1. Turkmenistan History - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resourc turkmenistan history Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources,Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/turkmenistan/turkmenistan_history_index.html

Country Ranks Introduction History Geography People Government Gov. Leaders ... [TOP] Turkmenistan History http://workmall.com/wfb2001/turkmenistan/turkmenistan_history_index.html Source: The Library of Congress Country Studies History Introduction Historical Setting Origins and Early History Formation of the Turkmen Nation ... Sovereignty and Independence NOTE: The information regarding Turkmenistan on this page is re-published from The Library of Congress Country Studies. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Turkmenistan History information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Turkmenistan History should be addressed to the Library of Congress. Please put this page in your BOOKMARKS - - - - - Enter your e-mail address to receive e-mail when this web site is updated. Your Internet e-mail address: http://workmall.com/wfb2001/turkmenistan/turkmenistan_history_index.html Revised 24-Jul-02 Photius Coutsoukis

2. Turkmenistan History | Lonely Planet World Guide turkmenistan history. Though never a goal in itself, the sunscorched,barren land between the Caspian Sea and the Amu-Darya passed http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/central_asia/turkmenistan/history.htm

home search help worldguide ... Postcards Turkmenistan History Though never a goal in itself, the sun-scorched, barren land between the Caspian Sea and the Amu-Darya passed in ancient times from one empire to another as armies decamped on the way to richer territories. Alexander the Great established a city on his way to India, the Romans set up near present-day Ashghabat and, in the 11th century the Seljuq Turks used Alexander's old city, Merv, as a base from which to expand their empire into Afghanistan. Two centuries later, the heart of the Seljuq empire was torn out as Jenghiz Khan stormed down from the steppes into Trans-Caspia (the region east of the Caspian Sea) on his way to terrorise Europe. While the empire-builders tussled, nomadic horsebreeding tribes of Turkmen drifted in through the cracks, possibly from the Altay mountains, and grazed from oasis to oasis along the fringes of the Karakum desert and in Persia, Syria and Anatolia. With the decline in the 16th century of the Timurid empire, the region became a backwater dotted with feudal Turkmen islands. From their oasis strongholds, the Turkmen preyed on straggling caravans, pillaging and stealing slaves or skirmishing with other tribes. It was only when they started kidnapping Russians from the strengthening tsarist empire that the Turkmen fell into trouble. Military forces were sent to Trans-Caspia to rout the by now wildly uncontrollable tribes: in 1881 the Russians marched on the fortress of Geok-Tepe and massacred an estimated 7000 Turkmen. A further 8000 were cut down as they fled across the desert. Not surprisingly, the Russians met little more resistance and by 1894 had secured all Trans-Caspia for the tsar.

3. History Of Turkmenistan History of Turkmenistan with maps, links and articles. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/5246/History.html

4. Turkmenistan: History a part of the kingdom of ancient Persia (see Merv), Turkmenistan passed under Arab domination in the 8th cent turkmenistan history. One phase at a time.(FLORIDA WEST)(Column) http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0861662.html

HOTWORDS CITE PRINT EMAIL in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Home Almanacs Atlas Encyclopedia ... Father's Day Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map Career Center Job Search Post Your Resume Continuing Ed. more . . . Also from Infoplease Search Infoplease Info search tips Search Biographies Bio search tips Encyclopedia Turkmenistan History Originally a part of the kingdom of ancient Persia (see Merv ), Turkmenistan passed under Arab domination in the 8th cent. In the 11th cent., it was ruled by the Seljuk Turks (see Khwarazm Jenghiz Khan conquered the region in the 13th cent., as did Timur (Tamerlane) in the 14th cent. After the breakup (late 15th cent.) of the empire of Timur's successors, the Timurids , Turkmenistan came under Uzbek control. In the early 19th cent., the Turkmens became subject to the khanate of Khiva . In 1869, Russian military forces founded Krasnovodsk (now Turkmenbashi) and began to conquer the Turkmens, whose fierce resistance to Russian encroachment was broken in 1881 with the conquest of the Dengil-Tepe fortress. The Russians then established the Transcaspian Region, which in 1899 became part of the governate general of Russian Turkistan. Harsh Russian administration provoked revolts by the Turkmens. During the Russian civil war sporadic fighting flared between the Transcaspian provincial government and Bolshevik troops. The Red Army took Ashgabat in July, 1919, and Krasnovodsk in Feb., 1920. The Transcaspian Region was renamed Turkmen Region in 1921; the following year, it became part of the Turkistan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which in 1924 incorporated the Turkmen districts of the former Bukhara and Khorezm republics. Turkmenistan formally became a constituent Soviet republic in 1925. Large numbers of Turkmens still live in Iran and Afghanistan.

