61. Images From World History: Syria Under The Ummayads And `Abbasids (7-11th C. A.D Images from World history syria under the Ummayads and `Abbasids (711thc. AD). Images from World history syria under the Ummayads http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/syria/efsyria.html

Images from World History: Syria under the Ummayads and `Abbasids (7-11th c. A.D.) The Ummayad era (661-750 A.D.) amirs were Arab military governors set up by the Ummayad dynasty as it expanded in defense of the Rightly-Guided Community (a struggle called the jihad amir, by creating opportunities for direct personal contact and for jpgt exchange. Walid may have cultivated his reputation as a lover of wine, women and song for its political benefits. jihad, which combined alienation from home (social reproduction), and struggle (personal development), was a means of personal salvation. Romanitas, but at the same time opposing the contemporary expression of that ethos by the Christian Byzantine empire, whose relation with the Ummayads was antagonistic.

62. Images From World History: Feudal Syria (7-19th C. A.D.) Images from World history. Feudal syria (719th c.AD). 1. Umayyad and `Abbasid syria (7-11th c. AD). http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/syria/

Images from World History Feudal Syria (7-19th c. A.D.) Umayyad and `Abbasid Syria (7-11th c. A.D.)

63. Syria A Country Study Comprehensive information about syria, including the economy, history,geography, culture, society, etc. history A concise history of syria. http://www.albany.edu/history/middle-east/syria.htm

Syria General Information Capital: Damascus Population: 15,725,000 Land Area: 184,180 sqkm Per Capita GNP: $970 Under 5 Mortality Rate: 30 Adult Literacy: 91(M); 73(F) Fertility Rate: 3.8 Life Expectancy: 70(M); 73(F) Urbanization Rate: 55% Unemployment Rate: 20% (2000) Major Language: Arabic Major Religion: Islam Government Type: Republic (under control by military now) * Data are from UNSD, UNICEF and CIA World Factbook Internet Resource Ministry of Information Embassy of the Republic of Syria in Washington D.C. A Country Study Comprehensive information about Syria, including the economy, history, geography, culture, society, etc. CIA World Factbook This site contains detailed information the country's population, economic situation, political system, natural resources, etc. History A concise history of Syria. News Daily English newspaper. Tourist information Ministry of Tourism. Other links Provided by U of Texas. General Resources History Culture Society Religion ... Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey U.A.E.

64. Ministry Of Tourism Syria Official site syria is full of history, archaeology, natural beauty and people whose hospitality and warmth extended to all tourists. The Site is full of travel related information such as hotels, restaurants, travel agent, and festivals. http://www.syriatourism.org

65. Misc Study: The History Of Syria Philologos Bible Prophecy Research Misc Study history of syria Submitted by researchbpr@philologos.orgDate April 11, 1999 URL http//philologos.org/bpr http://philologos.org/bpr/files/Misc_Studies/ms018.htm

Philologos Bible Prophecy Research Misc Study: History of Syria Submitted by: research-bpr@philologos.org Date: April 11, 1999 URL: http://philologos.org/bpr/files/Misc_Studies/ms018.htm Syria http://lcweb2.loc.gov./frd/cs/cshome.html Present-day Syria constitutes only a small portion of the ancient geographical Syria. Until the twentieth century, when Western powers began to carve out the rough contours of the contemporary states of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Israel, the whole of the settled region at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea was called Syria, the name given by the ancient Greeks to the land bridge that links three continents. For this reason, historians and political scientists usually use the term Greater Syria to denote the area in the prestate period. Historically, Greater Syria rarely ruled itself, primarily because of its vulnerable position between the Mediterranean Sea and the desert. As a marchland between frequently powerful empires on the north, east, and south, Syria was often a battlefield for the political destinies of dynasties and empires. Even though it was exploited politically, Greater Syria benefited immeasurably from the cultural diversity of the peoples who came to claim parts or all of it and who remained to contribute and participate in the remarkable spiritual and intellectual flowering that characterized Greater Syria's cultures in the ancient and medieval periods. Incorporating some of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, Greater Syria was in a unique position to foster intellectual activities. By 1400 BC, Damascus (Dimashq), Aleppo (Halab), Hamah (Hamath), Byblos (Gubla), Joffa (Joppa), Homs, Gaza, Tyre (Sur), and Sidon already had been established; some of these cities had flourished for many centuries. Because Greater Syria was usually ruled by foreigners, the inhabitants traditionally identified themselves with their cities, and in contemporary Syria each city continues to have a unique sociopolitical character.

