41. Turkish Culture and diverse culture, drawing on influences beyond analysis. It s important howeverto remember that you re essentially dealing with a modern turkey that is http://www.hitit.co.uk/CultTk.html

Being 'Turkish' seems to be a geographical label as much as anything else. Everybody and their uncle have been through Anatolia in the last 5000 years and the result is a rich and diverse culture, drawing on influences beyond analysis. It's important however to remember that you're essentially dealing with a modern Turkey that is less than 100 years old. 1998 sees the celebration of the 75th anniversary of the founding of the Turkish Republic, an event which almost all Turks, no matter what their political beliefs, see as the point at which the idea of 'Turkey' was preserved and the country as a whole brought into the 20th Century. In conversation with Turks you'll often hear the newness or youth of the country referred to as the reason for many things you'll remark upon. 99% of Turks are Muslim. Turkey is however a militantly secular country and life here is far removed from that under fundamentalist regimes. This is a key factor if you want to achieve any understanding of the way that politics and society work here. At times you'll forget that you're in an Islamic country and only be reminded next time you hear the call to prayer, broadcast through a dodgy PA system from the nearest mosque. The mix of cultural influences and traditions here is one of the things that draws tourists to the country and, well, come and see for yourself. It is also important to realise that Turkey is a country undergoing radical changes, and has been for the last century. Urbanisation and migration from the troubled east to the more developed west are changing the character of the towns and the rural areas and bringing a truckload of social problems with them.

42. H-Turk Discussion Network HNet discussion group dedicated to the culture and history of turkey. Includes archive, links to related lists and subscription information. http://www2.h-net.msu.edu/~turk/

home news about search ... H-Mideast-Medieval Search H-Turk Enter keyword(s) Search all H-Net Logs Welcome to H-Turk H-TURK:Re: Greek mythic material in Ottoman literature? [Gottfried Hagen] H-TURK Exhibition: Splendour of the Medieval Mediterranean [Daniel Duran i Duelt] H-Net announcements 2004-06-08 - 2004-06-10 H-TURK: Greek mythic material in Ottoman literature? [G. Lewis] GEOFFREYLLEWIS@aol.com H-TURK: Greek mythic material in Ottoman literature? [R. Varga] H-TURK: Recent pub.: Social Power and the Turkish State [T. Jacoby] H-TURK: Greek mythic material in Ottoman literature? [L. Cooper] No Recent Reviews. Click here to see archived reviews Social Sciences Online Send comments and questions to H-Turk Editors

43. Turkish Culture - Religious Holidays- HiTiT Turkey Guide Islamic Calendar. 2 Calendars operate in turkey. The official Turkish calendaris exactly the same as that used almost everywhere else, the Gregorian. http://www.hitit.co.uk/culture/religfest.html

Islamic Calendar 2 Calendars operate in Turkey. The official Turkish calendar is exactly the same as that used almost everywhere else, the Gregorian. Religious festivals however follow the Hijri calendar - a lunar calendar which is offset from the Gregorian by 11 days every year. The practical effect of this is that the positions of the various religious holidays and festivals are not fixed but rather move in relation to the year. This year for example was particularly interesting and presented a conflict of interests. The first day of fasting coincided with new year's eve, tricky one really. Practicalities The government has to balance the secular nature of the Turkish republic with the wishes of the 99% of Turks who are Muslims and a compromise has been reached. The Muslim Sabbath is Friday which technically starts at sunset on Thursday. Shops and businesses remain open but mosques and baths (Hamams) will be busier on Friday than during the rest of the week. Sunday is the secular Sabbath and some, but not all, shops will close. Confusingly enough most museums will have a different day on which they're closed, often Monday. Major Festivals Ramazan - A period of fasting, taken seriously by a lot of people. Even casual Muslims will often give up drinking or smoking for this 30 day period when the devout will refrain from eating or drinking between sunrise and sunset. When people do break the fast they like to do so in style and many restaurants (especially in the big international hotels) will cater to the fasters and put on lavish menus with a traditional focus.

