1. ELandnet: Africa about other national minorities, indigenous peoples and unrepresented movements and other resources about South africa. tigre (0) Links to resources about tigre http://www.elandnet.org/links/en/Africa/

[an error occurred while processing this directive] eLandnet : Africa Categories: Berbers Links to resources about Berbers in Algeria and Morocco. Canary Islands Links to resources about the Canary Islands. Eritrea Links to resources about Eritrea. Falasha Links to resources about the Jews in Ethiopia and Somalia. General Links to resources about conflicts, culture, emigration, religion, international institutions and treaties, youth, students, environment, literature, human rights, music, grassroot organisations, politics, languages, tourism and scientific research in and about Africa. Ogiek Links to resources about the Ogiek, hunters-gatherers living in the Mau mountains in the Tinet forest in Kenya. Ogoni Links to resources about the Ogoni in Nigeria. Oromo Links to resources about the Oromo in Ethiopia. Other Links to resources about other national minorities, indigenous peoples and unrepresented nations in Africa. Somalia Links to resources about minorities in Somalia. South Africa Links to resources about Afrikaans, the Afrikaners, the black liberation movements and other resources about South Africa. Sudan Links to resources about minorities in Sudan.

2. 100gogo Expedition Of Africa, Africa's Super Predators & Mammals Safari have either conquered indigenous peoples (such as the numerous Horn of africa. In Ethiopia also are the Semiticspeaking Amhara, tigre, and others. Most of the remaining peoples of http://www.100gogo.com/africa

Africa - The Birthplace of Modern Humans You either love it or hate it . . . Africa Map Click here to see large map Introduction Features of Africa Africa is the second-largest continent , after Asia, covering 30,330,000 sq km; about 22% of the total land area of the Earth. It measures about 8,000 km from north to south and about 7,360 km from east to west. The highest point on the continent is Mt. Kilimanjaro - Uhuru Point - (5,963 m/19,340 ft) in Tanzania. The lowest is Lake 'Asal (153 m/502 ft below sea level) in Djibouti. The Forests cover about one-fifth of the total land area of the continent. The Woodlands, bush lands, grasslands and thickets occupy about two-fifth. And the Deserts and their extended margins have the remaining two-fifths of African land. World's longest river : The River Nile drains north-eastern Africa, and, at 6,650 km (4,132 mi), is the longest river in the world. It is formed from the Blue Nile, which originates at Lake Tana in Ethiopia, and the White Nile, which originates at Lake Victoria. World's second largest lake : Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa and the is the world's second-largest freshwater lake - covering an area of 69,490 sq km (26,830 sq mi) and lies 1,130 m (3,720 ft) above sea level. Its greatest known depth is 82 m (270 ft).

3. Africa Update Archives of writing were established, such as tigre, Tittering, or Amharic, and these are but and is therefore indigenous to africa." The "migration of the Puntite peoples of Upper Egypt http://www.ccsu.edu/Afstudy/upd6-1.html

Vol. VI, Issue 1 (Winter 1998-99): African Writing Systems HOME ARCHIVES Table of contents Editorial: African Writing Systems by Dr. Gloria Emeagwali, Chief Editor Dr. Ayele Bekerie, Cornell University, African Writing Systems David S. Zerbe, Ayele Bekerie, Ethiopic, An African Writing System - a Review Dr. Ayele Bekerie, Cornell University, Rejoinder Dr. Haines Brown, History Dept., C.C.S.U., Africa and the Net Shauna Brown, CCSU Student, Hollywood's African-Americans Editorial: African Writing Systems By Gloria Emeagwali - Chief Editor Vai, Bamum, Nsibi, Mande and Ajimi are significant West African writing systems of indigenous origin. In Northeast Africa, the now extinct ancient Egyptian writing systems coexisted with the Nubian Meroitic and Ethiopic writing systems. In this issue of Africa Update, Dr. Ayele Bekerie of Cornell University reflects on the latter writing system. He argues that there are fundamental connections between the spiritual beliefs, language and writing system of precolonial ancient Egypt This issue also contains a review of Ayele Bekerie's Ethiopic: An African System (Red Sea Press, 1997). The reviewer, David Zerbe, examines some of Bekerie's basic propositions in a provocative analysis. We asked Dr. bekerie to respond to Zerbe's critique and received a lucid and scholarly clarification on issues such as the syllabic nature of Ethiopic; distortions and misceptions in Ethiopian historiography; connections between the Puntites, ancient Egyptians and ancient Ethiopians; and the interconnections between the Agau language, Ge'ez, and Ethiopian writing systems in general.

