81. Ancient Egyptians - The Descendents Of Ham They are the indigenous people of this area, and we Beja people are an ancient Cushitic people closely kin migrated to the region of Lake turkana (Lake Rudolf http://www.geocities.com/wally_mo/reference.html

The Descendents of Ham Hamite 1. a descendant of Ham. Gen. 10:1, 6-10. 2. a member of any of various peoples of northern and eastern Africa, usually divided into two branches: 1. Eastern Branch— Ancient and Modern Egyptians (excluding the Arabs), Nubians, Beja, Ethiopians, Oromo (Galla), Afar (Danakil), Somali, Masai, Watusi. 2. Northern Branch— Berbers of the Mediterranean-Atlantic and Sahara, Tibbu, Fulani (Peul), Guanches (extinct). Hamitic The Hamitic subfamily is generally considered to include ancient Egyptian (see Egyptian language) and its descendant, Coptic; the Berber languages; and the Cushitic languages. Ancient Egyptian and Coptic are extinct. Some linguists also place the Chad languages within the Hamitic subfamily. Those Hamitic tongues are or were spoken in N Africa, much of the Sahara, the Horn of E Africa, and parts of central and W Africa. They were named after Ham, the second son of the biblical Noah, whose descendants supposedly were the original speakers of the Hamitic languages. Berbers (?)

82. WaterShowcase: Project Showcase: Project The FMP incoporates indigenous knowledge, and encourages the interactions of the Ik people with conservation and groups and the neighbouring turkana and Pokot http://www.watershowcase.net/new/project_showcase_id.asp?projectID=36

83. IK Monitor 1(3) or Mr. ES Imbogo, turkana Rehabilitation Project, Ministry of started a joint research programme on indigenous soil and As of 15 October 1993, people from 13 http://www.nuffic.nl/ciran/ikdm/1-3/communications/research.html

COMMUNICATIONS - RESEARCH Im proving the performance of indigenous agricultural hand tools and equipment used by women As a first step, the research team surveyed different types of hand tools used by female agriculture workers in Thailand: in Buri Ram province in the northeast, Lampang province in the north, Nakhon Sri Thammarat in the south, and in the eastern provinces of Chanthaburi and Trat. Two of the main crops in these areas are rice and rubber. Considerable use is made of hand tools instead of modern machinery. As many as 16 different hand tools are used in rice farming and 12 in rubber cultivation. Many of the women interviewed during the survey expressed dissatisfaction with certain hand tools. Some of them would like to improve these tools themselves but do not know how. One example is the krae , a small hand tool commonly used for harvesting paddy. It causes extreme discomfort when used for long periods. In addition to studying indigenous hand tools, the research team is also examining the possibilities of modifying certain indigenous practices, and perhaps even totally replacing them with suitable equipment. An example is the tradition of threshing rice by foot. This could be done instead by a small pedal-operated paddy thresher especially designed for women. For further information, please contact:

84. IK Monitor 4(1) McCall Dryland farming systems eg, Pokot, turkana, Somali and studies have been devoted to indigenous knowledge in zones in cooperation with local people (Kiriro and http://www.nuffic.nl/ciran/ikdm/4-1/articles/mccall.html

ITK in East African farming systems Michael K. McCall The potentials of indigenous technical knowledge (ITK), both for expanding scientific technical knowledge and for empowering its owners, are overwhelming. There is compelling evidence of the extent and rationality of ITK in East Africa. This article presents a broad overview of past and present research in the field of ITK within East African farming systems. It also indicates possible topics for further research. Indigenous technical knowledge Within farming systems, ITK embraces people's knowledge of tools and techniques for the assessment, acquisition, transformation, and utilization of resources which are specific to a particular location. ITK can encompass: Vernacular: technical knowledge held by all or most individuals in a specific locality, e.g., knowledge of crop rotation, or pest and weed control; Specialized: the technical knowledge of certain skilled 'resource persons', e.g., medicine, charcoal-making, blacksmithery and varietal testing; Controlled: knowledge held by dominant groups in society, such as the specialized knowledge referred to above, or skills in animal breeding, hunting or water divining;

85. Common Forest Resource Management the kind that has been managed so well in turkana. might best be managed by local people as woodland much data still to be collected on indigenous knowledge and http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/U9040E/U9040E09.htm

