41. Earthquakes And Tsunamis of geology and Mineral Industries (DOGAMI) http//sarvis.dogami.state.or.us washington.edu/SEIS/PNSN/Information about earthquakes and tsunamis for the http://www.seps.org/earthquakes_and_tsunamis.htm

Earthquakes and Tsunamis: For Educators and Students Table Of Contents Basic Earthquake Science Types of Earthquakes Diagram of EQ Types Conclusion ... EQ WEB Sites: General Interest Basic Earthquake Science I. Introduction An earthquake is the shaking of the earth that occurs after pieces of the crust of the Earth suddenly shift. The term earthquake describes the sudden slip on a fault and includes the ground shaking and radiating seismic energy that is caused by the slip. Volcanic activity, or other geologic processes, may cause stress changes in the earth that can also result in an earthquake. Earthquakes can occur anywhere in the world although some areas of the globe are more likely to experience an earthquake than others. Earthquakes occur in all types of weather, in all climate zones, in all seasons of the year, and at any time of day making it impossible to predict with any certainty when an earthquake is likely to occur. The best seismologists (scientists who study earthquakes) can do is to look at the historical record of earthquake activity for any geographical area and use this data to calculate the probability of an earthquake occurring in the future. Earthquake prediction is still in the future. A tsunami is a series of sea waves that can be caused by earthquakes or landslides at or beneath the sea floor. The displacement of the sea floor that occurs during certain large submarine earthquakes and landslides causes displacement of large volumes of the sea water above it producing large, fast moving waves. When a coast line experiences a tsunami it can be due to an earthquake near the coast or due to a quake occurring in a distant part of the ocean. Coastal areas may experience little or no damage from an earthquake but can be devastated by the resulting tsunami.

42. Geology 37 Coastal Geology Outline a high magnitude earthquake (based on history), and the geology of the tsunamis aresea waves generated by offshore earthquakes which displace the seafloor or http://www2.shastacollege.edu/geoscience/online/geol37/geol37_coastgeooutline.ht

Coastal Geology Outline for Geol 37, Geology of the Northern California Coast Spring 2003 VII. An Introduction to Subduction Geology A. Anatomy of a Subduction Zone Magmatic Arcs a. Volcanic arcs and island arcs are the result of the melting of a subducting oceanic slab. Typified by intermediate igneous rocks, the arcs are toward the interior of the over-riding plate and mark the position where the subducting slab approaches 100 km depth. b. The Sierran-Klamath arc of the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous was the result of an ocean-continent collision between the North American plate and sea floor called the Farallon plate The Forearc is the region between the magmatic arc and the trench and sometimes it develops into a basin. This was the case during the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous in California as the forearc basin collected marine-deposited sediments from the eroding Sierran-Klamath arc to the west. These sediments are now exposed as tilted and folded rocks that line the margins of the Great Central Valley of California (west of the Sierras and east of the Coast Ranges). 3. The Trench is flanked along the one side by the

43. SLCentral Directory - Science - Earth Sciences - Geology - Geologic Hazards - Ts SLCentral Directory Science - Earth Sciences - geology - Geologic Hazards - Tsunami- Warning Centers. tsunamis - About.com - Annotated collection of links http://www.slcentral.com/directory/index.php/Science/Earth_Sciences/Geology/Geol