44. The Bodrum Museum Of Underwater Archaeology Owned, administered and operated by the General Directorate of Monuments and Museums of the Ministry of culture of the Republic of turkey. http://www.bodrum-museum.com

Opening Hours Contact The Castle History Knights of St. John The Museum About History Departments Seven Wonders of the ancient World: The Mausoleum of Halicarnasus. Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology is owned, administered and operated by the General Directorate of Monuments and Museums of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Turkey. Web site sponsored by Bodrumlife

45. ..:: WELCOME TO TURKEY ::.. Kanunu TC Kültür ve Turizm Bakanligi Resmi Sitesi. Republic OfTurkey Ministry of culture and Tourism 2004 All Rights Reserved. http://www.turizm.gov.tr/

TOURISM INFORMATION

46. Index This website is about turkey, Turkish History, Turkish culture, and about me and my family and interests. http://www.geocities.com/tameryalav

It is better that a man should tyrannize over his bank balance than over his fellow-citizens and whilst the former is sometimes denounced as being but a means to the latter, sometimes at least it is an alternative. -John M. Keynes 1883-1946

47. Photos Of Constantinople - History Of Byzantium Images and articles about Byzantine Greek culture in the old city, including numerous images and related links. Tone is nationalistic and highly critical of turkey. http://members.tripod.com/~fstav/

var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" CONSTANTINOPLE THE YEARS CAPITAL OF HELLENIC (GREEK) EMPIRE OF BYZANTIUM LA HELLENIC EMPIRE OF BYZANTIUM 1050 A.D. The only Empire ever existed that stood alive for more than 1000 years. All that period it received continuous blows from barbarians. It was the fortress of Christian Europe, cultivated and mixed the ancient hellenic(greek) philosophy along with christianity. L' unico impero quello ha esistito mai si e levato in piedi vivo per piu di 1000 anni. Tutti che periodo ha ricevuto i colpi continui dai barbarians. Era il fortress di Europa cristiana, ha coltivato e mescolato la filosofia greca antica con christianity. ENGLISH FRANCAIS DEUTSCH Poste electronique/Electronic Mail ... Evidence of a woman who survived the christian Holocaust in Mikra Asia, 1915-1922 Until Apr 2004, 48000 hits This site is a member of WebRing. To browse visit Here Sign My Guestbook View My Guestbook

48. Discover Turkey: LANGUAGE Discover turkey. TURKISH LANGUAGE. Background When Mustafa Kemal Ataturkcame to power in 1923, he instituted sweeping reforms in turkey. http://www.turkishnews.com/DiscoverTurkey/culture/language/

Discover Turkey TURKISH LANGUAGE Background The Turks were one of many linguistic and ethnic groups within the Ottoman Empire. Members of the military, civil and religious elite conducted their business in Ottoman Turkish dialect, a mixture of Arabic, Persian, and Turkish. Arabic was the primary language of religion and religious law, while Persian was the language of art, literature. and diplomacy. Ottoman Turkish borrowed vocabulary words as well as entire expressions and syntactic structures from Arabic and Persian. Pure Turkish was used primarily by the lower class and illiterate. It was generally not used in writing. Ottoman Turkish, on the other hand, was the language of the educated elite, in both written and oral communications . When Mustafa Kemal Ataturk came to power in 1923, he instituted sweeping reforms in Turkey. One of these reforms dealt with language. The goal was to introduce a language more Turkish, modern, practical, precise, and easier to learn than the old language. The two basic elements of this language reform were the adoption of a new alphabet and the purification of the language. Beginning in May, 1928, numbers written in Arabic were replaced with their Westem equivalents. In November of that year, the Grand National Assembly approved the new Roman (or Latin) alphabet, which had been devised by a committee of scholars including several American linguists.

49. Journey Anatolia / Adventures, Cultural Holidays & Tours In Turkey Bespoke tours of turkey that celebrate culture, landscape and natural wonders. http://www.journeyanatolia.com

50. The Guide Ankara Part of The Guide series covering different destinations in turkey, this one provides detailed information about Ankara including accommodations, art and culture, embassies, emergency and health information and restaurants. http://www.theguideturkey.com/ankara/index.htm

Ankara has transformed from the quiet center of the Turkish Republic to a hub of non-stop cultural activity. The city is bubbling over with chic restaurants, cozy cafés, and dazzling nightlife, appealing to the youngster in all of us. The Guide Ankara is in-depth, carefully researched, and consistently updated so you are always in the know. Let us show you the ins and outs to the effervescent, ever-changing capital of Turkey Where to find what and how to get there... In-depth articles on Turkey and Ankara’s history and culture. This issue: Ankara-A tale of two sisters, Arts and Culture, Getaway, and much more.

