian portions of Soviet Turkistan. In 1991 the republic's parliament declared Turkmenistan independent following a referendum; after the Soviet Union collapsed, the republic joined the Commonwealth Of Independent States. The former Communist party has retained its hold on power in Turkmenistan, although there has been some movement toward privatizing the economy. President Saparmurad Niyazov was reelected in 1992; he was the only candidate in the election.

24. The History Of Turkmenistan turkmenistan history The territory of Turkmenistan has been populated since ancienttimes, as armies from one empire to another decamped on their way to more http://www.factrover.com/history/Turkmenistan_history.html

Home All Countries World Newspapers US Newspapers The History of Turkmenistan Below is a brief history of Turkmenistan. To find information other than history for Turkmenistan then visit the Turkmenistan Country Page Turkmenistan Government Turkmenistan People Turkmenistan Geography ... Turkmenistan Economy Turkmenistan History The territory of Turkmenistan has been populated since ancient times, as armies from one empire to another decamped on their way to more prosperous territories. Tribes of horsebreeding Turkmen drifted into the territory of Turkmenistan from ancient times, possibly from the Altay Mountains, and grazed along the outskirts of the Karakum Desert into Persia, Syria, and Anatolia. Alexander the Great conquered the territory in the 4th century B.C. on his way to India. One hundred fifty years later the Parthian Kingdom took control of Turkmenistan, establishing its capital in Nisa, an area now located in the suburbs of the modern-day capital of Ashgabat. In the 7th century A.D. Arabs conquered this region, bringing with them the Islamic religion and incorporating the Turkmen into Middle Eastern culture. It was around this time that the famous "Silk Road" was established as a major trading route between Asia and Europe. In the middle of the 11th century, the powerful Turks of the Seldjuk Empire concentrated their strength in the territory of Turkmenistan in an attempt to expand into Afghanistan. The empire broke down in the second half of the 12th century, and the Turkmen lost their independence when Genghis Khan took control of the eastern Caspian Sea region on his march west. For the next 7 centuries, the Turkmen people lived under various empires and fought constant intertribal wars amongst themselves.

25. History & Culture Culture, Traditions, and history " Water is a Turkmen's life, a horse is his wings, and a carpet Great Britain purchased Turkmen horses. history of turkmenistan. State flag and emblem http://www.turkmenistanembassy.org/turkmen/history/hist_cult.html

Culture, Traditions, and History "Water is a Turkmen's life, a horse is his wings, and a carpet is his soul" The energy-rich Central Asian country revives its most ancient rituals and customs, and discovers old taboos that were thinly papered over during Communist rule. Many marriages are arranged, but marriages-of-love are becoming more popular. Muslims in Turkmenistan are of the Sunni faith, and do not share the Islamic fundamentalism of their neighbors in Afghnaistan and Iran Young women with two braids and a small scarf are unmarried; those with one braid and a big kerchief have been wed...More than 70 diffrent nationalities reside in Turkmenistan...Two giant earthquakes (10 points on the Richter scale) in 1895 and 1924 flattened Krasnovodsky and Ashgabat respectively. A 1948 quake destroyed Ashgabat in less than a minute... Yurta the traditional tent (it has a collapsable wooden frame and is covered with reeds and felt) is still used today. The tent is erected in the front yard and used as a summer house...National dress: men wear high, shaggy sheepskin hats and red robes over white shirts. Women wear long sack-dresses over narrow trousers (the pants are trimmed with a band of embroidery at the ankle). Female headdresses usually consist of silver

26. History & Culture history of turkmenistan. Tools from the StoneAge have been discovered along the Caspian Sea. shore and near the modern port of Turkmenbashi, establishing the. pre-historic presence of humans in the http://www.turkmenistanembassy.org/turkmen/history/history.html

History of Turkmenistan Tools from the Stone-Age have been discovered along the Caspian Sea shore and near the modern port of Turkmenbashi, establishing the pre-historic presence of humans in the area that is today known as Turkmenistan. The remains of farming settlements in the Kopet-Dag Mountains date back 8,000 years. The ancient cultivators in this region used the mountain streams to irrigate their crops. They also survived by herding livestock and by hunting wild game. As early societies learned to make pottery and metal tools, they began to trade with other peoples of central Asia. This profitable trade however, also attracted foreign invaders. By the 6th century B.C., the powerful