4. CIEPAC: Chiapas Al Día, No. 185 used by 2 000 indigenous peoples, and 40 archeological sites El tigre Dam In Lenca territory bordering with El Salvador an activist with the africa Water Network who works with http://www.ciepac.org/bulletins/ingles/ing287.htm

CIEPAC 24 de abril del 2002 Indigenous Resistance and Opposition to Dam Projects and the World Bank (Part Two) In this bulletin we review some more examples violent implementation of dam projects, and of resistance to the more than 45,000 dams that have been built in the world. BRAZIL: - The Tocantis and Araguaia Rivers- The Dams of Jataizinho, Cebolão, São Geronimo, Maua : The construction of four dams have been proposed for the Tibagi River.  These dams would submerge the last remaining regions of tropical rainforest along the Atlantic coast. At minimum, 20 species of birds would be endangered, along with fishing resources used by 2,000 indigenous peoples, and 40 archeological sites. The Belo Monte Dam: Located in the Xingu river, this dam will cost 800,000,000 dollars. The dam will reduce the size of the reserve by 200 to 440 square kilometers, limiting the jungle and the indigenous population. The dam will flood the reserve of the Juruna Indians and part of the city of Altamira. The Tijuco Alto, Funil, Itaoca and Batatal Dams

5. Colonizing Creation, Part One Continued Biopiracy. In the Amazon. We are grateful to the indigenous people of Amazonia for sharing with the world their marvelous ethnobotanical knowledge accrued over millennia. and the rights of indigenous peoples. International BioPark Foundation and El tigre Journeys supports CS Canada and widely used in traditional agriculture in Asia and East africa. http://www.biopark.org/biopiracy1.html

Biopiracy In the Amazon We are grateful to the indigenous people of Amazonia for sharing with the world their marvelous ethnobotanical knowledge accrued over millennia. People all over the world already realize many current medicinal and health benefits from this knowledge, and much more awaits "discovery" by the western world. We recognize that this knowledge is their exclusive intellectual property and condemn those who would appropriate it for personal profit with fair acknowledgement and just compensation. We believe that partnerships established with the informed consent and agreement of legitimate representatives of indigenous communities, may be acceptable if a. traditional indigenous use and access to these plants is not compromised in any way b. the biological survival of any plant species is not threatened by commercial harvest c. a competent professional biological assessment is done to determine range and distribution, critical ecology, reproductive/propagative requirements and fecundity of any plant proposed for commercial export d. a fair profit-sharing plan is established to provide long-term income for indigenous communities from cultivation or sustained-yield harvest of medicinal plants

6. Colonizing Creation, Part One Continued BioPark Foundation and El tigre Journeys supports Croton lechleri) cultivated by indigenous peoples in Central traditional agriculture in Asia and East africa. http://www.biopark.org/peru/biopiracy1.html

Biopiracy In the Amazon commentary by Otorongo Blanco El Tigre Journeys We are grateful to the indigenous people of Amazonia for sharing with the world their marvelous ethnobotanical knowledge accrued over millennia. People all over the world already realize many current medicinal and health benefits from this knowledge, and much more awaits "discovery" by the western world. We recognize that this knowledge is their exclusive intellectual property and condemn those who would appropriate it for personal profit with fair acknowledgement and just compensation. We believe that partnerships established with the informed consent and agreement of legitimate representatives of indigenous communities, may be acceptable if a. traditional indigenous use and access to these plants is not compromised in any way b. the biological survival of any plant species is not threatened by commercial harvest c. a competent professional biological assessment is done to determine range and distribution, critical ecology, reproductive/propagative requirements and fecundity of any plant proposed for commercial export d. a fair profit-sharing plan is established to provide long-term income for indigenous communities from cultivation or sustained-yield harvest of medicinal plants

7. Africa Access Review Of Children's Materials, Ed. Brenda Randolph areas of Eritrea and tigre in March 1991, and the in the 20th century. africa's peoples and history are secondary and use patterns among indigenous South africans prior to conquest http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Proceedings_Rev/afrik_access.html

