81. Turkmenistan -- The 2002 Index Of Economic Freedom, The Heritage Foundation Based on the apparent unreliability of reported government consumption figures,1 point has been added to turkmenistan s government intervention score. http://cf.heritage.org/index/country.cfm?ID=149

82. :: Ez2Find :: Embassies And Consulates Guides, Embassies and Consulates. ez2Find Home Directory Regional Asia turkmenistan government Embassies and Consulates (3) Abroad (1), Foreign (2). http://ez2find.com/cgi-bin/directory/meta/search.pl/Regional/Asia/Turkmenistan/G

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83. Traveljournals.net - Government Of Turkmenistan conventional short form turkmenistan local long form none local short form turkmenistanformer Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic. government type republic. http://www.traveljournals.net/explore/turkmenistan/government.html

Home Explore Pictures Stories ... Accommodation Search: Navigation: Home Explore Turkmenistan / Government Government of Turkmenistan Locations: A B C D ... Search Country name: conventional long form:  none conventional short form:  Turkmenistan local long form:  none local short form:  Turkmenistan former:  Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic Government type: republic Capital: Ashgabat Administrative divisions: 5 welayatlar (singular - welayat): Ahal Welayaty (Ashgabat), Balkan Welayaty (Nebitdag), Dashhowuz Welayaty (formerly Tashauz), Lebap Welayaty (Charjew), Mary Welayaty note:  administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses) Independence: 27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union) National holiday: Independence Day, 27 October (1991) Constitution: adopted 18 May 1992 Legal system: based on civil law system Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Executive branch: chief of state:  President and Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers Saparmurat NIYAZOV (since 27 October 1990, when the first direct presidential election occurred); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government:  President and Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers Saparmurat NIYAZOV (since 27 October 1990, when the first direct presidential election occurred); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

84. Human Rights Watch: Europe And Central Asia : Turkmenistan on Human Rights The Commission on Human Rights should adopt a strong resolutioncondemning human rights violations by the government of turkmenistan. http://www.hrw.org/europe/turkmenistan.php

Home News Releases About HRW Contribute ... Contact Us Turkmenistan Status of International Religious Freedom: An Analysis of the State Department’s 2003 Annual Report Testimony by Tom Malinowski before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on International Relations Tom Malinowski, Washington Advocacy Director for Human Rights Watch, was asked to testify before the U.S. House of Representatives Committe on International Relations on February 10, 2004. Mr. Malinowski was asked to comment on the U.S. State Department's 2003 Annual Report on Religious Freedom. February 10, 2004 Testimony Printer friendly version Religious Freedom in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Georgia Letter to the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom Dear Commission Members, We are writing in advance of your discussions on this year’s designations for Countries of Particular Concern for religious freedom. We urge you to designate Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan as countries of particular concern under the terms of the International Religious Freedom Act. February 9, 2004 Letter

85. Turkmenistan Information: Facts, Geography, People, Government, Economy, Flag An of MyTravelGuide. Facts, Geography, People, government, Flag, Economyand turkmenistan Map. government, turkmenistan. Country name http://www.mytravelguide.com/guides-and-advice/fact-book/cia/Turkmenistan.php

Friendly hotel experts by phone Hotels: Vacation Rentals: Europe: Home Flights Lodging Rental Cars ... World Map > Turkmenistan This page provides up-to-date facts and statistical information on Turkmenistan that can be helpful for travelers in their trip preparations. The following Turkmenistan information can be found on this page: a Brief history Climate and Terrain Elevation extremes Natural hazards Population HIV Prevalance Ethnic Groups Spoken Languages Literacy National Holiday Legal System Economy Poverty level Currency Telelphone System Radio Stations Internet service providers Military Transnational Issues If you have a question about Turkmenistan, you can ask it in the " Ask a Question " section of MyTravelGuide. Facts, Geography, People, Government, Flag, Economy and Turkmenistan Map. Country List World Factbook Home The World Factbook Turkmenistan Introduction Turkmenistan Background: Annexed by Russia between 1865 and 1885, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic in 1925. It achieved its independence upon the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. President NIYAZOV retains absolute control over the country and opposition is not tolerated. Extensive hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves could prove a boon to this underdeveloped country if extraction and delivery projects can be worked out. Geography Turkmenistan Location: Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Kazakhstan

86. Turkmenistan Chaihana - Introduction When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, turkmenistan s government, beingalmost entirely a Russian creation, actually resisted independence. http://www.chaihana.com/turktext.html