66. Syria Tours, Syria Tourism, Syria Trips Duration 5 days. Price $480 and above. 11. syria, LEBANON, ANDJORDAN. 14 DAYS. LEISURE history. Season January to December. http://www.infohub.com/TRAVEL/SIT/sit_pages/Syria.html

You are here: Home Middle East Trip Listing Service Home Categories Active Adventure Affinity Family Hobby ... Sports Destination Africa Asia Australia Caribbean ... Maps Weekend Getaways Backroad CityEscape Unique Stays Castle Hotel Eco Lodge Outdoors Fishing Lodge Guest Ranch Hunting Lodge Resorts Diving Golf Naturist Spa Syria Below you'll find some of the best guided and self-guided Syria tours and Syria holiday packages available online. Many of these tours feature unique travel activities that you are not likely to find anywhere else. We try to compile the best of special interest Syria tourism available we can find on the internet. If you are interested in any of these tours, please contact the tour operator directly with any questions, for ordering free brochures or booking. The list is updated frequently so visit early and check often. Syria and Jordan 14 Days Season: January to December Destination: Jordan Syria Activity: Archeology/History Museum Tours History Tours Duration: 14 days Price: $1255 and above Season: January to December Destination: Lebanon Syria Activity: Church Tours Pilgrimage/Mythology Study Tours Duration: 10 days Price: $1850 and above Syria 15 days 14 nights with a tour to Baalback Season: January to December Destination: Syria Lebanon Activity: Archeology/History Study Tours Holiday Tours Duration: 15 days Price: $925 and above SYRIA IN A WEEK Season: January to December Destination: Syria Activity: Archeology/History Antiques Holiday Tours Duration: 7 days Price: $750 and above Syria 9 Days 8 nights Season: January to December Destination:

67. SYRIA, LEBANON, AND JORDAN. 14 DAYS. LEISURE & HISTORY: SYRIA, JORDAN AND LEBANO syria, LEBANON, AND JORDAN. 14 DAYS. LEISURE history. Tour Operator AncientWorld Travel Services . syria – Lebanon and Jordan LIESURE AND history. http://www.infohub.com/TRAVEL/SIT/sit_pages/9846.html

You are here: Home Middle East Jordan Trip Listing Service ... Home Categories Active Adventure Affinity Family Hobby ... Sports Destination Africa Asia Australia Caribbean ... Maps Weekend Getaways Backroad CityEscape Unique Stays Castle Hotel Eco Lodge Outdoors Fishing Lodge Guest Ranch Hunting Lodge Resorts Diving Golf Naturist Spa Are you interested? Want to learn more about this tour, order travel brochures, pose questions to the tour operator or book this tour? Click for details. Ancient World Travel Services Click here for info Syria – Lebanon and Jordan LIESURE AND HISTORY 14 days - 13 nights Your Itinerary Day 1: Meet and Assist at Beirut International Airport, Transfer to Hotel in Beirut for Dinner and Overnight. D Day 2: Breakfast, Excursion to Byblos and the Cedars – return to Beirut: city tour – dinner and Overnight B D Day 3: Breakfast, Departure to Damascus, en-route visit Beit Eddine – Baalbeck – Anjar – then to Damascus, dinner and overnight in Damascus. B D Day 4: Breakfast, Full Day Damascus city tour: visit the National Musuem, Handicraft market, Azem Palace, Ommayad Mosque, the Straight Street, the church of St. Ananias, the window of St. Paul And a stroll in souk Hamidieh, end the tour of a Panoramic view from mountain Kassion. Back to hotel for Dinner and overnight. B D Day 5: Breakfast, Departure to Maaloula for a visit of the convent of Mar Sarkis and the monastery Of Mar Takla – continue to Crac Des Chevaliers, dinner and overnight in Lattakia

68. Gary Leupp: Israel's Bush-Back Attack On Syria Gary Leupp Israel s Attack on syria Who s on the Wrong Side of history, Now? syriaon the wrong side? Who s on the right side of this bogus history? http://www.counterpunch.org/leupp10072003.html

home subscribe about us books ... events New Print Edition of CounterPunch Available Exclusively to Subscribers: Cockburn/St. Clair: Bush and Blair's Chickens Come Home to Roost; No Poultry for the Press?; Amanpour Admits CNN Cowed by Bush and FoxNews; WMDs, Misdirection and Iraqi Defectors on the Take; Cockburn in London: David Kelly's Mistress; The Bahai Spy; Corruption at Harrod's; A Tribute to Edward Said; John Donne's Vision of Paradise as Modern Airport; The Caledonian Road; Remember, the CounterPunch website is supported exclusively by subscribers to our newsletter. Our worldwide web audience is soaring, with more than 70,000 visitors a day. This is inspiring news, but the work involved also compels us to remind you more urgently than ever to subscribe and/or make a (tax deductible) donation if you can afford it. If you find our site useful please: Subscribe Now! Or Call Toll Free 1-800-840 3683 or write CounterPunch, PO BOX 228, Petrolia, CA 95558 CounterPunch Events: Bob Pollin in Portland / Cockburn in Berkeley Now Available from CounterPunch for Only $10.50 (S/H Included)