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA - AFRICAN STUDIES CENTER Africa Access Review Of Children's Materials, ed. Brenda Randolph Introduction ISBN: 0-03-047424 Subjects: Africa/Literature/African Americans/Diaspora Review: This textbook on African American literature includes selections by some of Africa's most outstanding writers. Claude Ake, Buchi Emecheta, Ngugi wa Thiong'o, Leopold Senghor, and Amos Tutuloa are among the writers included. In addition, there are two works from the past, a poem by Pharoah Akhenaton, and an excerpt from Olaudah Equiano's famous narrative on his capture and enslavement in the 1700s. These selections and others in the text are preceded by background notes and information on the literary form being highlighted. At the conclusion of each offering, a "Responding to the Selection" section provides a review of the material covered. Additional features include a map of Africa which shows the birthplaces of the contributors, a pronunciation guide for Igbo words, and splendid photographs, many of which are in color. This outstanding collection is a must purchase for all schools. (Brenda Randolph) Subjects: Folklore/Mpongwe/West Africa Subjects: Ethiopia/ East Africa Review: This book portrays contemporary Ethiopian life in most of its vital aspects. Unfortunately, much has changed that raise question marks, for example, Lenin's statue in Addis Ababa which was toppled with the fall of the Mengistu government. However, for the curious young reader that should not be a problem; helped by a knowledgeable teacher, the rest of the pictures can fill in some gap in the knowledge of young students about Africa. (Bereket Habte Selassie)

8. African Adventures In Africa oldest independent country in africa, and the colors of her Major peoples Oromo 40%, Amhara and tigre 32%, Sidamo 9 78 in support of indigenous SOMALI rebels in the Ogaden http://www.gateway-africa.com/countries/ethiopia.html

Ethiopia Map: Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red with a yellow pentagram and single yellow rays emanating from the angles between the points on a light blue disk centered on the three bands; Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa, and the colors of her flag were so often adopted by other African countries upon independence that they became known as the pan-African colors Location: Eastern Africa, west of Somalia Geographic coordinates: 8 00 N, 38 00 E Climate: tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation Independence: oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world - at least 2,000 years Nationality: Ethiopian(s) Capital City: Addis Ababa Population: Head of State: President NEGASSO Gidada (since 22 August 1995) Area: 1,127,127 sq km Type of Government: federal republic Currency: 1 birr (Br) = 100 cents Major peoples: Oromo 40%, Amhara and Tigre 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%, Somali 6%, Afar 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1% Religion: Muslim 45%-50%, Ethiopian Orthodox 35%-40%, animist 12%, other 3%-8%

9. The Berbers: Defending North Africa's Cultural Heritage The online gateway to the black world, featuring news and commentary on african American arts, culture and politics. indigenous cultures worldwide that may be threatened with extinction. The survey included the Dinka and Fulani of West africa, the tigre of the Berber peoples, an occasion described http://www.africana.com/articles/daily/index_20010326.asp

magnum('blackworld') Home Research Center / Search Channels Blackworld Lifestyle Movies and TV Music ... Health and Beauty Services Africana Box Office Radio Africana Political Action Center Open Source ... TalkBack Browse Africana Home Research Center Channels: Blackworld Heritage Lifestyle Movies and TV Music Books People Arts Funstuff Health and Beauty Services: Africana Box Office Radio Africana Political Action Center Open Source Talk Back Welcome Guest Sign In Register Home Blackworld > The Berbers: Defending North Africa's Cultural Heritage channelBanner('blackworld') Photo: Dressed in traditional finery, a Berber man awaits his wedding. Robert van der Hilst/Corbis The Berbers: Defending North Africa's Cultural Heritage Email Letter to the Editor Hisham Aidi Sports fans in France and Africa welcomed the appointment last week of French soccer superstar Zinedine Zidane as a United Nations goodwill ambassador in the war against poverty. For many Berbers, the selection of the Marseilles-born midfielder is not only a source of pride but also a major public relations victory, for Zidane commonly described as "Arab" or "North African" by the international press is of Berber background, his parents hailing from Algeria's aggrieved Kabyle region. Zidane, a high-profile player, has consistently celebrated his origins at a time when North Africa's indigenous people are threatened with assimilation and Arabization. "It's great that Zinedine Zidane is UN ambassador," says Touria Khannous, a Moroccan doctoral candidate in African literature at Brown University. "I hope he will promote the cultural identity of the Berbers. I really believe that Morocco, and North Africa in general, needs to emphasize its Berber and African heritage."