A Very Brief Introduction to Turkmenistan by Greg Lastowka Turkmenistan is a desert country located in Central Asia to the north of Iran and to the east of the Caspian Sea. It is a newly independent state as of 1991, and was formerly a republic of the Soviet Union. The Turkmen people speak the Turkmen language, which is a Turkic language (similar to Turkish, Kazakh, and Uzbek). Turkmenistan was a birthplace of early civilization. In Bairamali, the walls of Ancient Merv, over 2000 years old, are incorporated into the walls of contemporary houses. Though the territory of Turkmenistan was at times a part of various dynasties and empires, "Turkmenistan" was never really a country prior to the twentieth century, but was instead a region inhabited by distinct tribes that shared a common culture. The history of Turkmenistan and the Parthian and Selucid empires, can be found on various Internet websites. ( go to links page The contemporary borders of Turkmenistan were drawn by Josef Stalin. Soviet membership changed Turkmenistan's culture and people in many ways. Though initial resistance to Russian occupation had been fierce, over time the majority of Turkmen, especially those in the urban centers, came to regard themselves as Soviets citizens. Many Turkmen people learned to speak Russian, and Russian language ability was a practical requirement for participation in government. Russian schools were built to promote the goals of Soviet society, and achieved some remarkable results. The Soviets helped develop agriculture and industry in the area, though some of their methods, most notably the draining of the Aral Sea, have led to serious ecological problems.

87. Turkmenistan 2001 - Introduction Geography People Government Economy Communicati turkmenistan 2001 Introduction Geography Population government EconomyCommunications Transportation Military Issues Maps Flags. http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/turkmenistan/

Country Ranks Maps Flags DEFINITIONS ... [TOP] Turkmenistan 2001 http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/turkmenistan/index.html SOURCE: 2001 CIA WORLD FACTBOOK Please put this page in your BOOKMARKS - - - - - Enter your e-mail address to receive e-mail when this web site is updated. Your Internet e-mail address: http://www.photius.com/wfb2001/turkmenistan/index.html Photius Coutsoukis Revised 11-Nov-01

88. AdmiNet - Turkmenistan banner. top The government of turkmenistan. National Flag. top Links withother countries. Embassies of turkmenistan in other countries France USA. http://www.admi.net/world/tm/

spreads information all over the Net Search throughout the whole AdmiNet site : options AdmiNet World Asia Turkmenistan Government Links with other countries Parliament Political organisations ... Thanks The government of Turkmenistan National Flag Links with other countries Embassies of Turkmenistan in other countries : France USA Embassies of other countries in Turkmenistan: France Foreign Chambers of Commerce and Industry : Parliament Political organisations Cities and Towns Identify: States/Provinces of Turkmenistan Agriculture Finance Turkmenistan: IMF Sees Progress Toward Market Economy Law Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz in Turkmenistan Art, Culture Turkmenistan: Muslim Peoples Health Turkmenistan ORH Grant-in-Aid to Turkmenistan for Project for Improvement of Medical Environment Sports Jobs Employment Wanted -Turkmenistan Companies Industry Small and Medium Enterprises Telecom Information Highways Travel, Transportation Turkmenistan - Your guide to luxury accomodations, lodging, CRDF Travel Grants: Turkmenistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry Education Universities Press, Entertainment

89. Columbus World Travel Guide - Middle East - Turkmenistan - History And Governmen World Travel Guide turkmenistan - History and government- includes information on the constitution and politics. http://www.travel-guide.com/data/tkm/tkm580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/MiddleEast/Turkmenistan/HistoryandGovernment'; document.write('Research Turkmenistan hotels at TripAdvisor'); Contact Addresses Overview General Information Passport/Visa ... Asia /Turkmenistan TURKMENISTAN History and Government History: The territory of what is now Turkmenistan provided the bedrock for many of the most powerful empires of their age. The Parthians, the Seljuks and the Khans of Khoresm all based their empires at various points on the edge of the Kara-Kum Desert, while Alexander the Great conquered the region during his epic campaign of the 4th century BC. The influence of Islam dates from the 7th century AD, when the region was under Arab control. Modern-day Turkmen are descended from tribes that migrated to the area in the 10th century from the northeast. Around 300 years later, Genghis Khan arrived from the same direction and incorporated Turkmenistan into his expanding empire. From the 15th century, the area was under Persian domination until the Russian move into Central Asia at the end of the 19th century. Turkmenistan fell into the British sphere of influence but the Bolsheviks took control of the region in 1920 and incorporated Turkmenistan as a union republic in 1925. Turkmenistan’s ability to embrace the reforms made possible by glasnost and independence were hampered by its backward economy and, as a result, it retains many more of the trappings of the old system than other post-Soviet republics. There have, however, been significant changes – such as the introduction of a new currency – and the framework for further economic change has been put in place. By contrast, politics have changed little since the Soviet era. The current president is Saparmyrat Nyyazow, who has acquired the honorific title of

90. Turkmenistan : Government : Ministries turkmenistan government Ministries, turkmenistan government Ministries homepage,turkmenistan government Ministries web, turkmenistan government http://vip.asiaco.com/Turkmenistan/Government/Ministries/