51. Hobo TRAVEL TIPS - Istanbul Turkey -Culture Crash Hobo TRAVEL TIPS Istanbul turkey - culture Crash. HoboTraveler.comTravel Tips Newsletter And Updates on Around The World Trip. http://www.hobotraveler.com/newsletterhobo116.php

HOME TIPS TRAVEL NEWSLETTER TRAVEL BLOG ... TRAVEL PHOT0S Hobo is now in Orland Indiana, USA WORLD MAP BOOK: CHEAP HOTEL TOURS AIRPLANE DESTINATIONS ... INSUREANDGO.COM Andy's Top 100 QUICK LINKS: DISCOUNT HOTEL INSUREANDGO.COM EMAIL GOOGLE ... TIME WWW HoboTraveler.com I INDEX - Andy Hobotraveler.com Newsletter and Blog HOME TIPS BY SUBJECT ONLY TIPS TRAVELOGUE OR BLOG ... TERMS WARNING - Submissions placed in wrong category will have ALL submissions deleted. Hobo TRAVEL TIPS - Istanbul Turkey - Culture Crash HoboTraveler.com Travel Tips Newsletter And Updates on Around The World Trip ISSUE: DATE: July 22, 2003 TITLE: Hobo TRAVEL TIPS - Istanbul Turkey - Culture Crash TIP: E-mail on the road. LOCATION: Istanbul, Turkey HoboTraveler.com PREVIOUS NEXT Hobo TRAVEL TIPS - Istanbul Turkey - Culture Crash Issue 116 Hobotraveler.com – July 22, 2003 http://www.hobotraveler.com A Hobo trip around the world. Year 6 Hotmail.com... or TROUBLE opening links. Read this online and open the links easily. http://www.hobotraveler.com/newsletterhobo116.php ~ HOBO TRAVEL QUOTES How I feel today...

52. SehSekHoi A group experimenting with music and instruments across culture, including West Africa, Korea, turkey, Indonesia, New Zealand Maori, China, India and South America. With member background and biographies. http://www.geocities.com/sehsekhoi/

53. The Guide Antalya Part of The Guide series covering different destinations in turkey, it provides detailed information about Antalya including accommodations, art and culture, embassies, emergency and health information, and restaurants. http://www.theguideturkey.com/antalya/index.htm

No matter what you do, Antalya ensures the perfect vacation. For history, visit the old city, Kaleici, for nature, venture to the Olympos mountains. Or simply have fun in the sun at one of the many holiday villages, checking out the late night scene afterwards. The Guide Antalya is in-depth, carefully researched, and consistently updated so you are always in the know. Let us show you the ins and outs to southern Turkey’s most coveted region Antalya Alanya Belek Fethiye Finike ... Side Where to find what and how to get there... In-depth articles on Turkey and Antalya’s history and culture. This issue: The origins of Santa Claus, where to swim, and much more.

54. Törökország / Turkey :: Culture & Tourism Links : Kulturális és Idegenforga International catalogue of culture and tourism. Internationaler kultureller und touristischer Katalog. Nemzetközi kulturális és idegenforgalmi katalógus. http://katalogus.kulturinfo.hu/tr.html

ország Afganisztán Albánia Algéria Amerikai Szamoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antigua és Barbuda Argentína Aruba Ausztria Ausztrália Azerbajdzsán Bahamák Bahrain Banglades Barbados Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhután Bissau-Guinea Bolívia Bosznia és Hercegovina Botswana Brazília Brunei Darussalam Bulgária Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cape Verde Central African Republic Ciprus Chile Comoros Cook Szigetek Costa Rica Csehország Csád Dánia Dél-Korea Dél-Afrika Dominika Dominikai Köztársaság Dzsibuti Ecuador Egyenlítõi Guinea Egyesült Arab Emírségek Egyiptom El Salvador Elefántcsontpart Eritrea Észak-Korea Észtország Etiópia Falkland Szigetek Faroe Szigetek Fehér-Oroszország Fidzsi Finnország Francia Guiana Franciaország Fülöp-szigetek Gabon Gambia Ghana Gibraltár Görögország Grenada Grönland Grúzia Guadeloupe Guam Guatemala Guinea Guyana Haiti Holland Antillák Hollandia Honduras Hong Kong Horvátország India Indonézia Irak Irán Írország Izland Izrael Jamaika Japán Jemen Jordánia Jugoszlávia Kajmán Szigetek Kambodzsa Kamerun Kanada Katar Kazahsztán Kenya Kína Kirgizisztán Kiribati Kolombia Kongó Kuba Kuvait Laosz Lengyelország Lesotho Lettország Libanon Libéria Líbia Liechtenstein Litvánia Luxemburg Macau Macedonia Madagaszkár Malawi Maldív Szigetek Mali Malájföld Málta Marokkó Marshall Szigetek Mauritania Mauritius Mexikó Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongólia Mozambik Nagy-Britannia Namíbia Nauru Németország Nepál Nicaragua Niger Nigéria Norvégia Nyugat-Szamoa Olaszország Oman Oroszország Örményország Pakisztán Palau Panama Pápua Új-Guinea Paraguay Peru Portugália Románia Ruanda Saint Kitts és Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent, Grenadines