EXTERNALLY SPONSORED SYSTEMS OF WOODLAND MANAGEMENT FOUR PARTICIPATORY WOODLAND MANAGEMENT PROJECTS The circumstances and activities of the four participatory woodland management projects are at Guesselbodi in Niger [47, 59], the Rawashda Forest in Eastern Sudan [97, 1071, the Bay Region of Somalia [17, 93] and the Turkana Rural Development Project in Kenya [6, 7, 8, 9, 60]. All of these projects have attempted to involve local people in forest management of various kinds, and all are annotated in the References. Project rationale Guesselbodi and Rawashda are forest reserves set aside for the provision of fuelwood to an urban area. Both had lost a good deal of their tree cover over the years, both were used in various ways by local people, especially for grazing and as livestock routes and a participatory approach was conceived of as a way of limiting the local threat to the resource by offering employment and slightly improved rights to local users. The Bay Region project began as a forest inventory project in the area from which Mogadishu's chief charcoal supplies came. Only in the course of the project did it become clear that there were serious conflicts between the herders in the area the charcoal was coming from and the state charcoal cooperative. It became clear as well that the remaining potential charcoal supply was quite modest. Work was begun in a second phase which would pass substantial management of the resource to local people and, at the same time, would lighten the burden of charcoal offtake by addressing fuel substitution in Mogadishu.

86. Contemporary Food Systems In Brazil between 1900 and 1957 indigenous population declined turkana pastoralists cont. People move frequently to find food and water for animals. http://anthro.fullerton.edu/sjohnson/anth315/Lecture 6 Outline.htm

Contemporary food systems How do people living in vastly different environments all solve the problem of meeting their daily energy needs? Subsistence strategies Hunting and gathering Lee chapter 6 Subsistence agriculture Pastoralism Subsistence agriculture as part of market economy Tukanoan Indians Northwest Amazonia Subsistence agriculturalists Swidden or shifting cultivation Cut trees, burn area, plant crops Soil is improved by ash Old agricultural system still used in tropics Tukanoan Indians cont. Supplement diet with hunting and fishing and collecting wild plants, insects, and crustaceans Species diversity is high in this environment Diet breadth is narrow Based on: Cassava (also known as manioc) Starchy root that requires substantial processing to make into bread Fish 80% of energy comes from cassava Equivalent to American eating 1 ½ to 2 pounds of bread per day (1 ½ to 2 loaves per day) Indigenous people of Amazonia Population has declined over last 500 years Social organization characterized as chiefdom Riverine areas supported the largest populations Chiefdoms collapse and severe depopulation 150 years after contact Decline in population In Brazil between 1900 and 1957 indigenous population declined from 1,000,000 to 200,000

87. Kenya of wild savannah which the indigenous people, settlers and attracting a variety of wildlife, birds and people. the mighty lakes Victoria and turkana, and trout http://www.okavango.com/kenya.html

Botswana Indian Ocean Islands Kenya Madagascar ... Zimbabwe KENYA Straddling the equator and best known for its wildlife, this popular and rewarding destination also has a vast and varied landscape and is home to over forty tribes. The 550 kilometres of coastline lead into savannah and plateaux, lakes and rivers, forests and mountains and scorching deserts. The Great Rift Valley divides Kenya from north to south and the fascinating people reflect the environment they live in. After the onslaught of mass tourism, Kenyans have now created a new style, perfect for our clients, where guests stay in small owner-run camps and lodges, getting close to this incredible country. Highlights Maasai Mara , one of the best places on the continent to view African game and famous for the wildebeest and zebra migration from July to September. Meru National Park where George and Joy Adamson lived with their lions for many years.

88. GUIDE TO MIGRATED ARCHIVES buildings and social life of the indigenous people. of Kenya, the story of South African people. political systems; Hola incidence; turkana history; second http://www.kenyarchives.go.ke/general-guide6.htm

GENERAL GUIDE Master, Alfred James Randall (16 items, 1933-1960) Albums and envelopes of prints relating to theatre productions produced by Master in Nairobi and the Empire Theatre, 1933 to c. 1940, Theatre Royal c. 1940 to late 1940’s, National Theatre, 1952 to 1960. Murray, Marjories (1 dep., 409 items, c. 1920’s) Photographs shot in and around Mombasa about 1920’s on structural buildings and social life of the indigenous people. Murumbi, Joseph Papers, Books, rare Africana publications, pamphlets and antiques. Page, (and Rev. Michad, Canon) Mrs. Alan (1 dep., 41 items, 1914-1954) A 35 mm of black and white film strip entitled, “Half a Century in Kenya, 1914-1954”; one negative microfilm copy of books, newsletters, newspaper cuttings, notes and diary; reel to reel (5”) tape of Gospel music describing the philosophy of Mau Mau; photographs taken between 1953 and 1966 showing Kikuyu emergency villages. Pearson, George (1 dep., 7 items, 1959-1960) King’s African Rifles journal; book on KAR and one photograph of KAR Officers. Pickford, A.J.

