61. Watches Of Switzerland - History by email hightech@wos.com. © Copyright Watches of switzerland, 1999. All rightsreserved. All corporate logos are copyrighted by their respective owners. http://www.w-o-s.com/high-tech.htm

Plug-Ins for major Watch Sites Requires Increasingly watch sites require this Plug-In: Cartier Omega Frederique Constant Requires The watchnetwork.com here Explorer 4.0 or later Java Yacht Timer If you know any worthwile addition to this section, please contact us: by email: high-tech@w-o-s.com

62. Watches Of Switzerland - History This section is continuously under construction. history of Rolex. VacheronConstantin. Copyright Watches of switzerland, 2003. All rights reserved. http://www.w-o-s.com/articles.html

This section is continuously under construction. History of Rolex Vacheron Constantin Check the Watch Database Glossary of Watch Terms ... Swiss Made Regulation If you know any worthwile addition to this section, please contact us: by email: articles@w-o-s.com

63. BONMONT GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB - CHESEREX SWITZERLAND - HISTORY gestion des compétitions et handicaps www.swissgolfnetwork.ch Site du PGA http://www.bonmont.com/UK/Links.htm

OFFICIAL SITES Site de l'Association Suisse de Golf www.asg.ch www.swissgolfnetwork.ch Site du PGA European Tour www.europeantour.com Site du U.S. PGA www.pgatour.com www.meteosuisse.ch INTERESTING SITES www.golf-events.ch www.golfsolutions.ch www.relaisdugolf.co.uk Site des Great Golf Hotels www.golftravel4u.com OFFICIAL PARTNERS OF THE CLUB Site d'Audemars-Piguet www.audemarspiguet.com Site de l'agence de voyage Stohler www.stohler.com Site de la banque Sarasin, sponsor du mouvement sportif www.sarasin.ch www.fidetra.ch www.relaischateaux.fr Site suisse de la Banque Dexia www.dexia.ch

64. BONMONT GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB - CHESEREX SWITZERLAND - HISTORY in Transjuran Burgundy and the second on the present territory of switzerland. toits development, was later to succumb to the vicissitudes of history. http://www.bonmont.com/UK/History.htm

A I T he Bonmont community rapidly became prosperous and its cloister had become, by the XIIIth century the burial place of many noble personalities. Among these, the Lords of Grailly, whose descendant, Henri IV Bourbon, was to become King of France in 1589. The monastery, both the richest in the region and the one which had made the greatest contribution to its development, was later to succumb to the vicissitudes of history. In 1536, Bernese troups occupied Vaud. They destroyed the cloister, converted the church into a barn and a cheese factory and also built living quarters inside it. T his involved the demolition of the chancel, the apse, the narthex and the arch of the southern transept. The wealth of the abbey was such that Berne made it into a governorate, distinct from the bailiwick of the nearby town of Nyon. At a later date, what remained of the monastery building was converted into a " hospital ", infact a hospice for twelve paupers. At the beginning of the XVIIIth century, however, the governorate was raised to the status of bailiwick. A round 1748, the representatives of Their Excellencies of Berne built a mansion on the foundations of the former hospital. In 1798 Bonmont passed into private hands until the estate was acquired 180 years later by the founder of the club. The abbey was then opened to visitors on the occasion of numerous concerts organised by the Club de Bonmont, and finally donated to the Canton of Vaud. After restoration, it will soon be opened permanently to the general public, with access by means of a reserved path. Will all due respect for her venerable age, Our Lady of Bonmont is about to begin a new chapter in her history.

65. History Of Switzerland switzerland adopted a federal constitution in 1848, modeled in part on continuedpolitical, economic, and social improvement has characterized Swiss history. http://www.worldrover.com/history/switzerland_history.html