55. The Guide Istanbul Part of The Guide series covering different destinations in turkey, it provides detailed information about Istanbul including accommodations, art and culture, embassies, emergency and health information, and restaurants. http://www.theguideturkey.com/istanbul/index.htm

Accommodation Children's World Consulates Nightlife ... Travel Istanbul has become one of the hottest, most exciting cities to visit in the world. The Guide is Istanbul's longest running English language guide magazine. The information is in-depth, carefully researched, and consistently updated so you are always in the know. Let us show you the ins and outs to this historic city... Where to find what and how to get there... To make this site user-friendly, we have now added the inter-city codes 0212 for the European side, and 0216 for the Asian side of the Bosphorus to each listing. When making a phone call, please remember that you should only dial the appropriate inter-city code when dialing a location on the side opposite to you. In-depth articles on Turkey and Istanbul’s history and culture. This issue: Samatya , A Staple Food called Cheese, USA in Istanbul, Winter Vistas, much more...

56. Powell's Books - Culture Shock! Turkey (Culture Shock! Country Guides) By Arin B culture Shock! turkey (culture Shock! Find related books in Section, , Aisle. InterCultural Communications, -, culture Shock. Travel, -, Middle East. Travel, -, turkey. http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/product?isbn=1558686126

57. Tufts Turkish Student Associaton Promotes Turkish culture and supports students from turkey studying at Tufts. Constitution, news from turkey, and related links available. http://ase.tufts.edu/tsa/

Turkish Student Association at Tufts TSA Home Executive Members Constitution Activities Calendar Turkish Night Soccer Tournament Movie Night ... Information Table Turkey Discover Turkey Ataturk History of Turkey Travel Page ... Links Tufts Prospective Students Tufts Links TSA Main Page Tu rkish Student Association represents the growing Turkish community at Tufts. The association embraces students of all cultures and backgrounds, and aims to familiriaze the Tufts community with Turkish culture as well as the Turkish perspective on matters of international concern. Our efforts are directed towards working with other religious and ethnic groups to create a diverse and prejudice-free environment at Tufts. Contact Information Phone: Email: turkishstudenta@hotmail.com

58. Turkish Odyssey/About Turkey/Anotolian Culture Copyright © 1997 Serif Yenen All rights reserved. NO part of theinformation and materials in this web site may be reproduced or http://www.turkishodyssey.com/turkey/culture/culture.htm

Topic List Part 1 Language The Turkish Language Part 2 Religion Mother Goddess of Anatolia Religion in Modern Turkey Islam The Five Condition of Islam ... Mosques Part 3 People Family Women Feminism Marriage ... A Few Proverbs Part 4 Settlements Settlements Village Types The Old Anatolian House Anatolian House Types Part 5 Holidays Bayram (Holidays Part 6 Folk Heroes Nasreddin Hoca Karagoz and Hacivat Yunus Emre Part 7 Mythology Anatolian Mythology Part 8 Anatolian Arts Iconography Painting Fresco Painting Sculpture ... Mosaics Part 9 Islamic Art Islamic Art Calligraphy Miniature Painting Ceramic Tiles of Iznik ... Ebru (Paper Marbling) Back to State Policies Next Page Serif Yenen While every effort has been made to make this web site as complete and as accurate as possible, this text should only be used as a general guide and not as an original source of information. Comments, suggestions or corrections relating to possible errors both typographical and in terms of content would be much appreciated. The author shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to be caused, directly or indirectly by the information contained in this web site.