27. World History Archives: The History Of Turkmenistan The history of turkmenistan. Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in World history Archives and does not presume to validate their accuracy or authenticity nor to release their http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/53/index-c.html

The history of Turkmenistan Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in World History Archives The history of Central Asia in general The retrospective history of Turkmenistan The contemporary political history of Turkmenistan ... The media and telecommunications of Turkmenistan

28. Turkmenistan Origins And Early History - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climat turkmenistan Origins and Early history Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate,Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/turkmenistan/turkmenistan_history_origins_and_ea

HISTORY INDEX Country Ranks Introduction History ... [TOP] Turkmenistan Origins and Early History http://workmall.com/wfb2001/turkmenistan/turkmenistan_history_origins_and_early_history.html Source: The Library of Congress Country Studies < BACK TO HISTORY CONTENTS Like the other Central Asian republics, Turkmenistan underwent the intrusion and rule of several foreign powers before falling under first Russian and then Soviet control in the modern era. Most notable were the Mongols and the Uzbek khanates, the latter of which dominated the indigenous Oghuz tribes until Russian incursions began in the late nineteenth century. Origins and Early History Sedentary Oghuz tribes from Mongolia moved into present-day Central Asia around the eighth century. Within a few centuries, some of these tribes had become the ethnic basis of the Turkmen population. The Oghuz and the Turkmen The origins of the Turkmen may be traced back to the Oghuz confederation of nomadic pastoral tribes of the early Middle Ages, which lived in present-day Mongolia and around Lake Baikal in present-day southern Siberia. Known as the Nine Oghuz, this confederation was composed of Turkic-speaking peoples who formed the basis of powerful steppe empires in Inner Asia. In the second half of the eighth century, components of the Nine Oghuz migrated through Jungaria into Central Asia, and Arabic sources located them under the term Guzz in the area of the middle and lower Syrdariya in the eighth century. By the tenth century, the Oghuz had expanded west and north of the Aral Sea and into the steppe of present-day Kazakstan, absorbing not only Iranians but also Turks from the Kipchak and Karluk ethnolinguistic groups. In the eleventh century, the renowned Muslim Turk scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari described the language of the Oghuz and Turkmen as distinct from that of other Turks and identified twenty-two Oghuz clans or sub-tribes, some of which appear in later Turkmen genealogies and legends as the core of the early Turkmen.

29. Library Of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handboo turkmenistan A Country Study. Search turkmenistan. Include word variants Use only and Early history. Formation of the Turkmen Nation. Incorporation into Russia. Soviet turkmenistan http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/tmtoc.html

TURKMENISTAN - A Country Study Search Turkmenistan Include word variants Use only words as entered. Please note: The current Country Study was previously in a multi-country volume. Chapter numbers reflect those used in the printed book. TURKMENISTAN Foreword Acknowledgments Preface ... Glossary

30. MapZones.com History turkmenistan, history, Back to Top. During much of its past, turkmenistanhas received little attention from the outside world. Apart http://www.mapzones.com/world/asia/turkmenistan/historyindex.php

Country Info Turkmenistan Introduction Turkmenistan General Data Turkmenistan Maps Turkmenistan Culture ... Turkmenistan Time and Date Turkmenistan History Back to Top During much of its past, Turkmenistan has received little attention from the outside world. Apart from its role in establishing the Seljuk dynasty in the Middle East in the Middle Ages, for most of its history this territory was not a coherent nation but a geographically defined region of independent tribal groups and other political entities. Like other republics of the former Soviet Union, Turkmenistan has emerged on the world scene as a newly independent country in need of both national and international acceptance, security, and development. Turkmenistan's authoritarian regime and regional social structure have produced the most politically and economically stable of the former Soviet republics. Although its leadership has gained a reputation abroad for repression of political opposition, it is perceived at home as promoting the social benefits, national traditions, and security of the Turkmen people. In addition, to ensure its national security and trade prospects, Turkmenistan has charted an independent course in establishing a military alliance with Russia and trade and security agreements with Iran and Central Asian countries. In terms of natural assets, Turkmenistan is a landlocked, desert country beneath whose surface lie substantial deposits of oil and the fifth largest reserves of natural gas in the world. Foreign investors, attracted by the republic's calm and receptive atmosphere, have sidestepped human rights issues on their way to establishing joint exploitation of Turkmenistan's rich energy resources.