Search The Web! Search The Web! Search The Web! Search The Web! Free Travel Cheap Tickets Auction ... Make Money Switzerland HISTORY Originally inhabited by the Helvetians, or Helvetic Celts, the territory comprising modern Switzerland was conquered by Julius Caesar during the Gallic wars and made part of the Roman Empire. It remained a Roman province until the 4th century AD. Under Roman influence, the population reached a high level of civilization and enjoyed a flourishing commerce. Important cities, such as Geneva, Basel, and Zurich, were linked by military roads that also served as trade arteries between Rome and the northern tribes. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Switzerland was invaded by Germanic tribes from the north and west. Some tribes, such as the Alemanni in central and northeastern Switzerland, and the Burgundians, who ruled western Switzerland, settled there. In 800, the country became part of Charlemagne's empire. It later passed under the dominion of the German emperors in the form of small ecclesiastic and temporal holdings subject to imperial sovereignty. In 1291, representatives of the three forest cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden signed the Eternal Alliance. This united them in the struggle against "foreign" rule by the Hapsburgs, who then held the German imperial throne. At the battle of Morganten in 1315, the Swiss defeated the Hapsburg army and secured quasi-independence within the German Empire as the Swiss Confederation.

66. WorldRover - Country History A To Z Lucia Sudan Suriname Swaziland switzerland Syria Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Togo Trinidadand Tobago Tunisia Uganda home, guides, history, stats, culture, embassies. http://www.worldrover.com/historymain.htm

Country History Welcome! Click on a country link below to find a brief history for your selected country. Check out the other country liks for more info including, travel guides, embassy addresses, and vital statistics. Free Internet Access A to G Afghanistan Albania Andorra Antigua and Barbuda ... Guyana H to P Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary ... Portugal Q to Z Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda ... embassies

67. Travel In Interlaken, Switzerland - History - WorldTravelGate.net® Interlaken history. These conquerers gave it the Latin name Interlacus, meaning between the lakes. The Germanic tribes over-ran switzerland a little more http://www.eurotravelling.net/switzerland/interlaken_history.htm

ADVERTISING INFORMATION Interlaken - History Interlaken (570 m), though originally the stomping ground of some wayward Celts, was taken over by the Romans in 58 B.C.. These conquer o rs gave it the Latin name "Interlacus," meaning "between the lakes." The Germanic tribes over-ran Switzerland a little more than three hundred years later, and it was specifically the Alemanni who moved into the valley in 260 A.D.. Sometime during their heyday the name was mutated to "Inder-lappen." All of Switzerland came under Frankish rule during the sixth century, but the Franks had little effect on an area already well ensconsed in the Germanic language and culture. In 1133, an Augustinian monastery was founded and given the strangely familiar name of "Interlacus." The monks gained power by buying up all of the surrounding lands, during the next few centuries eventually becoming the biggest landowners in all of the Berner Oberland. The concept of feudalism was alive and thriving. Around the year 1280, Count Berchtold of Eschenbach got permission to build a town on lands rented from the monastery. His town, just over on the other side of the River Aare, became known as "Unterseen," also "between the lakes."

68. Travel In Berne, Switzerland - History - WorldTravelGate.net® Berne history. from a Swabian family of noble descent, rulers of the dukedom ofBreisgau (now the German region north of the Rhine bordering switzerland). http://www.eurotravelling.net/switzerland/berne_history.htm

ADVERTISING INFORMATION Berne - History Bern - City of the Zähringers The region of Bern was settled as early as prehistoric times, and later by Celts, Romans and Germanic tribes. In 1191 Duke Berchtold V of Zähringen founded the City of Bern. The Zähringers came from a Swabian family of noble descent, rulers of the dukedom of Breisgau (now the German region north of the Rhine bordering Switzerland). The German Emperor appointed them Chancellors of Burgundy (roughly present-day Burgundy in France as well as the territory west of the River Aare in today's French-speaking Switzerland). As chancellors they were entrusted with representing the Emperor and protecting his interests against rebellious nobles, as well as ensuring safe access to the strategically important alpine passes in the Burgundy region, which were vital to the Emperor's rule over north and south, running as they did from present-day Germany to present-day Italy. Construction of Bern on the Aare peninsula. Natural protection on three sides; walls and watch-tower on the fourth side (now the Clock Tower), city moats. Berchtold V built the city according to a clearly defined plan, starting with the lowest edge (Nydegg) and proceeding in a westerly direction. Characteristic features common to all Zähringer cities: broad street for market (no central square); advanced infrastructure with utility water source (Stadtbach), sewage (Ehgräben) and drinking water supply (Quellfassung); right-angle street grid; lots divided into tracts of equal dimensions (so-called homesteads measuring 100x60 feet); imperial citadel (Nydegg Fortress, now the site of the Nydegg Church) separated from the main city: public buildings (Cathedral and Town Hall) set aside from the main city axis (which was reserved for commercial purposes).