Site of the Week: Nokia 3595 Polyphonic Ringtones For samsung a460 ringtones Saturday 12 th June 2004 04:23 AM Advanced Search Recieve bi-weekly updates on news, new articles, and more Most Popular Links motorola ringtone Animated Screensavers free monophonic ringtones ringtone downloads Gift Ideas samsung a530 data cables cheap nokia mobile phones Car Accessories JVC Subwoofer ... Custom Bong Other Stuff custom car audio pics Horse Tack Wholesaler Real Chrome Collection P294 Mens Cologne Mont Blanc ... Submit a Site SLCentral Directory - Science - Earth Sciences - Geology - Geologic Hazards - Tsunami - Warning Centers Tsunami Forecasts - Hawaii (Ewa Beach);Tokyo, Japan; Hong Kong; Yuzno-Sakhalinsk; Palmer, Alaska Tsunamis - About.com - Annotated collection of links and articles, including advisories, physics of tsunamis, and research references. - From the International Tsunami Information Center (ITIC). Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Tsunami Warning Center - Sakhalin isl. Russia Help build the largest human-edited directory on the web. Submit a Site Open Directory Project Become an Editor The content of this directory is based on the Open Directory and may have been modified by DWodp Powered by DWodp live Hardware Reviews Articles ... Chargers SLCentral Directory Arts Movies Television Music ... Français Saturday 12 th June 2004 04:23 AM Legal Advertising Site Info

44. Geology Earth Sciences - 1253 Of The Best Sites Selected By Humans Mitigation Team Geologic_Hazards Warning_Centers Tsunami Forecasts -tsunamis -About.com Canadian Landscapes -Carolina Bays -Deserts geology and Resources http://www.cbel.com/geology_earth_sciences/

Pages A-G 2 Columns Pages H-O Order by Alphabet Ordered by Theme Order by Popularity 3 Columns Pages P-Z 4 Columns Geology Earth Sciences CBEL ( 1253 links, last update: 12 April 2004 ) * = new links [Find on this page] Allexperts Geology Evolving Earth Foundation Geological Society ... University of Melbourne, Australia Academic_Departments Europe CLMC Department of Hydrogeology and Environment, ... Edinburgh University, UK Institute of Geological Sciences ... Yale University Directories American Geophysical Union BELGEOL Belgian Geology Resources Boggys Geology links Geo Site ... Geologyone.com Education ASBOG Exam ASBOG Study Manuals and Courses Basin Analysis Toolbox Connecticut Geology ... US Geological Survey Education College Geology 100, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Geology 101 Lab, U. of Washington Geology 311 Georgia Geoscience On-line ... Mike Hornes Geology Education Pre-college Become a Rock Detective Earth Science Educational Standards Earth Science Week Educational Activities in the Earth Sciences ... Web Geological Time Machine Geochronology Berkeley Geochronology Center Geochronology Working Group at Vienna Univer...

45. Pictures On Tsunamis BR Would Be Hard To Find A Place In The World Pictures National Inside New It Earth Registration tsunamis Andreas On Pictures- Hello Southeastern TO Industries tsunamis TO Systems geology Home million http://www.advantageonetitle.com/Pictures-On-Tsunamis.htm

46. Tsunamis Pictures Plate Scales The Scientific Web Site Hosted At Center (seismology and geology) tsunamis Here. Resource, Pictures.(bathymetry and geology) Earl Main (hydrodynamic modeling) K http://www.advantageonetitle.com/Tsunamis-Pictures.htm

47. WWW Links For Environmental Geology tsunamis FEMA; The Great tsunamis of 1992-1996; Tsunami Picture Page;More Tsunami Pictures; of Mines and geology); Earthquake Links (Calf. http://lpc1.clpccd.cc.ca.us/lpc/hanna/envlinks.htm