5. Turkmenistan History Links Eurasia Policy Forum. • Drug Policy, HIV/AIDS and the Public Health Crisisin Central Asia. • Caspian Revenue Watch. turkmenistan history LINKS. http://www.eurasianet.org/resource/turkmenistan/links/history.shtml

Eurasia Insight Analysis of current affairs Deals, Developments, and Trends Environment Hazards and Solutions Expert and Observer Interviews Culture News, Book Reviews, and Photo Essays Human Rights Monitoring and Actions Recaps Summaries of Expert Meetings Election Watch Results and Analysis East of Magnum An Online Photo Exhibition EurasiaNet Partners Contributing Sites Grants and Employment Opportunities in Central Eurasia Search EurasiaNet Eurasia Policy Forum Drug Policy, HIV/AIDS and the Public Health Crisis in Central Asia Caspian Revenue Watch TURKMENISTAN HISTORY LINKS World History Archives: History of Turkmenistan Turkmenistan History from Encyclopedia.com History of Turkmenistan Turkmenistan - History The International Merv Project History of Turkmenistan from the Turkmen Embassy in Washington A History of Central Asia to 1600 A History of Central Asia from 1600 The History of Civilizations of Central Asia Subscribe to EurasiaNet Enter your email address below to receive our weekly bulletin: Check here to be notified of our meetings in New York

6. Turkmenistan History This remote former republic of the nowvanished Soviet Union declaredits independence in 1991. Its people are descendants of Mongol http://www.nationbynation.com/Turkmenistan/History1.html

BACK TO THE FRONT PAGE BASIC INFO. ECONOMY GEOGRAPHY ... TURKMENISTAN This remote former republic of the now-vanished Soviet Union declared its independence in 1991. Its people are descendants of Mongol tribes, Turkic peoples, Persians, and Uzbeks. Because of its natural resources of oil and gas, the country is expected to make significant economic progress in the years to come. Under the Soviet Union, relatively little industrialization had been pursued and most of the population remains involved in agriculture.

7. Turkmenistan History And Geography Introduction. Top of Page. Background Annexed by Russia between1865 and 1885, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic in 1925. It http://www.worldhistory.com/geos/tx.htm

8. Turkmenistan Travel Guide: Travel With PATA - Your One-Stop Guide To Travel In A turkmenistan history Though never a goal in itself, the sunscorched,barren land between the Caspian Sea and the Amu-Darya passed http://turkmenistan.travelwithpata.com/history.html

Destination Guides Turkmenistan Home Turkmenistan Location Turkmenistan History Turkmenistan Culture ... Turkmenistan Costs Destination Search Select a Destination parseRec(dropData,dispData); What Is PATA? Weather in all regions Turkmenistan History Agzybirlik was banned when it showed signs of garnering too much support, though the CPT did declare sovereignty in August 1990. In October 1990 Saparmurad Niyazov, unopposed and supposedly with the blessing of 98% of voters, was elected to the newly created post of president. One year later, upon the collapse of the Soviet Union, Turkmenistan became an independent country. The years since independence have belonged to President Niyazov, authoritarian head of the Democratic Party (DPT), the new name judiciously adopted by the old (and in no way altered) CPT. With his statue on every available pedestal, a clutch of towns renamed after him and enough public portraits to fill the world's galleries, Niyazov is the focus of a personality cult that makes Lenin look shy and retiring. He's now adopted the modest title of Turkmenbashi (Head of all Turkmen); parliament has named him president for life, though Niyazov has said he will step down by 2010. Opposition parties and newspapers are banned and, though there are grumblings of dissent, Niyazov genuinely does enjoy considerable popular appeal. The failure of oil and gas wealth to make an impact on empty shop shelves combined with rampant corruption may see this support erode. About PATA Your One-Stop Guide To Travel In Asia Pacific