69. _ Book Books History Society Switzerland Guide Rough guide to switzerland Contexts Books about switzerland history and society.About. Dieter Fahrni, An Outline history of switzerland (Pro Helvetia). http://switzerland.isyours.com/e/guide/contexts/historybooks.html

Contact About Site map Search Living and investing in Switzerland Home Living in Switzerland Swiss bank accounts Celebrities in Switzerland ... Travel books History and society Litterature Food and drink Language Festivals ... www.housesearch.ch Books about Switzerland : history and society Home Tourist Guide Table of contents Swiss culture ... Books Tom Bower, Blood Money (Pan) and Nazi Gold (Harperperennial, US). Two recent exposés of the Nazi gold scandal, both sensational airport-style paperbacks full of shocked prose, but both nonetheless getting down to the nitty-gritty. Walter Dettwiler, William Tell: Portrait of a Legend (Swiss National Museum). Fascinating little study of the web of tales surrounding the Swiss national hero, and the many different ways the story has been told over the centuries to suit the concerns of each particular age. Dieter Fahrni, An Outline History of Switzerland (Pro Helvetia). Compact 130-page overview of the main events in Swiss history from Julius Caesar to the Nazi gold scandal, a little gushing on recent events and accomplishments (this is, after all, published by the official Arts Council of Switzerland) but nonetheless valuable for its clarity and simplicity of approach. Available free from Swiss embassies worldwide. Stephen P. Halbrook, Target Switzerland: Swiss Armed Neutrality in World War II (Sarpedon). Controversial work putting forward the thesis that it was the mobilization of Switzerland’s citizen army, and not high-level politicking and collaboration, that kept the Third Reich at bay during World War II. Lambasted for being naive, it nonetheless brings some interesting facts to light, although remains ultimately unconvincing.

70. History Of The Swiss Flag means without our prior written permission. Printed from http//switzerland.isyours.com/e/guide/general/swiss.flag.history.html. http://switzerland.isyours.com/e/guide/general/swiss.flag.history.html

Contact About Site map Search Living and investing in Switzerland Home Living in Switzerland Swiss bank accounts Celebrities in Switzerland ... Swiss flag History Usage on advertisement Wallpapers Distances Historical framework ... www.housesearch.ch History of the Swiss flag Home Tourist Guide Table of contents Swiss culture ... Swiss flag This text is reproduced by permission of http://www.atlasgeo.ch While Swiss independence and democracy traditionally dates from 1291, people are often surprised to learn that the national flag in its current form dates only from 1889. Modern variations of the flag can be said to go back to 1815, and the original Confederate white cross on a red field dates from the 15th century. Its inspiration perhaps goes back to the 4th century. Some have postulated that the Swiss flag owes its origin to the vexillum of the Theban Legion of the ancient Roman empire, but any such connection is pretty tenuous. In 302 Mauritius and his Christian legionnaires were executed in Valais for refusing to sacrifice to the Emperor and suppress the local Christians. Long after his death St. Maurice was granted arms of a white cross bottony on a red field (symbolising the shed blood of the legion's martyrs), and the arms of his namesake city (whose monastery was founded in 515) consist of the same cross on a field per pale azure and gules. The arms of Sts. Victor and Ursus, patron saints of Geneva and Solothurn and officers of the Theban Legion, also feature the white cross bottony. (Medieval iconography sometimes depicts St. Maurice's flag and arms as a red cross on a white field, very similar to St. George's.)