Environmental Geology Natural Disasters, Geohazards and Planning National Disaster Warnings Geologic Reports Tacoma Narrows Bridge ... Satellites Natural Disasters, Geohazards and Planning Floodcast Natural Disasters NCSU-Kenan Natural Hazards mapping Program Pacific Coastal Geohazards, Resources, etc. Tacoma Narrows Bridge PBS Civil and Environmental Engineering ASCE Volcanoes Volcanic Hazard Assessment Reports Hazard-Zone Maps and Volcanic Risk Useful and Cool Volcano Links Living With Volcanoes: The USGS Volcano Hazards Program ... Invisible CO2 Gas Killing Trees at Mammoth Mountain, California Tsunamis Introdution to Tsunamis - NASA Introduction to Tsunamis - washington.edu Tsunami Warning Centers Hawaii Tsunami Warning Center Pacific US NOAA Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program ... Tsunamis - FEMA The Great Tsunamis of 1992-1996 Tsunami Picture Page More Tsunami Pictures Tsunami Links ... NEIC - National Eathquake Information Center LARGE Earthquakes Lessons from Large California Earthquakes 1906 San Francisco 1906 San Francisco Quake - USGS Predictive Intensity Map for the 1906 Earthquake Predictive Intensity Map for the 1868 Earthquake 1989 Loma Prieta 1989 Loma Prieta Quake 1989 Loma Prieta Quake - SF City Museum 1989 Loma Prieta - Selected Photos Predictive Intensity Map for the 1989 Loma Prieta 1994 Northridge Northridge EQE Summary Report Northridge Quake - FEMA Photos 1995 Kobe Kobe Photos Earthquakes - some general info Earthquake Fact Sheet: Caribbean Disaster Response National Seismic Hazards Mapping Project ... Earthquake Prediction?

48. Oceanography Web Links Center; Hawaii Tsunami Warning Center; The Great tsunamis of 19921996; TsunamiPicture Page; More Tsunami Pictures; Tsunami Links; LPC Env geology Tsunami Links. http://lpc1.clpccd.cc.ca.us/lpc/hanna/ocnlinks.htm

OCEANOGRAPHY Ocean Facts Ocean Topics on the WWW Marine Geology Marine Biology ... Marine Physics, Chemistry, etc. (tides, currents, El Nino, etc) Law of the Sea Oceanic Universities, Institutions, Aquariums, etc. Who Hires Oceanographers? Job Opportunities? Marine Geology SEAFLOOR GEOLOGY Ann Fuellenbach's Hanauma Bay Web Site Bathymetry Beach-terms Glossary (worth checking out) Black Smokers, Chimneys and Sulfide Structures Exploring the Oregon Coast Black Smokers and Chimneys A Smokin' Ecosystem First time ever retrieval of "black smokers".... ... Vents Program Homepage (NOAA) Sulfide Structures (exploratorium) Hydrothermal Plumes (NOAA) Hydrothermal Vent Chemistry (NOAA) On-Line Video Clips of Black Smokers The Blue Hole? California Coastal Geology and Geography Atlas of the Gulf of the Farallones ... Exploring the Oregon Coast COLOR! What is Ocean Color? (NASA) Ocean Color Viewed from Space Red Tides Red Tides! (USGS) What is a Red Tide? Red Tides and Harmful Algae ICE! Ice Sea Ice Sea Ice Formation Green Ice ... Drumlins and Diluvial Currents?

49. Geology In The News - Kurt Friehauf Minerals and mineral resources. Geoarcheology. Mars, our Moon, and Planetary geology.Earthquakes, tsunamis, and Geophysics. Volcanoes. Dinosaurs and Paleontology. http://faculty.kutztown.edu/friehauf/geo_news/

Geology in the News Kurt C. Friehauf Misc. Recent Headlines Amazing rocks and the History of the Earth Glaciers Paleoclimate and modern climate ... Geology in the news archives Articles assigned for GEL100 reading New Report Explains Ice-Age Mystery Oil Prices Spike - Hear about frozen natural gas? Why Did Global Warming Take Hold As World Concern? ... Global Warming Episode Between Paleocene And Eocene (Rapid global warming 55 million years ago with major changes in plant and animal life Undergrad Finds Clues to 400- Million-Year-Old Mystery Life's early 'footprint' - one of the oldest fossils known Future volcanic eruptions may cause Arctic ozone hole ... Antarctica Gives Mixed Signals on Warming Misc. Recent Headlines 'Green' satellite calls home Earth Kills 250,000 People A Year Did mammals spread out from an Asian Eden? Study: Big Mammals Had Asian Roots ... Undergrad Finds Clues to 400- Million-Year-Old Mystery Amazing rocks and the History of the Earth (see also Historical Geology news archives A great leap backwards Rare Rocks Offer A Unique Glimpse Of The Earth's Core Earthquakes, Volcanoes Tied to Species Diversity? ... Geophysicists Sort Out Weird Wave Behavior Near Earth's Core Glaciers (see also Glacier news archives Arctic ice 'melting from below' World's Purest Water Can Be Explored Without Contamination Researchers Describe Overall Water Balance In Subglacial Lake Vostok ... Loess is more Paleoclimate and modern climate (see also Paleoclimate news archives Color Of Ocean Yields Global Warming Clues Color Of Ocean Yields Global Warming Clues New Report Explains Ice-Age Mystery ... Antarctica Key To Sudden Sea Level Rise In The Past Water, floods, and water resources