69. CLAO Articles And Letters history of drug trafficking in Lebanon and syria, part one. history of theDrug Traffic in Lebanon and syria. Dr. Jihad Rene Albani. February 2, 2001. http://www.clao.com/art0329.html

History of drug trafficking in Lebanon and Syria, part one. History of the Drug Traffic in Lebanon and Syria Dr. Jihad Rene Albani February 2, 2001 Introduction: All the information included in this document was verified. Today, all the Lebanese and Syrian traffickers live peacefully and all have held, or are still holding, key positions in Lebanon and Syria. The drug traffic has many benefits for Syria and its leaders, and is also a means of control over internal Lebanese politics, because most of the Lebanese military are or were implicated in this drug traffic. Jamil and his brother Youssef had been jailed for drug trafficking, the former in the United States, and the latter in Germany. But this hadn't prevented them from directing their traffic while in prison. Another friend of the Tlass family, Tala Qaisoum, lives in Kamar Ilouz, a picturesque Lebanese town. The name Qaisoum is likewise in a file of the security services. This man disposed of his merchandise via Cyprus. The network functioned, thanks to the emissaries who flew from Lebanon to the Damascus airport, or who left Lebanon by road through Syria and Turkey, and from there to Europe and the United States, and under the protection of the authorities. In 1986, an embarrassing affair exploded at the Syrian embassy in Spain. The Spanish authorities didn't know how to react, as the members of the network were none other than Ambassador Sihadi, Consul Ibrahim Hadj Ibrahim and the embassy's security officer Mohammed Salah. All three were accused of transporting drugs and of distributing them in Europe. The trio had been using the diplomatic luggage and vehicles. However, it turned out when the investigation was over, and only then, was it known that the people at the Syrian embassy had not conducted a private sale for they followed orders from their chiefs who were in Syria.

70. CLAO Articles And Letters history of drug trafficking in Lebanon and syria, part two. The FrenchGovernment s Reaction It thanked Mme Trautman without changing http://www.clao.com/art03292.html

History of drug trafficking in Lebanon and Syria, part two. The French Government's Reaction: An amusing fact: The Americans have removed the name of Syria from the lists of countries responsible for the traffic in drugs. The Drug Enforcement Agency and the CIA employ informers, many of whom are very well known drug and arms traffickers (see next paragraph). The majority of these traffickers used to receive checks from bank account #2843900 of the First American Bank in Washington DC, which is just a branch of the Bank of International Credit and Commerce (BCCI). In Tel Aviv, the drug phenomenon has become a normal occurrence. In the center of town, Allenby street is now the most popular sales point. According to some official sources, the dealers have representatives in each hotel that can welcome the young. Cannabis is sold in Tel Aviv in bars and on the street in front of a police station. A phenomenon turned into a banality. A kg of cannabis costs around 2000 shekels or 480 American dollars. For those who wish to buy the pure stuff 100 grams would cost 170 shekels. Laundering of the "Made in Lebanon" Drug: The laundering of the drug arriving from Lebanon is done especially in Switzerland. The drug is sold in Europe, chiefly in Spain; the money is then placed in a branch of the Swiss Bank in the Iberian Peninsula and then transferred to three different banks located in Switzerland, thanks to multiple transactions.

71. Www.gcol.com/khatoons/html/syria_history_and_culture.html e. syria. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World historyThe Encyclopedia of World history. 2001. e. syria. (See 1913–14).1919, July 2. The General syrian Congress in Damascus passed a http://www.gcol.com/khatoons/html/syria_history_and_culture.html

72. E. Syria. 2001. The Encyclopedia Of World History The Encyclopedia of World history. 2001. e. syria. (See 1945, Feb).1945, May. Fighting between French and syrian forces. The French http://www.bartleby.com/67/3838.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference The Encyclopedia of World History e. Syria PREVIOUS ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Encyclopedia of World History. e.