59. Turkish Odyssey/About Turkey/Anotolian Culture/People local conditions. The traditional extended and nuclear families arethe two common types of families in turkey. The traditional http://www.turkishodyssey.com/turkey/culture/people.htm

Contents of this Page Family Women Women today A new law proposition ... A Few Proverbs Part 3 People DOWN FAMILY Families are divided into several types according to social, economic and local conditions. The traditional extended and nuclear families are the two common types of families in Turkey. The traditional extended family, generally means that three generations live together: grandfather, adult sons and sons' sons, their wives and their unmarried daughters a married daughter becomes a member of her husband's family and lives there. There is a unity of production and consumption together with common property. This type of family is becoming more and more rare today. The nuclear family, parallel to industrialization and urbanization, replaces traditional families. The nuclear family consists of a husband, wife and unmarried children and is more suitable to modern Turkish social life today. WOMEN As Turkey is essentially an Islamic country, Islam plays an important role in the lives of women. Having begun in Arabic countries in 7C AD, Islam was influenced by the traditions and customs of these countries and the way in which women were treated. Men could marry or live with as many women as they liked, kill women and even bury new born girls alive. When Islam made marriage laws and put a limit on the number of wives allowed, it was accepted as the first system to give some economic rights to women by saving them from the sole sovereignty of their husbands.

60. Kurd An ethnolinguistic group inhabiting the mountainous crescent that extends from the Euphrates River in northern Syria and turkey to Kermanshah in Iran. http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7855