9. Turkmenistan/History - Encyclopedia Article About Turkmenistan/History. Free Acc encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/History%20of%20Turkmenistan More results from encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com turkmenistan historyTurkmenistan Art - Country - History - Islam. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Turkmenistan/History

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Turkmenistan/History Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition The territory of Turkmenistan Turkmenistan is a country in Central Asia. It has borders with Afghanistan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and has a coastline on the Caspian Sea. Turkmenostan Respublikasy (In Detail) (Full size) National motto: none Official language Turkmen Capital Ashgabat President Saparmurat Niyazov Area - Total Click the link for more information. has been populated since ancient times, as armies from one empire to another decamped on their way to more prosperous territories. Tribes of horse-breeding Turkmen There are several meanings to Turkmen Related to the country Turkmenistan Turkmen language Turkmen people Click the link for more information. drifted into the territory of Turkmenistan from ancient times, possibly from the Altay Mountains Altai (in Mongolian Altain-ula , the "Mountains of Gold"), a term used in Asiatic geography with various significations. The Altai region , in West Siberia and Mongolia, is similar in character to Switzerland, but covers a very much greater area. It extends from the river Irtysh and the Dzungarian depression (46°-47° N) northwards to the Trans-Siberian railway and to the Sayan Mountains.

10. Turkmenistan History & Turkmenistan Culture | IExplore Why iExplore? Our Exclusives, Great Deals, Club Benefits, Merchandise. Home Explore Middle East Turkmenistan History, Email this page. Turkmenistan Travel. http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/Turkmenistan/History

dateString = 1120436332; FORBES' #1 ADVENTURE TRAVEL SITE 4 YEARS IN A ROW TIME MAGAZINE TOP 50 Your experts in adventure and experiential travel Keyword Search: Home Trip Finder Destination Guides Join / Sign-in ... Turkmenistan History E-mail this page Turkmenistan Travel Travel and Trips Turkmenistan Overview Visa and Travel Advisories ... Health and Vaccinations Monthly Newsletter Sign-up for monthly travel specials Save up to 50% Privacy Statement Turkmenistan Trip Search See Trips to Middle East Turkmenistan Travel Experts Meet our Middle East expert Briana Wills Book List for Turkmenistan See Gear, Books and More Contact Us Incentive Travel ... About iExplore

11. Turkmenistan: History Encyclopedia—turkmenistan history. Originally a part of the kingdom of ancientPersia (see Merv), Turkmenistan passed under Arab domination in the 8th cent. http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/world/A0861662.html

Encyclopedia Turkmenistan History Originally a part of the kingdom of ancient Persia (see Merv ), Turkmenistan passed under Arab domination in the 8th cent. In the 11th cent., it was ruled by the Seljuk Turks (see Khwarazm Jenghiz Khan conquered the region in the 13th cent., as did Timur (Tamerlane) in the 14th cent. After the breakup (late 15th cent.) of the empire of Timur's successors, the Timurids , Turkmenistan came under Uzbek control. In the early 19th cent., the Turkmens became subject to the khanate of Khiva . In 1869, Russian military forces founded Krasnovodsk (now Turkmenbashi) and began to conquer the Turkmens, whose fierce resistance to Russian encroachment was broken in 1881 with the conquest of the Dengil-Tepe fortress. The Russians then established the Transcaspian Region, which in 1899 became part of the governate general of Russian Turkistan. Harsh Russian administration provoked revolts by the Turkmens. During the Russian civil war sporadic fighting flared between the Transcaspian provincial government and Bolshevik troops. The Red Army took Ashgabat in July, 1919, and Krasnovodsk in Feb., 1920. The Transcaspian Region was renamed Turkmen Region in 1921; the following year, it became part of the Turkistan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which in 1924 incorporated the Turkmen districts of the former Bukhara and Khorezm republics. Turkmenistan formally became a constituent Soviet republic in 1925. Large numbers of Turkmens still live in Iran and Afghanistan. A referendum for independence from the Soviet Union was passed in Oct., 1991, and Turkmenistan became a member of the

12. Turkmenistan History History 13th century, Ghengis Khan conquers Central Asia, also destroying Turkmenistanin the process. 14th century, Turkmen fall under the sway of the Timurids. http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/www/en/laenderinfos/laender/laender_ausgabe_html?