71. American Women's Club Of Bern, Switzerland -- History history of the American Women s Club of Berne. functions has always been to welcomeAmerican newcomers to Bern and introduce them to life in switzerland. http://www.awcbern.org/history.html

History of the American Women's Club of Berne Whatever the eventthe Christmas bash at the Bellevue Hotel, a lecture on women's health issues, a visit to Bern's soup kitchen, a Halloween party for kids, or just a pleasant lunch with friendsAmerican women in Bern know they can count on the American Women's Club to keep them in touch with one another. For more than 50 years, the AWC has been sponsoring activities for Americans, as well as for non-Americans with close ties to the US. In addition to its formal events, the club provides members with a monthly newsletter, a membership directory, and the opportunity to organize small hobby groups around interests like painting, hiking, reading, and bible or language study. The club began in 1949. In those days in Bern, the United States was officially represented by a legation headed by a minister. The minister's wife and several other women met periodically to sew, knit and chat, and in 1949 the circle of friends grew and became the American Women's Group. Once the group had expanded beyond 50 members, they renamed themselves the American Women's Club of Berne. Over the years since its founding in 1949, the American Women's Club of Berne has helped a great many women who were far away from home feel happier, more comfortable, more connected, more informed and more involved. The club has not only served its members, their husbands and their children in countless ways, but has also used its charitable contributions to help a number of Swiss. None of this would have been possible without the hard work and dedication of many volunteers, some of whom have contributed their time and energy year after year to make the club a success. Old and new members must remember that the club is counting on them to pitch in and help in any way they can. With a truly active membership, the American Women's Club of Berne is guaranteed another fifty years of existence-and more.

72. History Of Switzerland history of switzerland. switzerland history of Geneva - From 3000 BC to World WarI - A reputation not made overnight nor purely accidental link status good. http://www.kasbah.com/vitalstats/culture_and_history/history/switzerland_switzer

var c = "c2"; Home Travel Guide Flights Cars ... Adventure Tours USA users discount airfare and cheap hotels Switzerland history of Switzerland You are here: Switzerland Your search for history of Switzerland returned results SWITZERLAND - Basel - City Hall - History City Hall Use the BACK-Icon to return to VTour Deutscher Text texte français he city hall, being built out of red sandstone, is undoubtedly the most conspicuos building at the market place. Up to t... link status good SWITZERLAND - History of Geneva - From 3000 BC to World War I A reputation not made overnight nor purely accidental link status good SWITZERLAND - Swiss Genealogy - Swiss history Swiss Genealogy on the Internet Swiss History Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Swiss History, But Were Afraid to Ask compiled by K. Augustiny Contents: The "inevitable" chronological tabl... link status good SWITZERLAND - Swiss Genealogy - Swiss history Swiss Genealogy on the Internet Swiss History Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Swiss History, But Were Afraid to Ask compiled by K. Augustiny Contents: The "inevitable" chronological tabl... link status good SWITZERLAND - LUTRY - Brief Insight to the Communitiy - History and Hospitality Ich möchte es auf Deutch lesen - I'd like to read it in English - J' aimerais le lire en français Lutry Bienvenue Résumé du projet Informations générales La Commune les autorités l'administration s...

73. History Of Geneva Switzerland switzerland history of Geneva - From 3000 BC to World War I - A reputation notmade overnight nor purely accidental link status good. Global Travel Toolbox. http://www.kasbah.com/vitalstats/culture_and_history/history/switzerland_geneva_

var c = "c2"; Home Travel Guide Flights Cars ... Adventure Tours USA users discount airfare and cheap hotels Switzerland Geneva history of Geneva Switzerland You are here: Switzerland Geneva Your search for history of Geneva Switzerland returned results SWITZERLAND - History of Geneva - From 3000 BC to World War I A reputation not made overnight nor purely accidental link status good Global Travel Toolbox Books Currency Converter Finance and Insurance Food and Drink Fun and Trivia Language Converter Look Up / Reference luggage Maps Miscellaneous Outdoor Travelling Gear Telecoms and Communications Tickets for Events Travel Magazines Travel Tips Weather Global Travel Toolbox Geneva flights Geneva Car Rental ... Search Amazon.co.uk Travel Search Country Guides City Guides Resort Guides Argentina Aruba Australia Austria Bahamas Barbados Belgium Belize Bolivia Botswana Brazil British Virgin Islands Cambodia Canada Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Czech Republic Denmark Ecuador England Estonia Falkland Islands Fiji Finland France Germany Gibraltar Grand Cayman Greece Guatemala Holland Hungary Iceland India Indonesia

74. Country Study Switzerland Social Studies switzerland People history Culture. Home. switzerland A good overviewof switzerland, history, government, statistics and more. http://www.archaeolink.com/country_study_switzerland.htm

