81. Magnetic Materials - Superconductors superconductors. Table 4. Critical temperatures of some superconductors. Compoundor Element, T C (K), Compound or Element, T C (K). Mercury, 4, Nb 3 Sn, 18. http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/Area_of_Interest/Organic___Inorganic_Chemistry/Mater

Inorganics Materials Science Biocompatible/Biodegradable Display and Photovoltaics ... Stable Isotopes (ISOTEC) TUTORIAL Magnetic Materials Introduction Magnetic Properties of Materials Superconductors A History of Superconductivity ... References Superconductors Superconductors are materials which exhibit no electrical resistance below a certain temperature defined as the critical temperature ( T C ). Prior to 1986, the highest T C reported was 20 K for Nb Ge and Nb Sn. 2-x Ba x CuO 4-x and YBa Cu O (Aldrich product ) superconduct above the boiling point of nitrogen (77 K). Materials whose T C Other more exotic compounds such as fullerides have also exhibited superconducting properties. Fullerides of the formula A x @C (A = K, Rb, Cs) are reported to have superconducting character. Although superconductive compounds have been known for nearly a century, the relatively mundane compound magnesium boride has only recently been demonstrated to exhibit superconductivities. Magnesium boride, MgB (Aldrich product ) is not only superconductive but its critical temperature is surprisingly high for a simple ceramic material (T c = 39 K).

82. Howstuffworks "What Is Superconductivity?" The following table shows the critical temperatures of various superconductors Howdo electrons travel through superconductors with no resistance? http://www.howstuffworks.com/question610.htm

ComputerStuff AutoStuff ElectronicsStuff ScienceStuff ... PeopleStuff Top Subjects Car Engines Lock Picking Nuclear Bombs Tattoos ... Gas Turbine Engines Sponsored By: Categories Earth Science Engineering Life Science Military ... Browse the Science Library Explore Stuff Lidrock.com Big List of Articles Get the Newsletter Shop or Compare Prices ... Search HSW and the Web Search Google Main Science ShortStuff What is superconductivity? Superconductivity is a phenomenon observed in several metals and ceramic materials. When these materials are cooled to temperatures ranging from near absolute zero (-459 degrees Fahrenheit, degrees Kelvin, -273 degrees Celsius) to liquid nitrogen temperatures (-321 F, 77 K, -196 C), they have no electrical resistance. The temperature at which electrical resistance is zero is called the critical temperature T c ) and varies with the individual material. For practical purposes, critical temperatures are achieved by cooling materials with either liquid helium or liquid nitrogen. The following table shows the critical temperatures of various superconductors: Material Type T c (K) Zinc metal Aluminum metal Tin metal Mercury metal YBa Cu O ceramic TlBaCaCuO ceramic Because these materials have no electrical resistance, meaning electrons can travel through them freely, they can carry large amounts of electrical current for long periods of time without losing energy as heat. Superconducting loops of wire have been shown to carry electrical currents for several years with no measurable loss. This property has implications for

83. Springer-Verlag - Condensed Matter Vortices in Unconventional superconductors and Superfluids SeriesSpringer Series in SolidState Sciences, Vol. 132 Huebener, RP http://www.springeronline.com/sgw/cda/frontpage/0,10735,5-109-22-2167156-0,00.ht