13. Turkmenistan History Turkmenistan. History. 3rd century BC, The Parthian Empire is founded on Turkmenianterritory, its capital Nissa only 20 km from today’s Ashgabad. http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/www/en/laenderinfos/laender/print_html?type_id=9&

14. NCBuy: Turkmenistan History - Country Reference History background report for Turkmenistan. part of the Countries of the WorldReference Center profile for Turkmenistan. Backgrounds turkmenistan history. http://www.ncbuy.com/reference/country/backgrounds.html?code=tx&sec=backhistory

15. Turkmenistan History - World66 History. a dynasty and the empire that bore his name on the basis of those Oghuzelements that had migrated southward into presentday Turkmenistan and Iran. http://www.world66.com/world/asia/centralasia/turkmenistan/history

the travel guide you write Recent Changes login register Home ... Turkmenistan Sections Turkmenistan Map History Economy ... [Add Section] Maps View Enlargement History [edit this] This is no World66 image. It was found using an Internet search. more.. [Change image] [Upload image] In the area of the middle and lower Syrdariya in the eighth century. By the tenth century the Oghuz had expanded west and north of the Aral Sea and into the steppe of present-day Kazakstan absorbing not only Iranians but also Turks from the Kipchak and Karluk ethnolinguistic groups. In the eleventh century the renowned Muslim Turk scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari described the language of the Oghuz and Turkmen as distinct from that of other Turks and identified twenty-two Oghuz clans or sub-tribes some of which appear in later Turkmen genealogies and legends as the core of the early Turkmen. Oghuz expansion by means of military campaigns went at least as far as the Volga River and Ural Mountains but the geographic limits of their dominance fluctuated in the steppe areas extending north and west from the Aral Sea. Accounts of Arab geographers and travelers portray the Oghuz ethnic group as lacking centralized authority and being governed by a number of "kings" and "chieftains." Because of their disparate nature as a polity and the vastness of their domains Oghuz tribes rarely acted in concert. Hence by the late tenth century the bonds of their confederation began to loosen. At that time a clan leader named Seljuk founded a dynasty and the empire that bore his name on the basis of those Oghuz elements that had migrated southward into present-day Turkmenistan and Iran. The Seljuk Empire was centered in Persia from which Oghuz groups spread into Azerbaijan and Anatolia.

16. Turkmenistan History History. Like the other Central Asian republics, Turkmenistan underwent the intrusionand rule of several foreign powers before falling under first Russian and http://www.country-studies.com/turkmenistan/history.html

History Like the other Central Asian republics, Turkmenistan underwent the intrusion and rule of several foreign powers before falling under first Russian and then Soviet control in the modern era. Most notable were the Mongols and the Uzbek khanates, the latter of which dominated the indigenous Oghuz tribes until Russian incursions began in the late nineteenth century. Origins and Early History Sedentary Oghuz tribes from Mongolia moved into present-day Central Asia around the eighth century. Within a few centuries, some of these tribes had become the ethnic basis of the Turkmen population. The Oghuz and the Turkmen The origins of the Turkmen may be traced back to the Oghuz confederation of nomadic pastoral tribes of the early Middle Ages, which lived in present-day Mongolia and around Lake Baikal in present-day southern Siberia. Known as the Nine Oghuz, this confederation was composed of Turkic-speaking peoples who formed the basis of powerful steppe empires in Inner Asia. In the second half of the eighth century, components of the Nine Oghuz migrated through Jungaria into Central Asia, and Arabic sources located them under the term Guzz in the area of the middle and lower Syrdariya in the eighth century. By the tenth century, the Oghuz had expanded west and north of the Aral Sea and into the steppe of present-day Kazakstan, absorbing not only Iranians but also Turks from the Kipchak and Karluk ethnolinguistic groups. In the eleventh century, the renowned Muslim Turk scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari described the language of the Oghuz and Turkmen as distinct from that of other Turks and identified twenty-two Oghuz clans or sub-tribes, some of which appear in later Turkmen genealogies and legends as the core of the early Turkmen.