89. No2 the Balance Ecological Sociology of turkana Nomads indigenous Knowledge System on Environmental Conservation and as Practised by the Abanyole People of Western http://www.ossrea.net/environment/no2-07.htm

BIBLIOGRAPHY Ackerman, B. A. Private Property and the Constitution . New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977. Admassie, Yeraswork. The Catchment Approach to Soil Conservation in Kenya. Nairobi, Regional Soil Conservation Unit, Swedish International Development Authority, 1992. Anderson, D., and R. Grove, eds. Conservation in Africa: People, Policies and Practice . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Anthony, K. B., et al. Agricultural Change in Tropical Africa. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1979. ASAL Team. Land Use and Land Tenure Systems in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands of Kenya. Composite Report to the World Bank's Resident Mission in Eastern Africa, Nairobi. The World Bank, 1993. Baker, G. Water Resources and Water Management in South-Western Marsabit District . IPAL Technical Report, B-4. Nairobi: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, 1984. Bakshi, P. M. "Environmental Litigation." Journal of the Indian Law Institute Bank of Reconstruction. Economic Development of Kenya . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Publishing House, 1963.

90. COE21 and J. Gewald, eds.) People, Cattle and eds.) Anthropological Studies on indigenous Societies, Academia individual identification among the turkana The animal http://areainfo.asafas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/english/activities/msub2.html

Members' Research Activities Back ASAFAS Members: Africa Division ARAKI Shigeru Characterization of indigenous agricultural systems in Africa based on eco-regional classification Various indigenous technologies have been developed in African agriculture thereby utilizing specific environment and natural resources on sustainable basis. As a matter of fact, environment, technology and society are inseparable components of a farming complex that plays a crucial role in contemporary Africa. Through quantitative estimation of productivity and environmental potentials on the one hand, and socio-cultural adaptation on the other, the future perspective of the farming complex will be drawn. Araki, S. (1992) The role of miombo woodland ecosystems in Chitemene shifting cultivation in northern Zambia, Japan InfoMAB, 11; 8-15. Araki, S., Msanya, B., Magoggo, J. P., Kimaro, D. N., and Kitagawa, Y. (1998) Characterization of soils on various planation surfaces in Tanzania, Proceedings of the 16th World Conference of Soil Science, Montpellier, France, CD-Rom. Araki, S. (ed.) (2003) Agro-environmental study of indigenous agriculture in Tanzania and Zambia, A report for Grant-in-Aid for International Scientific Research of Japanese Ministry of Education, Science and Culture ( #11691186), in press.

91. Postcolonial.html Samburu, the Maasai, and the turkana actively rejected the indigenous African leaders and chief officials are in massive exploitation of their people and in http://www.lclark.edu/~soan/postcolonial.html

CHAPTER 5: Inheriting a Legacy of Domination: The Postcolonial Period The Preservation of "North/South" Dependency Jarrett (1996) begins this process of deconstruction by arguing that the destructive impacts of African "neo-colonialism" (an apt title referring to the continuing exploitation and domination of African human and natural resources during the postcolonial period) involve a number of "key participants in the exploitation of Africa's economy" (82), the most important of which are: the indigenous political and administrative officials and elites of Kenya and Tanzania; and the corporate and capitalist interests of developed nations, represented by the continuing involvement of the World Bank, the IMF, and "Northern" interests on a governmental level within the context of the East African geography. The importance of each of these actors within the context of postcolonial power dynamics, conservation and development issues, and the reproduction of extractive and oppressive capitalist interests in East Africa and in the context of the "global economy," are considered below. Swallowing the Colonial System: Indigenous African Elites and Officials pictured here Go to next section on The Postcolonial Period...