Please enable Javascript in your browser to browse this website. Select your subdiscipline Condensed Matter Fundamentals in Materials Polymers Home Materials Condensed Matter Select a discipline Biomedical Sciences Chemistry Computer Science Engineering Environmental Sciences Geosciences Law Life Sciences Materials Mathematics Medicine Statistics preloadImage('/sgw/cda/pageitems/designobject/cda_displaydesignobject/0,10885,5-0-17-900120-0,00.gif'); preloadImage('/sgw/cda/pageitems/designobject/cda_displaydesignobject/0,10885,5-0-17-900180-0,00.gif'); preloadImage('/sgw/cda/pageitems/designobject/cda_displaydesignobject/0,10885,5-0-17-900170-0,00.gif'); preloadImage('/sgw/cda/pageitems/designobject/cda_displaydesignobject/0,10885,5-0-17-900190-0,00.gif'); preloadImage('/sgw/cda/pageitems/designobject/cda_displaydesignobject/0,10885,5-0-17-900200-0,00.gif'); preloadImage('/sgw/cda/pageitems/designobject/cda_displaydesignobject/0,10885,5-0-17-900160-0,00.gif'); All Author/Editor Title ISBN/ISSN Series preloadImage('/sgw/cda/pageitems/designobject/cda_displaydesignobject/0,10885,5-0-17-900050-0,00.gif'); preloadImage('/sgw/cda/pageitems/designobject/cda_displaydesignobject/0,10885,5-0-17-900070-0,00.gif');

84. Superconductors Page Products Services / Products by Industries / superconductors, Printer FriendlyPage. superconductors. Contact us sales.superconductors@outokumpu.com. http://www.outokumpu.com/template/Page____7084.asp

Outokumpu Copper Products by Industries Architectural Automotive Coinage Electrical ... Other Industrial Offering Superconductors MRI NMR Projects SMES ... Enquiries Page: Superconductors Superior wires and cables for challenging applications Outokumpu has been producing niobium-titanium (NbTi)-based superconducting wires and cables for more than 30 years. We are the world's leading producer of special copper and niobium-alloy wire and cable for superconducting applications. Contact us: sales.superconductors@outokumpu.com © Outokumpu 2004 Subject Guide E-mail us Site map Legal notice Top

85. Science, Technology, Materials: Superconductors Provides links to web resources on all aspects of superconductors, including researchand development, applications, producers, education and public policy. http://www.combose.com/Science/Technology/Materials/Superconductors/

Top Science Technology Materials ... Electricity Generation Related links of interest: Science:Physics:Condensed Matter A Directory of Superconductor Resources on the Web. - Provides links to web resources on all aspects of superconductors, including research and development, applications, producers, education and public policy. A Roadmap for Superconducting Electronic Devices in Europe - A 1998 paper which is"a review of the opportunities available and the concerted actions required to ensure that Europe remains internationally competitive in the future development and commercialisation of Superconducting Electronics."By Colin Gough. ARS Associates: Instruments and systems for superconductivity - ARS Associates is a manufacturer's representative in the fields of cryogenics, vacuum / eemiconductor process equipment, and superconductivity, including superconducting magnets, instrumentation, and cryostats. In Allentown, PA. Acroscape - Acroscape's research on superconducting materials focuses on the development of materials and manufacturing processes for the superconducting wires that have a high potential for improved conductor performance and low fabrication costs. American Magnetics, Inc.

86. Ten Spider Enterprises - Technology & Science, Materials Science:  Superconduct superconductors. RELATED LINKS. HIGH TEMPERATURE superconductors. CR Nave,HyperPhysics, Georgia State University. THE HISTORY OF superconductors. http://www.tenspider.net/Tech/MatSci/T4_MatSci_Superconductor.html

INVESTORS ! EWI FreeWeek begins June 9th. ... GETAWAYS Materials Science Superconductors Electric Power Grids Nanotechnology (Nanotech) Physics Job Search Superconductors RELATED LINKS Materials Science Metallurgy Nanocomposites Carbon Nanotubes Nanotechnology (Nanotech) Electric Power Grids Nanotechnology Job Search Physics Job Search COPPER-OXIDE PLANE AT SURFACE OF SUPERCONDUCTOR HAS SURPRISING PROPERTIES Jim Kloeppel , News Bureau, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS C. R. Nave , HyperPhysics, Georgia State University THE HISTORY OF SUPERCONDUCTORS Joe Eck , SUPERCONDUCTORS.org A HOT TIME FOR COLD SUPERCONDUCTORS Los Alamos National Laboratory , University of California (UC) U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) AN INTRODUCTION TO HTS Dirk Reimer , A Guide to Superconductivity AN INTRODUCTION TO THE NEW OXIDE SUPERCONDUCTORS Jerry Emanuelson , Colorado Futurescience, Inc. MAKING HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS Colorado Futurescience, Inc.