17. ALMISBAH: Regions, Nations And Peoples: Particular Regions: Turkic Peoples Of Mi ALMISBAH Regions, Nations and Peoples Particular Regions TurkicPeoples of Middle Asia turkmenistan history, Politics (WWW). http://ssgdoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/vlib/ssgfi/subject/almisbah_ssg0302080303_

ALMISBAH: Regions, Nations and Peoples: Particular Regions: Turkic Peoples of Middle Asia: Turkmenistan: History, Politics (WWW) 1. Electionworld : Elections around the world Source Type Virtual Libraries, Internet Directories and Link Lists URL http://www.electionworld.org/ Keywords politics; elections; political parties; directories; Afghanistan; Saudi Arabia; Kuwait; Qatar; United Arab Emirates; Oman; Bahrain; Iraq; Syria; Lebanon; Jordan; Mauritania; Algeria; Libya; Egypt; Sudan; Cyprus; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Djibouti; Somalia; Iran; Tajikistan; Turkey; Armenia; Georgia; Azerbaijan; Uzbekistan; Turkmenistan; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan DETAILS Contents Clarity Index Links 2. Turkmenistan : Government and Politics Source Type Official Governmental Server URL http://www.turkmenbashi.org/ Keywords Turkmenistan; government; politics; country information DETAILS Contents Clarity Index Links 3. Turkmenistan : Personenkult statt Demokratisierung Source Type Single Articles / Books URL http://www.fes.de/fulltext/id/00110.html Keywords Turkmenistan; economy; economic development; politics; Middle Asia

18. Turkmenistan Locator Map And Information Page Turkmenistan Embassy (Washington DC) here turkmenistan history hereTurkmenistan Tourism here Regional country name definitions here! http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/tm.htm

Africa Antarctica Asia Australia/Oceania ... South America NOTE: All Asian pages are currently being revised, so check back often for new maps, and more. Facts and Figures Official Name Republic of Turkmenistan Population Capital City Ashgabat (727,000) Languages Turkmen, Russian Official Currency Manat Currency Converter here Religions Muslim, Eastern Orthodox, others Flag here Land Area 488,100 sq km (188,455 sq miles) Latitude/Longitude Time and Date in Ashgabat //document.write('Papua New Guinea(300)'); ServerClock(300); (''); // end javascipt section Contact Us Privacy Statement All maps, graphics and original descriptions created by Graphic Maps, a d/b/a of the Woolwine-Moen Group, unless otherwise noted and/or directly linked to the source, and use of same for any application whatsoever (with the exception of outline maps) requires written permission. CIA World Fackbook , as well as numerous public domain reference materials. Every effort is made to be as accurate as possible when disseminating information on any worldwide destination. We are not responsible for unintentional data entry errors or omissions. If you would like to submit an addition, change or correction, or suggest a new link, please forward it to our map department and we will give it our immediate attention.

19. Turkmenistan : Arts And Humanities : History Sites History and Culture of Turkmenistan This site contains turkmenistan historyfrom early rulers in the 4th century BC to the arrival of the Oguz, Mongol http://search.asiaco.com/Turkmenistan/Arts_and_Humanities/History/

Home Add Site Change URL Search A S I A C O , T H E A S I A S E A R C H E N G I N E Turkmenistan : Arts and Humanities : History Home Turkmenistan Arts and Humanities : History Malaysia, Singapore. Search Mobile content click here: Sites History and Culture of Turkmenistan This site contains Turkmenistan history from early rulers in the 4th century B.C to the arrival of the Oguz, Mongol invasions and lastly where Turkmenistan proclaimed its independence from the United Soviet Socialist Republic. URL: www.turkmenistanembassy.org/turkmen/history/history.html History of Turkmenistan History of Turkmenistan Official page URL: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/5246/History.html Options Help Help Site Map ... SMSJet Global Mobile Gateway. Privacy Notices This site is powered by Asiaco Network Servers

20. Access International Domains turkmenistan history Links; http//www.bullatomsci.org/issues/1994/jf94/jf94Turkmenistan TheLonely Planet link of Turkmenistan s history. http://webdb.iu.edu/internationalprograms/scripts/accessinfo.cfm?categoryid=22&C

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