50. Geology In The News - Kurt Friehauf geology in the News. Earthquakes, tsunamis, and Geophysics stories.Kurt C. Friehauf. Earthquakes, tsunamis, and Things Geophysical. http://faculty.kutztown.edu/friehauf/geo_news/geophysics_news.html

Geology in the News Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Geophysics stories Kurt C. Friehauf Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Things Geophysical Geophysicists Sort Out Weird Wave Behavior Near Earth's Core North Magnetic Pole could be leaving Canada New Supercontinent Dubbed Columbia Once Ruled Earth Inner Earth May Hold More Water Than the Seas ... NASA Unveils New "Natural Hazards" Web Site - February 1, 2002 direct link to NASA Natural Hazards site New Quake Maps Focus on Orange County Danger Zones Mountains snapped from space Researchers Investigate Mysteries Of The African Rift ... Just How Old Is The Tibetan Plateau? - August 13, 2001 ( Brad Hacker story Few signs remain of quake, if you don't count the people - July 28, 2001 Polar Wander and the Cambrian Earthquake rocks Greece - July 26, 2001 All Earthquake Fault Lines Not Equal Earthquake in Perú Earthquake rocks Peru - June 24, 2001 Peruvian president surveys quake damage - June 24, 2001 Rescuers search for Peru quake survivors - June 24, 2001 In pictures: Peru quake - June 24, 2001

51. Skywalk Directory - Top: Science: Earth_Sciences: Geology: Geologic_Hazards: Tsu http//weather.about.com/cs/tsunamis/index.htm, » tsunamis About.com - Annotatedcollection of links and articles, including advisories, physics of tsunamis http://directory.skywalk.co.uk/directory/Science/Earth_Sciences/Geology/Geologic

Search: search the entire directory search this category only Top Science Geology Tsunami ... Tsunami Forecasts - Hawaii (Ewa Beach);Tokyo, Japan; Hong Kong; Yuzno-Sakhalinsk; Palmer, Alaska Tsunamis - About.com - Annotated collection of links and articles, including advisories, physics of tsunamis, and research references. - From the International Tsunami Information Center (ITIC). Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Tsunami Warning Center - Sakhalin isl. Russia About Skywalk Directory Valid HTML 4.01 Valid CSS Help build the largest human-edited directory on the web. Submit a Site Open Directory Project Become an Editor Powered by DWodp live

52. Geology Links Inside geology Want to learn more about basic concepts in geology? Hazard Mitigationfrom the University of Washington The Physics of tsunamis from the http://www.oranim.ac.il/geo/geology.html

Geology links Introduction Ocean Planet: Fact Sheets Earth's Interior Gallery The Iinterior of the Earth The Geologist's Lifetime Field List: Generic geologic site that every geologist should visit. Earthquakes and Seismometers: Tools for Teaching Earth Science Geology - Illustrated Glossary of Geologic Terms This glossary of geologic terms is based on the glossary in Earth: An Introduction to Geologic Change, by S. Judson and S.M. Richardson. U.S. Geological Survey Geological Time Machine: A timeline of geologic history. Includes detailed information about each epoch or era. Features of Alpine Glaciation Classroom of Geologic Principles Include links to geological sites, field trips, class notes and announcements, mail/communications, and the UCSC InfoSlug. Geology in the Classroom (secondary school) A group of Canadian geologists would like to help answer your geology question. Internet Resources For Geography And Geology This is a great geography resource. You may choose from a dozen topics including world geography, government resources, and teaching helps. Link to environmental information or take