10. AFRICA! For Girl Scouts JUMP to peoples of africa. OAU ( Organization for african Unity Oromo 40%, Amhara and tigre 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella People (World Fact Book) indigenous african tribes 95% (including http://coy.ne.client2.attbi.com/AFRICA-GS.html

AFRICA! For Girl Scouts by Sandy Coy Like this site? Visit Sandy's World of Girl Scouting and Scout Village AFRICA! For Girl Scouts Jump to Regions: North East West ... South Jump to Topics JUMP to Peoples of Africa OAU Organization for African Unity) Country Profile Links = WAGGGS Member V V Algeria (North) Angola (South) ... Zimbabwe Topics AFRICAN GUIDES/SCOUT INFORMATION NOTABLE PEOPLE OF AFRICA ACTIVE LEARNING SITES CRAFTS ... FOOD MULTI-COUNTRY RESOURCES FOR AFRICA this is empty Africa Focus: database for sights and sounds of a continent Africa for Visitors Comprehensive travel info about Africa. African Studies - Country-specific pages (Univ. of Penn.) Anthems of the World (by country) Birds of the World (by country) Charities serving Africa ... WWW Links for Africa AFRICAN GUIDES/SCOUT INFORMATION NOTABLE PEOPLE OF AFRICA WAGGGS Africa Region - List of Member Organizations WAGGGS Arab Region - List of Member Organizations World Guiding Guide Zone ideas ( Africa Region Index of Activities More Ideas for African Activities Other resources ... Dr. Christian Barnard (heart surgeon) LANGUAGE 1000 Languages of Africa (kid-friendly site) Burundi and Tanzania (Bantu people of East Africa): Swahili Egypt: Ethiopia Ethiopic language - general resources ... Decode the Message Nubia: Use the ancient Nubian alphabet to decode a message "There is no modern political entity called Nubia. The area known by this term lies today partly in Egypt and partly in the Republic of the Sudan. A large portion of the northern part of ancient Nubia currently lies submerged under the reservoir formed behind Egypt's High Dam at Aswan."-

11. List Of Ethnic Groups under Chinese rule, Central Asia; Ticuna; tigre Ethiopia; Zhuang; Zulu - of southern africa; Zuni - of the groups in Laos; Northern indigenous peoples of Russia. http://www.fact-index.com/l/li/list_of_ethnic_groups.html

Main Page See live article Alphabetical index List of ethnic groups This is a list of names of ethnic groupss . A group can have several names (e.g., names in English language and in native language, obsolete names, versions of spelling, etc.) A B C D ... Z A Abenaki Native Americans once widespread in eastern North America Abkhaz - Minority in Georgia Turkey and Russia Abkhazia Acadian French-Canadians of the Canadian Maritimes Accohannock - Native Americans of Maryland Achang Yunnan China Achomawai - Native Americans of California Acoma - Native Americans of the southwest United States and Mexico Adja Afar Ethiopia ... African-American - Descendants of African slaves brought to North America Afrikaan - Dutch -descended settlers of southern Africa Agni Ahtna - Native Alaskans, along the Copper River Aimaks - Minority group in Afghanistan Aimaq - Minority group in Afghanistan Ainu - Natives of Japan and Sakhalin Aja Ak Chin Akan Akha Alabama-Coushatta Alak Albanian - from the Balkans Aleut - natives of Alaska, and the Yukon Nunavut and Northwest Territories Algonquian Native Americans of the eastern United States and Canada Altay - of Siberian Russia Americo-Liberians - descendants of African slaves repatriated to Liberia Amhara Ethiopia Amish ... North American religious minority, of

12. Medium-Sized Projects and Protection of Laguna del tigre National Park (WB Minihydropower Project; South africa Solar Water Substances, Food Security, and indigenous peoples of the http://www.gefweb.org/operport/msp/3msps.htm

Medium-Sized Projects Regional: A Participatory Approach to Managing the Environment: An Input to the Inter-American Strategy for Participation (ISP). (MS Word 80,536) Mauritania: Rescue Plan for the Cap Blanc Colony of the Mediterranean Monk Seal. (MS Word 56,635) Lao PDR: Off-Grid Electrification Pilot Demonstration, a component of the Laos Southern Provinces Rural Electrification (SPRE) Project. (MS Word 48,241) Regional: Conservation Priority-Setting for the Upper Guinea Forest Ecosystem, West Africa. Regional: Promoting Compliance with the Trade and Licensing Provisions of the Montreal Protocol in Countries with Economies in Transition (CEITs) Global: Global Biodiversity Forum (GBF): Broadening Support for the Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity Phase II ... Tunisia: Barrier Removal to Encourage and Secure Market Transformation and Labeling of Refrigerators (MS Word 69,700) Sudan: Conservation and Management of Habitats and Species, and Sustainable Community Use of Biodiversity in Dinder National Park. (MS Word 80,179) El Salvador: Promotion of Biodiversity Conservation within Coffee Landscapes.