Home Add Site Change URL Search A S I A C O , T H E A S I A S E A R C H E N G I N E Turkmenistan : Government : Ministries Home Turkmenistan Government : Ministries Options Help Help Site Map ... SMSJet Global Mobile Gateway. Privacy Notices This site is powered by Asiaco Network Servers

91. Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - US Pay For Study On Transport Of Turkmenista coincides with the first official visit by turkmenistan s president to Washington,and follows several energy deals that turkmenistan s government reached with http://www.gasandoil.com/goc/news/ntc82686.htm

Volume 3, issue #18 - 22-06-1998 sponsored by: US pay for study on transport of Turkmenistan gas under Caspian Sea Apr. 24, 1998 The U.S. Trade Development Agency (TDA) has awarded a $ 750,000 grant to Turkmenistan to pay for a feasibility study on the best way to transport Turkmenistan's natural gas by pipeline under the Caspian Sea. The money for the study coincides with the first official visit by Turkmenistan's president to Washington, and follows several energy deals that Turkmenistan's government reached with U.S. companies recently. The Clinton administration has been encouraging Turkmenistan to choose a different pipeline route, other than one that would go through Iran, for transporting its natural gas to Turkey. It is estimated that Turkmenistan holds the fourth largest natural gas reserves in the world. The study will look at two possible pipeline routes. One would be a new East-West pipeline across Turkmenistan and under the Caspian Sea, then coming onshore across Azerbaijan and Georgia before ending in Turkey. The other option would follow the same route, but instead of building a completely new pipeline, the feasibility study would look at the cost of rehabilitating an older pipeline and connecting it with a new pipeline constructed on part of the route.

92. GlobalEDGE (TM) | Country Insights - Government Of Turkmenistan turkmenistan government. Following the end of the Cold War and the breakup ofthe Soviet Union, turkmenistan declared its independence on October 27, 1991. http://globaledge.msu.edu/ibrd/CountryGovtPrint.asp?CountryID=176&RegionID=3

93. Turkmenistan Profile: Government government type republic. Political parties and leaders Democratic Party of Turkmenistanor DPT Saparmurat NIYAZOV (formal opposition parties are outlawed http://www.nationmaster.com/country/tx/Government

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Factoid #7 Israel enjoys a GDP per capita 21 times that of the Palestinian West Bank and 33 times that of the Gaza Strip . Its military spending per capita tops the world. Interesting Facts Make your own graph: Hold down Control and click on several. Compare All Top 5 Top 10 Top 20 Top 100 Bottom 100 Bottom 20 Bottom 10 Bottom 5 All (desc) in category: Select Category Agriculture Crime Currency Democracy Economy Education Energy Environment Food Geography Government Health Identification Immigration Internet Labor Language Manufacturing Media Military Mortality People Religion Sports Taxation Transportation Welfare with statistic: view: Correlations Printable graph / table Pie chart Scatterplot with ... * Asterisk means graphable. Top Graphs Richest Most Murderous Most Populous Most Militaristic ... More Stats Categories Agriculture Background Crime Currency ... Welfare Regions Africa Asia Europe Middle East ... Turkmenistan : Government Scroll down to view statistics. Note: Click on the link to view the graph for each statistic. This shows the current country compared to others where data was available for the variable. View this page with sources or definitions listed for each statistic Sponsored links: Administrative divisions provinces (welayatlar, singular - welayat): Ahal Welayaty (Ashgabat)

94. Chiefs Of State And Cabinet Members Of Foreign Governments Turkey 4/30/03 Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign GovernmentsLast Updated 4/30/03. Turkey. President, Sezer, Ahmet Necdet. http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/chiefs/chiefs181.html

Turkey - 4/30/03 Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments Last Updated: 4/30/03 Turkey President Sezer, Ahmet Necdet Prime Minister Erdogan, Recep Tayyip Dep. Prime Min. Gul, Abdullah Dep. Prime Min. Sener, Abdullatif Dep. Prime Min. Sahin, Mehmet Ali Min. of State Sener, Abdullatif Min. of State Sahin, Mehmet Ali Min. of State Atalay, Besir Min. of State Babacan, Ali Min. of State Aydin, Mehmet Min. of State Aksit, Guldal Guclu, Sami Mumcu, Erkan Guler, Hilmi Min. of Environment Tuzmen, Kursat Min. of Finance Unakitan, Kemal Min. of Foreign Affairs Gul, Abdullah Min. of Forestry Pepe, Osman Min. of Health Akdag, Recep Coskun, Ali Min. of Interior Aksu, Abdulkadir Min. of Justice Cicek, Cemil Basesgioglu, Murat Min. of National Defense Gonul, Vecdi Min. of National Education Celik, Huseyin Ergezen, Zeki Min. of Transportation Yildirim, Binali Governor, Central Bank Serdengecti, Sureyya Ambassador to the US Logoglu, Faruk Permanent Representative to the UN, New York Pamir, Umit Chiefs of State Home

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