73. BikeAbout: A Brief History Of Syria syria A Brief history of syria. A brief history of syria, officially knownas Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah, or the syrian Arab Republic. http://www.bikeabout.org/resource/syr-hist.htm

A Brief History of Syria A brief history of Syria , officially known as Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah, or the Syrian Arab Republic The first concept Like a game of "Hot Potato," the country was passed from the Assyrians to the Chaldeans and then the Chaldeans to the Persians (538 BC) before Alexander the Great made it a part of his empire (in 333 and 332 BC). The Seleucids eventually came to control all of what is now know as Syria, as well as the region then known as Palestine, and much of the rest of western Asia. Finally , in 64 BC, the unstoppable tide of the Roman Empire swept over the Middle East and Syria was made a province. When the vast Roman dominions were divided into two sections (in 395 AD), Syria became and remained a Byzantine province for almost 250 years. With the spread of the Islamic Empire Damascus , in 661, became the seat of the powerful Omayyid caliphs. It was during this time, under the reign of Abdul Malek bin Marwan and his sons, that Damascus became one of the most important and glamorous cities of the Muslim world, not to mention the known world. The Omayyid Empire would eventually stretch from the Atlantic Ocean to the borders of China, surpassing even the Roman Empire in terms of area. (A interesting bit of trivia: It was during this time that the first postal system was developed.) Damascus, with its new, great mosque , was at the center of this empire. Culture, architecture, art, science and administration prospered.

74. Tour Syria - Syria: A Panorama Of History - A Tour To Syria syria A Panorama of history A tour to syria. There are few countriesthat can claim to show one a true panorama of history. This http://www.bestway.com/itineraries/t117.html

QUICK TOUR SEARCH -Countries- Afghanistan Algeria Antarctica Argentina Austria Bahrain Bhutan Bolivia Borneo Brunei Cambodia Canada Caucasus Chile China Cuba Czech Republic Egypt Ecuador Ethiopia Guatemala Hungary India Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Kazakstan Kenya Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mongolia Morocco Myanmar Nepal North Korea Oman Pakistan Peru Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Sikkim Singapore Slovakia Southern Africa Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand The UAE Tibet Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Tours By Region Home Our Tours Calendar Specials ... Polar Regions Specialty Tours Expeditions by Josephine Kovacs Natural History by Josephine Kovacs ... Heritage Tours Syria: A Panorama of History A tour to Syria There are few countries that can claim to show one a true panorama of history. This tour is an artistically designed program that will take us through the different phases of human history in this ancient land. We cover Mesopotamian to the Biblical, Christian, Islamic, Crusade and medieval to the more "modern" days - all in one small but extremely rich country. Our 9-day journey has been tailored to combine with our other journeys to similarly rich countries such as Iran, Lebanon, Jordan and Iraq.

75. H-Net Review: William Ochsenwald On James A. Reilly, A Small Town In Syria: Otto Library of Congress call number DS99.H29R45 2002 Subjects òHam¯ah (syria) history 18th century; òHam¯ah (syria) history 19th century. http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=246611048702218

76. H-Net Review: Nelly Hanna On James A. Reilly, A Small Town In Syria: Ottoman Ham the way that a small town functioned, but also can help future scholarship to understandthe bigger picture of urban syria and the urban history of the Ottoman http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=115531047793317

77. Saudi Aramco World : Indexes : Subjects ALDIN, RASHID. A history of the World, Lunde, P., JF 81 2-7. ALEPPO,syria. The Lure of Aleppo, Simarski, LT, JA 87 34-40. Restoring http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/index/Subjects.aspx

Back Issues Subjects Titles Contributors ... Z A-BAKI, IVONNE see ABDEL-BAKI, IVONNE ABBADIDS Ishbiliyah: Islamic Seville , Lunde, P., JF 93: 20-31 The Poet-King of Seville , Esber, R. M., JF 93: 12-18 ABBASIDS Among the Norse Tribes: The Remarkable Account of Ibn Fadlan , Gabriel, J., ND 99: 36-42 'ABD AL-MALIK The Imperial Capital , Hitti, P. K., SO 73: 18-23 'ABD AL-WAHHAB, MUHAMMAD IBN The First and Second Saudi States , JF 99: 7-8 ABDEL-BAKI, IVONNE The Art of Diplomacy , Luxner, L., MA 00: 14-15 ABDELNABY, ALAA Finding the Range , Morris, R., JA 90: 12-13 ABDI, FAYIK, DR. A Day In The Life Of A Saudi Arab Doctor , Apr 63: 3-7 ABDULHAMID II, OTTOMAN SULTAN Selling the Ottoman Empire , Mansel, P., JF 89: 34-39 ABDUL-SAMAD, REDA The Birdman of Rafah , Bates, B. S., MJ 71: 10-13 ABHA, SAUDI ARABIA Back to the Highlands , Eigeland, T., SO 80: 12-21 ABINADER, ELMAZ Poetry in the Blood , Simarski, L. T., JA 90: 50-54 ABOU EL-NASR, KHALIL Khalil's Arabia , El Nasr, K. A., MA 77: 10-11 ABQAIQ, SAUDI ARABIA Sweetening Up the Crude , Jan 60: 3-5 ABRAHA The Pestilence of Abraha , Stone, C., JA 80: 17