13. Africa certain favoured populations, most African indigenous languages would by Britain on behalf of suppressed peoples. Eritrea and tigre were quickly seized, and in http://www.ahtg.net/TpA/tpafrica.html

Africa The African continent, stretching from the Sahara desert in the north to the Cape of Good Hope in the south, is an immense and diverse region of the world. It is in Africa that homo sapiens sapiens Beginning in the late 15th century, and continuing until well into the 19th century, Africa was subjected to the slave trade. Following the European discovery and conquest of the Americas, the various European colonizers particularly Portugal, France, and England began the large-scale purchase of millions of Africans via cooperative states located along the Atlantic coast. From European outposts, slaves were shipped out in the millions and sold to the highest bidder in the Americas. At least ten million Africans, taken all along the African coast from West Africa to Angola , may have been shipped to the Americas. Despite appalling mortality rates, enough Africans survived particularly in northern Brazil , the North American mainland, and the Caribbean to eventually create an African diaspora in their new homeland. Even though the slave trade provided some advantages to those Africans who collaborated with European slavers, in the long run it depopulated many of the states of the West African interior, and left Africa exposed to foreign imperialists. Centuries of contact and exchange between Europeans and Africans had culminated by the mid-19th century in the large-scale European colonization of Africa. Although Britain's acquisition of the Cape Province could be used to define British as the first modern colonial power in Africa, France actually was the first European state to embark on the colonization of all of Africa, particularly under the

14. IMF | Chad to further deforestation and adversely affect indigenous communities middle of the Laguna del tigre National Park been disasters for local peoples and ecosystems http://www.nadir.org/nadir/initiativ/agp/free/imf/africa/chad.htm

Chad Reports WB and African Oil Pipeline (LA Times, Tuesday, May 9, 2000) Africans threatened with summary execution (Mon, 05 Jun 2000) World Bank's pipeline to disaster (Green Left Weekly, June 7 2000) WB and African Oil Pipeline Tuesday, May 9, 2000 in the Los Angeles Times Will It Be Business As Usual At The World Bank? by Delphine Djiraibe and Korinna Horta In the wake of protests surrounding the World Bank and International Monetary Fund in Washington, D.C., the international financial institutions have renewed their pledge to alleviate poverty, protect the environment and fight corruption. But now that the streets of Washington have returned to normal, is it back to business as usual at the World Bank? We may have an answer soon. Within a month, the World Bank will decide whether to finance a controversial oil and pipeline project in Chad and Cameroon. Three of the world's largest oil companiesExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell and the French company ELFformed the original consortium that planned to sink 300 oil wells in the land-locked African nation of Chad and run a pipeline through neighboring Cameroon to the Atlantic coast. Interna- tional concern about human rights abuses and environmental destruction and other problems, caused Shell and ELF to drop out. Now Chevron and the Malaysian company, Petronas, have joined ExxonMobil in the project. The companies have said they won't invest in the project without World Bank support, which can provide a measure of security against the risks of investing in such a politically volatile area. According to the U.S. State Department, state security forces in Chad and Cameroon are responsible for grave human rights abuses, including extrajudicial killings, torture and rape. Cameroon last year was rated the most corrupt country in the world for the second year in a row by the respected watchdog organization, Transparency International. In Chad, violence in the project region linked to the prospect of massive oil revenues has left hundreds of unarmed civilians dead, according to Amnesty International. The one member of the Chadian parliament who represents the oil-producing region spent eight months in a disease-ridden jail when he dared point out project-related corruption.

15. World.klup.info, The Human Database! in northeast and southwest Religions indigenous beliefs 35 Oromo 40%, Amhara and tigre 32%, Sidamo 9 Nations, Nationalities, and peoples Region) Independence http://africa.world.klup.info/

Guide of the day Margarita Espitia explains everything about Pop Music Countries of the World Sion Help us build klup.info Categories Overview Most visited website World organizations Search for a country ... Middle East - Africa Europe South America Central America North America Suggestions http:// Name Symbol explanation = new. = excellent. = paid. = friend. (en) = English. (de) = German. (es) = Spanish. (nl) = Dutch. = click for more. = close. = search. Africa There are more countries Own name English name Capital Government Currency Continent Area Population Population growth rate GDP GDP per capita Poverty rate Unemployment rate Algeria Algeria Algiers Algerian dinar (DZD) Africa 2,381,740 km^2 water: km^2 land: 2,381,740 km^2 32,277,942 (July 2002 est.) 1.68% (2002 est.) $177.000.000.000 (2001 est.) $5,600 (2001 est.) 23% (1999 est.) 34% (2001 est.) Car code : DZ Location : Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Morocco and Tunisia Climate : arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer Terrain : mostly high plateau and desert; some mountains; narrow, discontinuous coastal plain