31. Columbus World Travel Guide - Middle East - Turkmenistan - History And Governmen World Travel Guide turkmenistan - history and Government- includes information on the constitution and politics. http://www.travel-guide.com/data/tkm/tkm580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/MiddleEast/Turkmenistan/HistoryandGovernment'; document.write('Research Turkmenistan hotels at TripAdvisor'); Contact Addresses Overview General Information Passport/Visa ... Asia /Turkmenistan TURKMENISTAN History and Government History: The territory of what is now Turkmenistan provided the bedrock for many of the most powerful empires of their age. The Parthians, the Seljuks and the Khans of Khoresm all based their empires at various points on the edge of the Kara-Kum Desert, while Alexander the Great conquered the region during his epic campaign of the 4th century BC. The influence of Islam dates from the 7th century AD, when the region was under Arab control. Modern-day Turkmen are descended from tribes that migrated to the area in the 10th century from the northeast. Around 300 years later, Genghis Khan arrived from the same direction and incorporated Turkmenistan into his expanding empire. From the 15th century, the area was under Persian domination until the Russian move into Central Asia at the end of the 19th century. Turkmenistan fell into the British sphere of influence but the Bolsheviks took control of the region in 1920 and incorporated Turkmenistan as a union republic in 1925. Turkmenistan’s ability to embrace the reforms made possible by glasnost and independence were hampered by its backward economy and, as a result, it retains many more of the trappings of the old system than other post-Soviet republics. There have, however, been significant changes – such as the introduction of a new currency – and the framework for further economic change has been put in place. By contrast, politics have changed little since the Soviet era. The current president is Saparmyrat Nyyazow, who has acquired the honorific title of

32. Turkmenistan 360,000 sq km). Government. Oneparty republic. history. Turkmenistanwas once part of the ancient Persian Empire. The Turkmen people http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108058.html

HOTWORDS CITE PRINT EMAIL in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Home Almanacs Atlas Encyclopedia ... Father's Day Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map Career Center Job Search Post Your Resume Continuing Ed. more . . . Also from Infoplease Search Infoplease Info search tips Search Biographies Bio search tips World Countries Turkmenistan Infoplease Atlas: Turkmenistan Turkmenistan President-for-Life: Saparmurad A. Niyazov (1990) Area: 188,455 sq mi (488,100 sq km) Population (2004 est.): 4,863,169 (growth rate: 1.8%); birth rate: 27.8/1000; infant mortality rate: 73.1/1000; life expectancy: 61.3; density per sq mi: 26 Capital and largest city (2003 est.): Ashgabat, 727,700 Other large cities: Chardzhou, 213,500; Tashauz, 160,400 Monetary unit: Manat Languages: Turkmen, 72%; Russian, 12%; Uzbek, 9% Ethnicity/race: Turkmen 77%, Uzbek 9.2%, Russian 6.7%, Kazak 2%, other 5.1% (1995) Religions: Islam 89%, Eastern Orthodox 9%, unknown 2% Literacy rate: 98% (1989 est.) Economic summary: GDP/PPP (2002 est.): $31.34 billion; per capita $6,700.

33. Turkmenistan - History Like the other Central Asian republics, turkmenistan underwent the intrusion andrule of several foreign powers before falling under Origins and Early history. http://countrystudies.us/turkmenistan/1.htm

History Turkmenistan Table of Contents Like the other Central Asian republics, Turkmenistan underwent the intrusion and rule of several foreign powers before falling under first Russian and then Soviet control in the modern era. Most notable were the Mongols and the Uzbek khanates, the latter of which dominated the indigenous Oghuz tribes until Russian incursions began in the late nineteenth century. Origins and Early History Sedentary Oghuz tribes from Mongolia moved into present-day Central Asia around the eighth century. Within a few centuries, some of these tribes had become the ethnic basis of the Turkmen population. The Oghuz and the Turkmen The origins of the Turkmen may be traced back to the Oghuz confederation of nomadic pastoral tribes of the early Middle Ages, which lived in present-day Mongolia and around Lake Baikal in present-day southern Siberia. Known as the Nine Oghuz, this confederation was composed of Turkic-speaking peoples who formed the basis of powerful steppe empires in Inner Asia. In the second half of the eighth century, components of the Nine Oghuz migrated through Jungaria into Central Asia, and Arabic sources located them under the term Guzz in the area of the middle and lower Syrdariya in the eighth century. By the tenth century, the Oghuz had expanded west and north of the Aral Sea and into the steppe of present-day Kazakstan, absorbing not only Iranians but also Turks from the Kipchak and Karluk ethnolinguistic groups. In the eleventh century, the renowned Muslim Turk scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari described the language of the Oghuz and Turkmen as distinct from that of other Turks and identified twenty-two Oghuz clans or sub-tribes, some of which appear in later Turkmen genealogies and legends as the core of the early Turkmen.