53. Tsunami! How To Survive This Hazard On The Oregon Coast 28 Suite 965 Portland, OR 97232 Phone (503) 731-4100. PUBLICATIONSAND BROCHURE$ ON EARTHQUAKES, tsunamis, AND geology Nature http://www.wsspc.org/tsunami/OR/Ore_wave.html

TSUNAMI! HOW TO SURVIVE THIS HAZARD ON THE OREGON COAST IF YOU FEEL AN EARTHQUAKE WHEN YOU ARE ON THE OREGON COAST, PROTECT YOURSELF FROM THE EARTHQUAKE UNTIL IT IS OVER. THEN MOVE QUICKLY INLAND OR TO HIGH GROUND. A TSUNAMI MAY BE COMING IN A FEW MINUTES, AND ADDITIONAL LARGE WAVES MAY CONTINUE FOR SEVERAL HOURS. THE INFORMATION IN THIS BROCHURE MAY SAVE YOUR LIFE. PLEASE TAKE THE TIME TO READ IT AND SHARE WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED WITH YOUR FAMILY AND FRIENDS. TSUNAMI FACTS Two kinds of tsunamis could affect the Oregon coast: Tsunamis generated by undersea earthquakes just off the Oregon coast can strike the coast within five to thirty minutes, possibly disrupting power lines and communications and leaving little time for an official warning. The actual ground shaking of the earthquake may be the only warning you receive. Tsunamis generated by earthquakes occurring thousands of miles away will take several hours to reach the coast. There would be time for official warning, but if you are in an isolated area, you may not hear the official warning, you will feel no earthquake, and the only warning you may have is a sudden unexpected change in sea level. If the sea level suddenly drops or rises without any obvious reason, nature may be warning you of impending danger, and you should move inland or to high ground immediately. Recent research shows that at any time the Pacific Northwest can experience large earthquakes and accompanying tsunamis, and that tsunamis have affected the Oregon coast on a regular basis over time. Scientists have not yet had time to do local studies that will be able to tell you how high a tsunami may be in any one area and how far you must run inland or how high you must climb to escape. The best general advice available today is to (1) go up to 2 miles inland if you are in a low-lying area or at least 100 feet above sea level if you can; and (2) go on foot if at all possible because of traffic jams and earthquake damage.

54. Locally-Generated Tsunamis In Hawaii logo. US Geological Survey, Western Region Coastal and Marine geology, Tsunami modeling Universityof Washington, All sorts of information about tsunamis and how http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/tsunami/

Team Members Gerard J. Fryer (seismology and geology) John R. Smith, Jr. (bathymetry and geology) Philip Watts (hydrodynamic modeling) Our Objectives Estimate the inundation hazard in Hawaii from locally-generated tsunamis. Advise emergency managers about local tsunami hazard and guide development of emergency response procedures. Provide tsunami modeling codes to the Pacific Disaster Center for upgrade of inundation maps as better bathymetry/topography data become available. Funding This effort was jointly supported by NASA ( Solid Earth and Natural Hazards Program ) and by NOAA ( National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program ). We are in a funding hiatus, but will be back in action soon. We gratefully acknowledge support from and from the The Latest Improved Honolulu map and new maps for the Kona Coast and the south coast of Maui are on the way. Left: Inundation of Honolulu from a Kona tsunami. Background: Local tsunamis in Hawai'i? How is a tsunami generated? Hawaiian volcanoes: crumbling piles of rock The earthquake history of Hawai'i The tsunamis of 1868 and 1975 ... So just issue a warning for every big earthquake! What we are doing Bathymetry: the key to reliable simulations Simulation. The Kalapana tsunami of 1975