Switzerland People History Culture Home Afghanistan Albania Algeria ... Vietnam You may find additional information about the country of your choice in the sections for Archaeology Anthropology or Ancient Civilizations About Switzerland A good overview of Switzerland and the Swiss including an "expanded profile" link. - From Countryreports.org - http://www.countryreports.org/switzerland.htm Beautiful Pictures of Switzerland And they are too. - illustrated - From Fooks Gallery/, Fookes Software. - http://www.fookes.com/gallery/switzerland.php CIA - The World Factbook Switzerland A detailed look at Switzerland including people, culture, history and many other topics. - From US Central Intelligence Agency - http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/sz.html Colleges and Universities - Switzerland A list of Swiss schools with direct links to each. - From Christina DeMello - http://www.mit.edu:8001/people/cdemello/ch.html Country Profile: Switzerland "

75. Nations Online :: Switzerland - Swiss, Suisse, Schweiz, Svizzera Official web sites of switzerland, the capital of switzerland, art, culture,history, cities, airlines, embassies, tourist boards and newspapers. http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/switzerland.htm

advertise with us Home Continents Europe Switzerland One World - Nations Online the countries of the world One World - Nations Online Countries and Nations keywords: national pages of switzerland, swiss online resources, suisse, swiss newspapers, swiss travel, tourist information for switzerland, map of switzerland Note: Links will open in a new browser window. Switzerland ( Suisse, Schweiz, Svizzera, Svizra ) Country Code: ch Flag of Switzerland In the 13th century, the Gotthard Pass in the heart of the Alps became negotiable and rapidly developed into an economically important north-south crossing point. As a result, the valleys of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden at the north foot of the Gotthard massif suddenly became a focal point of European power politics, and this led their inhabitants to found the core of what was to become Switzerland with a pact of mutual assistance. Background: Switzerland's independence and neutrality have long been honored by the major European powers and Switzerland was not involved in either of the two World Wars. The political and economic integration of Europe over the past half century, as well as Switzerland's role in many UN and international organizations, may be rendering obsolete the country's concern for neutrality. (Source: CIA - The World Factbook) border countries: Austria France Germany Italy ... Liechtenstein Official Sites of Switzerland Swiss Government Online Cyberadministration suisse The Swiss Parliament Confoederatio Helvetica The Authorities of the Swiss Confederation

76. Anglo Irish Bank - Switzerland Our Vision. Our history. Our Location. Annual Report. Chairman s Statement. SwitzerlandHome. Anglo Irish Bank (Suisse) SA 7, Rue des Alpes CH 1201 GENEVA. http://www.angloirishbank.ie/switzerland/history.htm

Geneva: Our History Timeline Where we are Anglo Irish Bank is represented in the following locations: Switzerland Austria Ireland USA UK Isle of Man Please contact us for more information on Anglo Irish Bank (Suisse) SA. Legal Statement Sitemap Contact Us Search ... Switzerland Home Anglo Irish Bank (Suisse) SA 7, Rue des Alpes CH - 1201 GENEVA

77. WHKMLA : History Of Switzerland, ToC REFERENCE, Charles Dandliker, history of switzerland, The history ofNations Volume XIII. NY Colliers (1907) 1916, pp.327594, revised http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/italy/xswitzerland.html

Germany Italy First posted on July 7th 2002, last revised on March 29th 2004 Era of the French Revolution : Helvetic Republic, 1798-1803 Era of Napoleon Bonaparte : Switzerland 1803-1815 Early Restauration : Switzerland 1815-1830 Late Restauration : Switzerland 1830-1848 Reshaping the Constitution : Switzerland 1848-1874 Economic Progress : Switzerland 1874-1891 Belle Epoque : Switzerland 1891-1914 World War I : Switzerland 1914-1918 Golden Twenties : Switzerland 1918-1930 Great Depression : Switzerland 1930-1939 World War II : Switzerland 1939-1945 Historical Atlas, Switzerland Page Wars of Switzerland click here for the History of the Princebishopric of Basel click here for the History of the Principality of Neuchatel click here EXTERNAL FILES CIA World Factbook : Switzerland BBC Country Profile : Switzerland Virtual Library History : Switzerland Article Switzerland, from Catholic Encyclopedia ; Articles Switzerland Switzerland and Literature , from Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911 edition Swiss History, from