34. New Independent States - Turkmenistan / History And Resources Area Studies / New Independent States. turkmenistan / history andResources. history. Basic Facts. history Resources. Though never http://wrc.lingnet.org/turkmhis.htm

Area Studies / New Independent States Turkmenistan / History and Resources History Basic Facts Though never a goal in itself, the sun-scorched, barren land between the Caspian Sea and the Amu-Darya passed in ancient times from one empire to another as armies decamped on the way to richer territories. Alexander the Great established a city on his way to India, the Romans set up near present-day Ashghabat and, in the 11th century the Seljuq Turks used Alexander's old city, Merv, as a base from which to expand their empire into Afghanistan. Two centuries later, the heart of the Seljuq empire was torn out as Genghis Khan stormed down from the steppes into Trans-Caspia (the region east of the Caspian Sea) on his way to terrorize Europe. While the empire-builders tussled, nomadic horsebreeding tribes of Turkmen drifted in through the cracks, possibly from the Altay mountains, and grazed from oasis to oasis along the fringes of the Karakum desert and in Persia, Syria and Anatolia. With the decline in the 16th century of the Timurid empire, the region became a backwater dotted with feudal Turkmen islands. From their oasis strongholds, the Turkmen preyed on straggling caravans, pillaging and stealing slaves or skirmishing with other tribes. It was only when they started kidnapping Russians from the strengthening tsarist empire that the Turkmen fell into trouble. Military forces were sent to Trans-Caspia to rout the by now wildly uncontrollable tribes: In 1881 the Russians marched on the fortress of Geok-Tepe and massacred an estimated 7000 Turkmen. A further 8000 were cut down as they fled across the desert. Not surprisingly, the Russians met little more resistance and by 1894 had secured all Trans-Caspia for the tsar.

35. Religion In Turkmenistan - History And Structure Search. Agnosticism / Atheism Religion in turkmenistan. history and Structure. http://atheism.about.com/library/world/KZ/bl_TurkmenistanHistory.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Agnosticism / Atheism Home Essentials ... Evolution vs. Creationism zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Does God Exist? Ethics and Morality Islam and Muslims Religious Right ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About Agnosticism / Atheism newsletter. Search Agnosticism / Atheism Religion in Turkmenistan History and Structure Religion Links Religious Freedom Reports Religion in the World What is Religion? Site Resources Main Site Index What is Atheism? Arguments for / against Gods Evolution vs. Creationism ... Book Reviews Chat Room Join others in the Agnosticism/Atheism chat Discussion Forum Do you have an opinion about this page? Make it known on the Discussion Forum Islam came to the Turkmen primarily through the activities of Sufi (see Glossary) shaykhs rather than through the mosque and the "high" written tradition of sedentary culture. These shaykhs were holy men critical in the process of reconciling Islamic beliefs with pre-Islamic belief systems; they often were adopted as "patron saints" of particular clans or tribal groups, thereby becoming their "founders." Reformulation of communal identity around such figures accounts for one of the highly localized developments of Islamic practice in Turkmenistan Integrated within the Turkmen tribal structure is the "holy" tribe called

36. Religion In Turkmenistan - Origins And Early History Search. Agnosticism / Atheism Religion in turkmenistan. Origins and Early history. http://atheism.about.com/library/world/KZ/bl_TurkmenistanOrigins.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Agnosticism / Atheism Home Essentials ... Evolution vs. Creationism zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Does God Exist? Ethics and Morality Islam and Muslims Religious Right ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About Agnosticism / Atheism newsletter. Search Agnosticism / Atheism Religion in Turkmenistan Origins and Early History Religion Links Religious Freedom Reports Religion in the World What is Religion? Site Resources Main Site Index What is Atheism? Arguments for / against Gods Evolution vs. Creationism ... Book Reviews Chat Room Join others in the Agnosticism/Atheism chat Discussion Forum Do you have an opinion about this page? Make it known on the Discussion Forum Like the other Central Asian republics, Turkmenistan underwent the intrusion and rule of several foreign powers before falling under first Russian and then Soviet control in the modern era. Most notable were the Mongols and the Uzbek khanates, the latter of which dominated the indigenous Oghuz tribes until Russian incursions began in the late nineteenth century Origins and Early History Sedentary Oghuz tribes from Mongolia moved into present-day Central Asia around the eighth century. Within a few centuries, some of these tribes had become the ethnic basis of the Turkmen population