55. ALVAREZ ASTEROID IMPACT THEORY - Paleontology And Geology Glossary crust, scattering dust and debris into the atmosphere, and causing huge fires, increasingalready active volcanic eruptions , triggering tsunamis , and severe http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/glossary/Alvarez.shtml

EnchantedLearning.com is a user-supported site. As a bonus, site members have access to a banner-ad-free version of the site, with print-friendly pages. Click here to learn more. (Already a member? Click here. ZoomDinosaurs.com Dinosaur and Paleontology Dictionary A B C D ... Z Click on an underlined word for more information on that subject. If the dinosaur or paleontology term you are looking for is not in the dictionary, please e-mail us THE ALVAREZ ASTEROID IMPACT THEORY There are a lot of theories about why the K-T (Cretaceous-Tertiary) extinction occurred, but a widely accepted theory (proposed in 1980 by physicist Luis Alvarez and his son Walter Alvarez , a geologist), is that an asteroid 4-9 miles (6-15 km) in diameter hit the Earth about 65 million years ago. The impact would have penetrated the Earth's crust, scattering dust and debris into the atmosphere, and causing huge fires, increasing already active volcanic eruptions , triggering tsunamis , and severe storms with high winds and causing highly acidic rain . The impact could have caused chemical changes in the Earth's atmosphere , increasing concentrations of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and fluoride compounds. The heat from the impact's blast wave would have incinerated (burned up) all the life forms in its path.

56. Tsunamis have the combination of gently sloping offshore shelf and funnelshaped bay thatforces tsunamis to awesome heights (McGeary, Plummer Physical geology (1992). http://www.geo.mtu.edu/department/classes/ge404/tsunami/

Tsunamis are commonly refered to as tidal waves, harbor waves, and seismic sea waves. They are usually caused by earthquakes beneath the ocean surface but, can also occur due to submarine landslides or volcanic eruptions. These physical distrubances propagate long low waves which relates to small amplitudes and broad wavelengths. Waves heights ranging from 1-30 meters are fairly common but extreme cases such as Ryukyu islands (south of Japan)have experienced waves of up to 85 meters. At this proportion, these waves could have a devasting impact on a large area of land. Tsumanis are unlike ordinary water waves on the ocean surface. "A large wind-generated wave may have a wavelength of 400m and be moving in deep water at a speed of 90km/hr. The wave height when it breaks on shore may be only .6 to 3m. Although in the middle of hurricanes the waves can be more than 15m high. A tsunami, however, may have a wavelength of 160km, and may be moving at 725km. In deep water the wave height may be only .6 to 2m, but near shore the tsunami may peak up to heights of 15 to 30m. This great increase in wave height near shore is caused by bottom topography; only a few localities have the combination of gently sloping offshore shelf and funnel-shaped bay that forces tsunamis to awesome heights"(McGeary, Plummer Physical Geology (1992). In depth background discussion on Tsunamis in the Pacific Hear da waves Tsunami Images from around the Globe Images of Tsunamis Tsunmai Warning System Tsunami Warning System, Warning Centers and the determinations for both

57. GLY 110: Class Notes. Univ Kentucky Geology Dept. 2001, Topic 5, Paul Howell Endangered Planet An Introduction to EnvironmentalGeology. 5) tsunamis (not tidal waves) fast, long water waves generated by http://www.uky.edu/ArtsSciences/Geology/howell/110notes-topic5.html