Society-KURD The Kurds are an ethnolinguistic group inhabiting the mountainous crescent that extends from the Euphrates River in northern Syria and Turkey to Kermanshah in Iran. This area is generally designated as Kurdistan and lies approximately between lat. 35 degrees-40 degrees N by long. 37 degrees-47 degrees E. Kurdistan has neither political nor geographical unity, being a semi-continuous territory divided among the modern nations of Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Syria, and the USSR. At the treaty of Sevres in 1920, it was proposed that Kurdistan be made a political unit; but this proposal was eventually dropped and Kurdistan never came into existence as a nation. The Kurdish language belongs to the Indo-European linguistic stock, and has many similarities to Farsi (Persian). Three major dialects are spoken by the Kurds, but with the development of modern Kurdish nationalism, there has been great emphasis on language unity within Kurdistan (Barth 1953: 11). Estimates of the total Kurdish population vary considerably, ranging from 1,500,000 to 4,000,000. The Royal Institute of International Affairs gives a figure of 3,000,000 around 1951 (Barth 1953: 11), with the greatest single concentration (ca. 2,000,000) located on the Turkish-Iraqi border. The census of Iraq for the year 1947 records 1,000,000 Kurds concentrated in the northern and northeastern sections of that country. Many of the Kurds are urbanized and Arabized or Turkicized, being Kurdish by descent only. The Kurds were early converts to Islam, with the majority belonging to the Shafi'i school of Sunnite Muslims. Several Kurdish groups in Iran belong to the Shi'ite sect of Ahl-il-Hakk (Ali Ilahi). The Kurds today show a considerable diversity in their economic patterns, ranging from pastoral nomads to settled farmers. The great majority of the population are subsistence farmers practicing some degree of localized transhumance. Wheat and barley are the two primary cereals grown. Of secondary importance are rice, peas, lentils, and garden vegetables. Tobacco is the main cash crop. Of the domestic animals, goats and sheep are most important for their hair, wool, and dairy products, while cattle are kept as work animals for plowing and harvesting. Horses are few in number since they are luxury animals, owned primarily by the wealthy. The basic diet centers around bread, dairy products, dates, tea, and meat. The wealthy are able to afford a more varied diet and consume more rice, meat, and fruits. Pork and alcoholic beverages are taboo to the Islamized Kurds. Throughout the Kurdistan area there are two basic and distinctive types of social organization: (1) a so-called "tribal" system based on descent, and (2) a feudal system based on class and land ownership. The nomadic Kurds belong to the descent type, while the settled population, the agriculturists, may be dichotomized between freeholding, organized farmers (descent) and sharecropping tenants (feudal). The feudal-type village structure is progressively being absorbed into the modern structure of the respective national states. Kurdish towns serve as trade and administrative centers, and have more complex patterns of social relations. The tribal areas are characterized by small endogamous communities with strong patterns of localism and traditionalism. In the villages farmers generally own and work their own land, sometimes hiring outside labor for assistance. Mutual renting or borrowing of livestock may occur, especially at harvest time when cattle are used for threshing. Grazing land is owned by the village as a whole, while herd animals are individually owned. Herding is usually done by one or more full-time shepherds serving the whole community. The village is composed of economically independent households, each of which is usually occupied by a single nuclear family; some households include an extended patrilocal family. Within the household the division of labor is clear-cut and follows the traditional rural pattern of men working the fields and women attending to the household tasks. Marriage patterns are based on Koranic law. The Kurds practice kingroup endogamy with the preferred and statistically most frequent mate being the patrilateral parallel cousin. Bride price is present but is not fixed as to amount, this being dependent on the wealth and status of the families involved. The bride price is completely eliminated for marriages involving sister exchange. Polygyny, although permitted by Islam, is relatively uncommon, being confined mostly to the wealthy. The levirate is frequently practiced, but the sororate does not occur. In accordance with Muslim practice, the husband has a right to divorce his wife at any time without specifying his reasons. Following divorce, the woman returns to her father's house leaving the children with their father. Residence in marriage is ideally patrilocal, but the usual household consists of a nuclear family. Traditionally, the father or senior adult male has complete and unquestionable control of the household; but in actual practice it has been observed that Kurdish women often have considerable influence within the family circle (some have even attained prominence on a higher political level). Nevertheless, obedience of the female to the male, and of the young to the old, is still both the ideal and the general rule. The Kurdish kinship system is distinguished by its small number of basic terms, twelve in all. From the standpoint of the male, affinal relatives are of secondary importance. The group of relatives covered by the basic twelve terms is a bilateral kin group and includes all individuals in the elementary families of which ego or ego's parents are members during their lifetime. Kurdish kinship terms measure genealogical distance between new kin without showing unilineal emphasis. Kurdish political organization of the tribal type is based on a segmentary lineage system. A political confederacy, called ashiret, is headed by a paramount leader (beg), and is composed of a number of units each of which is called a tira. Each tira is taxed by the ashiret in terms of armed men and servants who serve in the camp of the beg. These tira represent the primary political and land-owning groups in the society with membership inherited patrilineally; in other words, each tira is the equivalent of a maximal lineage. Each tira is headed by a raiz or leader, whose position is hereditary. During crisis situations, tira leaders meet to form a deliberative body or council for the purpose of decision-making. Population pressure and internal strife sometimes lead to the split of a tira with the eventual formation of a new unit. The whole tira rarely camps as a single unit, but instead divides into a number of tent camps called khel, roughly corresponding to a lineage segment and held together by both economic and kinship ties. The khel is headed by an older man selected informally on the basis of his high prestige, power, and capabilities. Each khel is in turn made up of from 20 to 30 households, and approximates in size, composition, and roles the corresponding political unit represented by the villages of the sedentary Kurds. Instead of being farmers, however, the men are engaged in fulltime herding and stock breeding. Due primarily to the Kurdish practice of endogamy, genealogical and local groups usually coincide and represent the organizational units in the formal political sense. At the village level, a mukhtar (mayor or headman) is elected to serve as an intermediary between the village and the higher political administration. Frequently, the mukhtar is appointed by the higher administration in an attempt to achieve a balance of power in the village or full cooperation with the national government. Vinogradov (1965) is a cultural summary based on material in this file, and provides a good introduction to the Kurds. Additional sources to consult are Leach (1940) and Johnson (1940). Culture summary by John M. Beierle Barth, Fredrik. Principles of social organization in southern Kurdistan. Oslo, Brodrene Jorgensen Boktr., 1953. 146 p. illus., maps, tables. Leach, Edmund Ronald. Social and economic organisation of the Rowanduz Kurds. London, Published for The London School of Economics and Political Science by P. Lund, Humphries, 1940. 74 p. illus., maps. Johnson, J. C. A. The Kurds of Iraq. I. Geographical Magazine, 10 (1940): 382-393. Johnson, J. C. A. The Kurds of Iraq. II. Geographical Magazine, 11 (1940): 50-59. Vinogradov, Amal. Kurd cultural summary. 13 l. Typescript. Unpublished manuscriptNew Haven, Human Relations Area Files, 1965. 7855

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