37. EMBASSY OF TURKMENISTAN, Washington DC USA Index Embassy of turkmenistan, located in Washington DC and accredited to the United States, Canada and Mexico. Includes basic facts about turkmenistan, and its culture, traditions, and history. http://www.turkmenistanembassy.org/

Welcome to the Embassy of Turkmenistan's World Wide Web information service This site offers comprehensive and up-to-date information about Turkmenistan For information or services not currently provided here, please contact: E-mail: turkmen@mindspring.com Phone: (202) 588 1500, Fax: (202) 588 0697 General Information Latest News Visa Regulations Contacts Directory ... Suggestions and Questions

38. AllRefer Encyclopedia - Turkmenistan : History (CIS And Baltic Political Geograp AllRefer.com reference and encyclopedia resource provides complete informationon turkmenistan history, CIS And Baltic Political Geography. http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/T/Turkmeni-history.html

AllRefer Channels :: Health Yellow Pages Reference Weather SEARCH : in Reference June 12, 2004 You are here : AllRefer.com Reference Encyclopedia CIS And Baltic Political Geography ... Turkmenistan By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z T Turkmenistan, CIS And Baltic Political Geography Related Category: CIS And Baltic Political Geography Turkmenistan [t OO Pronunciation Key History Originally a part of the kingdom of ancient Persia (see Merv ), Turkmenistan passed under Arab domination in the 8th cent. In the 11th cent., it was ruled by the Seljuk Turks (see Khwarazm Jenghiz Khan conquered the region in the 13th cent., as did Timur (Tamerlane) in the 14th cent. After the breakup (late 15th cent.) of the empire of Timur's successors, the Timurids , Turkmenistan came under Uzbek control. In the early 19th cent., the Turkmens became subject to the khanate of Khiva . In 1869, Russian military forces founded Krasnovodsk (now Turkmenbashi) and began to conquer the Turkmens, whose fierce resistance to Russian encroachment was broken in 1881 with the conquest of the Dengil-Tepe fortress. The Russians then established the Transcaspian Region, which in 1899 became part of the governate general of Russian Turkistan. Harsh Russian administration provoked revolts by the Turkmens. During the Russian civil war sporadic fighting flared between the Transcaspian provincial government and Bolshevik troops. The Red Army took Ashgabat in July, 1919, and Krasnovodsk in Feb., 1920. The Transcaspian Region was renamed Turkmen Region in 1921; the following year, it became part of the Turkistan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which in 1924 incorporated the Turkmen districts of the former Bukhara and Khorezm republics. Turkmenistan formally became a constituent Soviet republic in 1925. Large numbers of Turkmens still live in Iran and Afghanistan.

39. AllRefer Reference - Turkmenistan - History And Structure In Turkmenistan | Turk turkmenistan. history and Structure. Islam came to the Turkmen primarilythrough the activities of Sufi (see Glossary) shaykhs rather http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/turkmenistan/turkmenistan25.ht

You are here allRefer Reference Turkmenistan History ... Turkmenistan Turkmenistan History and Structure Islam came to the Turkmen primarily through the activities of Sufi (see Glossary) shaykhs rather than through the mosque and the "high" written tradition of sedentary culture. These shaykhs were holy men critical in the process of reconciling Islamic beliefs with pre-Islamic belief systems; they often were adopted as "patron saints" of particular clans or tribal groups, thereby becoming their "founders." Reformulation of communal identity around such figures accounts for one of the highly localized developments of Islamic practice in Turkmenistan. Integrated within the Turkmen tribal structure is the "holy" tribe called övlat . Ethnographers consider the övlat, of which six are active, as a revitalized form of the ancestor cult injected with Sufism. According to their genealogies, each tribe descends from the Prophet Muhammad through one of the Four Caliphs. Because of their belief in the sacred origin and spiritual powers of the övlat representatives, Turkmen accord these tribes a special, holy status. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the

40. Welcome To Turkmenistan. History. http://valera.8m.com/page1.html

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