Class Notes: GLY 110, Spring 2001, Topic 5, Paul Howell Endangered Planet: An Introduction to Environmental Geology Chapter 5 - Volcanoes and Earthquakes (skip the readings at the beginning of the chapter on Economic Minerals. Take GLY 120 if you're interested.) Volcanoes and their brethren. Magma - underground molten rock + dissolved gas. Solidifies into intrusive igneous rock. Lava - magma that erupts above ground. Solidifies into extrusive igneous rock. Composition basaltic magma = 45-50% SiO2 Low silica - melting of dry mantle to make magma) andesitic magma = 50-65% SiO2 Intermediate silica - melting of wet mantle) rhyolitic magma = 65-75% SiO2 High silica - melting of continental crust) Rhyolitic = Low Temp, Basaltic = High Temp. *** Silica content of magma controls eruption style of volcano. *** Plate tectonics controls Silica content of magma. Viscosity (resistance to flow) depends on: #1 Silica content: High silica = high viscosity (polymerization of silica tetrahedrons) #2 Gas Content: gases dissolved in magma lowers viscosity. Gases include H2O, CO2, SO2, others. #3 Temperature: High temp = low viscosity #4 Pressure: High pressure = low viscosity Basaltic magma deep in crust has a viscosity similar to that of water => moves thru fractures.

58. Geological Traces Of Giant Tsunamis On The New South Wales South Young R., Bryant E. (1992). Catastrophic wave erosion on the southeastern coastof Australia Impact of the Lanai tsunamis ca.105 ka?, geology, 20, 199202. http://omzg.sscc.ru/tsulab/austral.html

Geological Traces of Giant Tsunamis on the New South Wales south coast of Australia Geological excursion to the New South Wales South Coast of Australia on July 11-12, 1997 Participants of the trip: E.A.Bryant, School of Geoscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia R.W.Young, 4 Roxborough Ave., Thirroul, N.S.W.., Australia V.K.Gusiakov, Computing Center, Novosibirsk, Russia TSUNAMI LINK TO LEGEND by Graeme O'Neill Large vortex structure near Bass Point Small vortex near Bass Point 6 Boulders near small vortex Small vortex wirlpool Example of some of s-forms (muschelbruch) A canyon structure at Atchenson Rock Panoramic view of another vortex structure Coastal cliffs at Mermaid Inlet Large bouldrs at the Little Beecroft Head Imbricated boulders stacked on the top of ramp Large boulder at 32 m above sea level Lsarge vortex at Flagstaff Point Anotherr view of vortex at Flagstaff Point Cavitation forms imprinted on the solid bedrock Smaller vortex wirlpool at Flagstaff Point One of depositional signatures of tsunami Scenic overview at Stanwell Park REFERENCES Bryant E., Young R., Price D. (1996). Tsunami as a major control on coastal evolution, southeastern Australia, J. of Coastal Res., 12, 4, 831-840.

59. AUTHORIZATION CHECK Sédimentation et fracturation de haute énergie en milieu récifal tsunamis, ouraganset et Hoa, à Rangiroa, Tuamotu, Pacifique SE Marine geology, 67, 263 http://www.gsajournals.org/gsaonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1130/0091-7613

60. Geology: Earthquakes The geology of Japan Earthquakes. Lecture Outline. Cause and Occurrence ofEarthquakes. Buildings topple or sink on such liquefied soil. tsunamis. http://www.seinan-gu.ac.jp/~djohnson/natural/quakes.html

The Geology of Japan: Earthquakes Lecture Outline Cause and Occurrence of Earthquakes. The same plate tectonic activity that causes volcanoes also causes earthquakes. Subduction can create stress in the rock crust that results in slippage causing earthquakes. Earthquakes and Faults. As two plates collide, stress is built up and faults (or cracks) appear in the crust. If there is little friction along the fault, creep may occur, that is, there may be gradual movement of the ground on one or both sides of the fault. This type of fault activity does not usually result in death or injury, since there are no sudden movements. If, however, friction prevents gradual movement, the stress will built up until sudden slippage occurs along the fault. This is an earthquake. If the stress occurs in deep crust layers where rock is hot, the crust may gradually fold rather than slip (no earthquake occurs). Earthquake Focus and Epicenter. The point along a fault where movement first occurs is called the earthquake's focus . The point on the earth's surface immediately above the focus is called the earthquake's epicenter . The focus of many of Japan's earthquakes is very deep (over 100 km, or 62 mi)

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