78. Ancient History Sourcebook: Herodian Of Syria (3rd Cent. CE): History Of The Emp Ancient history Sourcebook Herodian of syria (3rd Cent. CE) history of theEmperors How Didius Julianus Bought the Empire at Auction, 193 CE. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/herodianus-didius.html

Back to Ancient History Sourcebook Ancient History Sourcebook: Herodian of Syria (3rd Cent. CE): History of the Emperors: - How Didius Julianus Bought the Empire at Auction, 193 CE [Introduction (adapted from Davis)] In 193 A.D. the Praetorian Guards murdered the Emperor Pertinax, who had striven to reduce them to discipline. The sale of the purple which followed forms one of the most fearful and dramatic incidents in the history of the Empire, illustrating: (1) how completely the guardsmen had lost all sense of decency, discipline, and patriotism; (2) how the idea that all things were purchasable for money had possessed the men of the Empire. It ought to be said that the Praetorians were an especially pampered corps, and probably the rest of the army was less corrupted. Didius Julianus held his ill-gotten power only from March 28th, 193 A.D., to June 1st of the same year, being deposed and slain when Septimius Severus and the valiant Danube legions marched on Rome to avenge Pertinax. The ringleaders of the Praetorians were executed; the rest of the guardsmen dishonorably discharged and banished from Italy. Herodian of Syria (3rd Cent. CE):

79. SYRIA-NET Home Page syriaNet ((established in 1995 by Gloria Ibrahim Saliba, Owner, Editor privatelist for scholars interested in syrian Studies history, economy, environment http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/syrianet.htm

SYRIA-NET AN INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC NEWSLETTER This page was created to introduce you to SYRIA-NET, and to provide you with information on how to subscribe and post on SYRIA-NET. What is Syria-Net? Syria-Net ((established in 1995 by Gloria Ibrahim Saliba, Owner, Editor/Moderator)) is a moderated, private list for scholars interested in Syrian Studies: history, economy, environment, public health, science, development issues, society and culture. SYRIA-NET facilitates academic exchange among scholars interested in Syria as it keeps them informed about new publications, current research projects, recent and forthcoming conferences and all related activities to the field. Subscription is therefore restricted to professors, graduate students, librarians, scientists, and other scholars and professionals with academic interest in Syria. Syria-Net Newsletter is published electronically every six weeks. Note that the term Syrian Studies is being used here in its broadest sense, and it is not restricted to modern day Syria. To Subscribe, please send your request

80. Books On The History Of Syria by Vöö bus A. history of syria Including Lebanon and Palestine by PhilipK. Hitti Paperback from Gorgias Press Book Published October, 2002. http://www.dropbears.com/b/broughsbooks/history/syria.htm

more search options Syria Books on History of the Middle East Home History > Syria Related Books History Index Middle East Arabian Travels Islamic Art ... History A-Z Departments Posters History Calendars History Magazines History Software ... Documentaries Resources History Books UK Powells: History Best Sellers Posters Middle East Posters Featured Site Classical Culture Webring Ancient Damascus : A Historical Study of the Syrian City-State from Earliest Times Until Its Fall to the Assyrians in 732 B.C.E. by Wayne Thomas Pitard An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades by Usamah Ibn Munqidh, Philip K. Hitti, Richard W. Bulliet, Paperback from Columbia University Press Book Published: 15 May, 2000 Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East by Patrick Seale Paperback from University of California Press Book Published: March, 1990 The Damascus Affair : 'Ritual Murder', Politics, and the Jews in 1840 by Jonathan Frankel Book Description: In February of 1840, an Italian monk and his servant disappeared in Damascus. Many Jews in that city were charged with ritual murder and tortured until they confessed. The case turned into a cause c©l¨bre across much of the Western world and produced an explosion of polemics, fantastic theories, and strange projects. This book, the first since 1840, assesses the affair as a factor in European and Jewish politics of the time, a chapter in Jewish history and historiography, and the stuff of radically conflicting myths that eventually led to the Holocaust and the establishment of the Israeli state.

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