16. Community-based Forest Management / Africa cultural knowledge, showing that africa knows how to population (belonging to the tigre, the Beni Act establishes that indigenous peoples territorial rights http://www.wrm.org.uy/subjects/CBFM/book3.html

Publications Community-based Forest Management How to receive a copy click here to download the complete publication in word format index AFRICA Benin Community-Based Forest Management in the Igbodja Forest In most of the African countries, claims concerning community-based forest and natural resource management have arisen as a reaction to the repressive nature of natural resource laws inherited from Colonial times. Forestry laws in force in the post-Colonial period compromised local community rights to forest ownership. Licences and other forms of taxes so far unknown to local communities were imposed to control the exploitation of forest products that the local inhabitants had had free access to previously, either for their domestic consumption or for marketing. To palliate this situation the authorities of ACTION Plus NGO, after obtaining economic support from the IUCN Dutch Committee to carry out a study on this forest, encouraged the inhabitants of the zone to launch activities aimed at implementing community-based forest management. The breeding of hedgehogs (Thryonomys swinderianus) has started and beekeeping has been introduced in two villages to halt the frequent plant fires in the region.

17. Africa:Forests Under Threat population (belonging to the tigre, the Beni in biodiversity and less populated countries of africa. were primary rainforests, inhabited by indigenous peoples. http://www.wrm.org.uy/countries/Africa/trouble5.html

Publications Africa: Forests under threat index By different means the World Bank is one of the major and most influential promoters of the prevailing monoculture tree plantation model. The International Finance Corporation (IFC) - a part of the World Bank Group, whose specific task is the promotion of private sector investment in "poor" countries - has been directly investing in projects linked to tree plantations, for example in Kenya and Brazil. The Liberian Agricultural Company (LAC) will receive a loan of US$ 3.5 million to develop a rubber plantation in its 120,000 hectares estate. Between 1961 and 1984 the company had planted rubber there in an area of 10,500 hectares, which was abandoned because of the civil war. According to its promoters, the project will create jobs, provide health and education, and improve rural infrastructure, benefiting 800 small holders. Increasing conflict between smallholders and oil palm estates This is not the first strike of this kind and there have been similar actions taken by outgrowers since the 1997 privatization of the previously state-owned Palmindustrie company. The assets of that company where bought by three large private enterprises:

18. EPC Lectures 2001/2 there were apparently so many Muslims living in tigre that local that in a region with some state formation among indigenous Sidama peoples but without http://www.soas.ac.uk/Africa/courseunits/cultural/epc/epclec7.htm

Lecture 7: Muslim Ethiopia (Handout: Muslim States). Introduction:- in order to take up story of Islam in Ethiopia we need to go back to lecture 3 when rise of Islam in 7 th jihad another group of early traditions refers to Bilal, an Ethiopian freed slave of Abu Bakr who became 1 st caliph (chief Muslim ruler, regarded as successor of Muhammad), according to legend Bilal 2 nd person to convert to Islam (Abu Bakr being 1 st) , but it seems Muhammadís wife, Khadidja, was actually 1 st convert, Bilal appointed 1 st muezzin (man who calls faithful to prayer at mosque) however, these early friendly relations did not last long, hostilities already seem to have begun before Mís death in 632 CE, many incidents concerning rivalry over control of Red Sea trade Overview of the Expansion of Islam into the Ethiopian Region:- th cent. CE Dahlak Islands had been annexed by Muslims (see Pankhurst map ñ handout for Lecture 5 nevertheless, at beginning of 10 th other links with Islamic world = in coastal regions through hajj with rise of Fatimid dynasty in Egypt at end of 10 th Endarta (see map) comes from Arabic inscriptions dating from end of 10 th cent. to mid-12

19. Joshua Project - Peoples By Country Profiles People Name General tigre. Language. Primary Language tigre. Language Code (ROL3) TIE, Ethnologue Listing. indigenous Fellowship of 100+ Yes. http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=110051&rog3=SU

20. Joshua Project - Peoples By Country Profiles People. People Name This Country tigre. Alternate People Names Tigrinya; Eritrean. People Name General Tigrai. indigenous Fellowship of 100+ Yes. http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=110050&rog3=ET

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