78. WHKMLA : History Of Switzerland, 1803-1815 Helvetian Republic, 17981803, history of Italy, switzerland 1815-1830. REFERENCE,Charles Dandliker, history of switzerland, The history of Nations Volume XIII. http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/italy/switznap.html

Helvetian Republic, 1798-1803 Switzerland 1815-1830 Russia 1789-1813 Britain : Foreign Policy Switzerland, 1803-1815 In the ACT OF MEDIATION 1803, Napoleon Bonaparte reestablished a federal constitution in Switzerland; shortly afterward the name was changed from Helvetic Republic back to Swiss Confederation. Napoleon himself used the title as Mediator of the Swiss Republic; yet the restoration of federalism in Switzerland actually had meant a drastic change in French Switzerland policy - from massive interference and determined support of centralism to leaving Switzerland much to herself for the sake of peace. France only insisted in the Franco-Swiss alliance to be continued (confirmed in 1803) and in Switzerland providing Napoleon with 4 regiments of soldiers for his many campaigns. Yet France did supervise the Swiss Press and monitor the Swiss politicians/political bodies. Territorially, the Swiss Confederation of 1803 differed from that of 1797, as Mulhouse/Muelhausen, Geneva and the Princebishopric of Basel (a part of which had been member of the Swiss Federation) had been annexed by France, as the Valtellino, Bormio and Chiavenna had been annexed by the Cisalpine, now Italian Republic, and as the Valais/Wallis had been separated from Switzerland in 1802 (it was annexed by France in 1810. On the other hand, in 1801 the hitherto Austrian Fricktal had been annexed into the Swiss Federation. The number of cantons rose from 13 to 19, as St. Gallen, Thurgau, Graubuenden (Grisons), Ticino, Aargau and the Vaud were elevated to cantons with equal rights. The capital function rotated annually among the following six cities : Fribourg/Freiburg, Bern, Soleure, Basel, Zuerich and Luzern. Privileges of the nobility as well as the status of subject territories remained abolished. While the old cantons retained old-fashioned constitutions (thus reestablishing the guilds, preserving the status of patricians), the new cantons drafted libereal constitutions. Suffrage was limited to those who qualified by paying a certain amount of taxes.

79. ASSOCIATION DES BANQUIERS PRIVÉS SUISSES - Banque Privee, Place Financière Sui Explains the difference between a private banker and private bank , and has a history of the Association. Also covers the Geneva Private Bankers Association. In English, French and German. http://www.swissprivatebankers.com/

English Deutsch RECHERCHE ACCUEIL PROFIL MEMBRES MEDIAS ... CONTACTEZ-NOUS DERNIÈRE NOUVELLE Cliquez ici. HIGHLIGHTS Rapport annuel 2003 Cliquez ici MAILING LIST Abonnez-vous mailing list FEEDBACK suggestions le rendront plus attractif et plus performant. Suite... Legal Notice Feedback Plan du site ... Designed by Netvertis

80. THE ECONOMIC HISTORY OF SWITZERLAND SAN JOSÉ STATE UNIVERSITY ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT Thayer Watkins. TheEconomy of switzerland. The Industrial Revolution in switzerland. http://www2.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/switz.htm

ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT Thayer Watkins The Economy of Switzerland The Industrial Revolution in Switzerland The mountainous terrain and the climate of Switzerland promoted handicraft industries to supplement agriculture. These handicraft industries such as clocks, special textiles, cheese and chocolates did not constitute industrialization. It was not until the spinning industry was forced to mechanize in order to compete with British textiles that the industrialization process began. Other elements of the Swiss textile industries in cotton, silk and linen also mechanized and adapted to the international competition that followed from the industrial revolution elsewhere. Switzerland could not have, for lack of coal, an iron and steel industry but she did nurture speciality metal industries. The generation of electricity from water power alleviated some of Swiss industries' problems. Transportation was difficult and railway building was extremely expensive. Using electricity to power the trains helped. Switzerland developed a niche in the financial markets of Europe that helped ease the process of industrialization.

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