92. IBS Newsletter together my 16 years of work among the turkana. be one of the only remaining indigenous systems of Although approximately 1015 million people depend upon enset http://www.colorado.edu/ibs/newsletter/news9904.html

IBS Newsletter April 1999 Institute of Behavioral Science University of Colorado Kudos IBS is proud to announce that Debbie A. Ash has been awarded the 1999 Chancellor's Employee of the Year award. She has been employed by the University for over twenty years, and since January 14, 1985, has held the position as assistant to the Director, Richard Jessor, at IBS. In a coming IBS Newsletter a more detailed profile of her service to the University, in particular IBS will be offered. We extend our most heartfelt congratulations and look forward to enjoying many more years of her continuing to be an integral part of IBS. Program Activities Environment and Behavior Program Gilbert F. White participated in an Experts Workshop on Water Use Policy convened by the International Joint Commission (IJC) in Toronto, Canada on March 30-31. The Workshop brought together ten people from the two countries to discuss questions related to law, policy, management principles, and conservation measures as they might relate to issues being faced by the IJC, especially bearing on consumptive uses diversions in the Great Lakes Basin. Natural Hazards Center On March 26 Mary Fran Myers attended the American Association of Geographers meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii. She presented the paper "Floodplain Management: History, Trends, and Options in the United States." Floodplain management in the U.S. is a relatively young concept. A half-century after first conceived by geographer

93. Africanews - 73 - April 2002 Out of Kenya’s 42 indigenous languages, 16 of that has befallen Oduol’s people is similar and intermarriage by their more populous neighbours, the turkana. http://www.peacelink.it/afrinews/73_issue/p1.html

AFRICANEWS Views and news on peace, justice and reconciliation in Africa April 2002 CONTENTS AFRICANEWS HOMEPAGE Kenya Languages: living on borrowed time Culture/indigenous people By Matthias Muindi Out of Kenya’s 42 indigenous languages, 16 of them have either become extinct or are seriously endangered, says a recent UNESCO report. This is the highest number in eastern Africa where four countries – Uganda, Tanzania, Sudan, and Ethiopia – are experiencing what the report termed “high language mortality.” AFRICANEWS brings the story of one person whose community is extinct. When asked about his ethnicity, 10-year-old Jeff Machogu has no reservations. “I’m a Luo,” he says with a chuckle. His father, Robert Oduol, one of Kenya’s top journalists, just shakes his head in amazement as Jeff’s younger brother, Roy Odhiambo, screams in the background, “I’m also a Luo.” The two boys are firmly convinced that their family is Luo – Kenya’s second-largest ethnic group – because they speak the language, observe the community’s customs, and have a rural home near Lake Victoria, which is the heartland of the Luo. However, the boys’ father knows otherwise. “My family,” he told AFRICANEWS, “is of Bantu origin, having descended from the Suba ethnic group, a Bantu community that fled to Kenya and Tanzania fearing political persecution in Uganda in the 16th century. Yet most people think we’re Luo.” Hence, he points out, his children are Bantus.

94. Pangaea Publisher For Nature Peoples Of The Earth; Orders Publisher for Nature and peoples of the Earth and International Resource Library. of this page nor responsible for its content.PUBLISHER FOR NATURE AND peoples OF THE EARTH and photography . http://maps.lessonplanet.com/search/cache?url=http://pangaea.org/

95. VOYAGES AUTHENTIQUES, SAFARI PHOTOS TOUT TERRAIN EN MOTO ET 4X4 Hors Des Sentier people in the bush, through tropical and indigenous environments http://www.motorbike-safari.com/

VOYAGES AUTHENTIQUES, SAFARI PHOTOS TOUT TERRAIN EN MOTO ET 4X4 hors des sentiers battus au Kenya et en Tanzanie RANDONNEES SAFARI MOTO et 4X4 AUTHENTIC OFF-ROAD MOTORBIKE and 4 WHEEL DRIVE SAFARI and TOURS off the beaten track across kenya and Tanzania Adventure Exploration Discovery MOTORBIKE and 4 WHEEL DRIVE SAFARI and TOURS across the most spectacular sceneries of Kenya and Tanzania, on savannah, forest and mountain trails, from the Great Rift Valley to the Indian Ocean, through Mount Kilimanjaro or Mount Kenya, Ngorongoro crater, Lengai volcano, lake Natron or lake Turkana... Experience authentic and lifetime trips off the beaten track, right in the heart of East Africa. Make rewarding encounters with local people and the surviving traditional tribes of Africa ; Masai, Samburu people... A superb and fascinating discovery of African Nature and the remaining wildlife.

96. Untitled KOOIJMANS, AND THE NETHERLANDS MINISTER FOR DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION, MR. J.P. http://www.cwis.org/fwdp/International/nethrlnd.txt

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