87. E2TAC Technology Thrusts - Next Generation Superconductors High temperature superconductors based on YBCO has significant commercial opportunitysince operation at temperatures above liquid nitrogen are now possible. http://www.e2tac.com/technology/superconductor.cfm

June 12, 2004 technology thrusts photovoltaics fuel cells superconductors ... infrastructure and facilities High temperature superconductors based on YBCO has significant commercial opportunity since operation at temperatures above liquid nitrogen are now possible. HTS conductor can save up to 20 % of electrical output that is currently lost in transmission due to resistance. It also has applications in motors, generators, transformers and fault current limiters. However, the critical current and current density must be increased, while cost needs to be reduced before YBCO will be a cost-effective replacement for conventional materials. E2TAC is focused on improving superconductors. Superconductor Technology Development Areas: Process Optimization of Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition Alternate layer deposition Plasma enhanced deposition Surface modification for multi layer deposition to increase Ic and improve losses Introduce nano-particles for pinning to increase Jc Physical (sputtering and ISD) for buffer and intermediate layers Modeling superconductor deposition Low ac loss coated conductor Characterization Non-destructive, XRD, FE-SEM, RBS, AFM

88. Superconductors sources, evaporation materials, single crystal substrates, and engineered ceramicsfor research and commercial applications of superconductors, solid oxide http://www.electronics-ee.com/Energy_and_environment/Energy_storage/Superconduct

Superconductors Energy storage EURUS Technologies, Inc. Provides cost effective, state-of-the-art superconducting technologies for electric power distribution. ARS Associates ... Supercomputer facility with on-site and off-site user training to academic and research institutions, government and private industry. Nb of links =

89. Correlated Fermions And High Critical Temperature Superconductors The superconductor activity (besides organic superconductors) of the laboratoryis based on the three great issues that are discussed on the international http://www.lps.u-psud.fr/Activites/ThemeA.asp

News - Presentation How to reach us Directory - Mug collection Scientific teams ... Persons working on the topic This high critical temperature superconductor, YBa Cu O 6+x is studied in the laboratory along with a number of other oxide superconductors. The CuO planes, in grey, are responsible for most of the exotic properties of these materials: an order parameter with “d-wave” symmetry, anomalous metallic behaviour, vortices, etc. Measurements and theory concern magnetic, transport and structural properties, not only of the superconducting state but also of normal and mixed states. Non magnetic impurities produce unexpected effects, in the normal metal state of a high critical temperature superconductor. When a zinc or lithium atom is substituted to copper in the CuO planes, it induces magnetic moments in its vicinity (left). The magnetism of the planes is thus affected in an alternate way, reminiscent of the RKKY effect in metals, or Friedel's oscillations (right). This effect is quite unexpected, since zinc or lithium in a metal do not yield magnetic effects. By the way, the shape of the alternate polarisation differs from that of a metal. One can detect the induced magnetic moments by using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, which is sensitive to the long-distance effect of these moments. The metallic phase of high-

90. PhysOrgForum Science, Physics And Technology Discussion Forums -> High Temperatu High temperature superconductors Post. Unregistered, What is the highestknown temperature of superconductors these days? Top. Igor http://forum.physorg.com/index.php?showtopic=160

91. Combined ESF Vortex And ESF PiShift Workshop 2004 The Joint International Workshop on Nanostructured superconductorsFrom fundamentals to applications May 1. http://www.fz-juelich.de/conference/esf-workshop

Combined ESF Vortex and ESF PiShift Workshop 15.-19. May 2004 ESF Workshop Home Scope and General Invited Participants Important Dates ... Links The Joint International Workshop on Nanostructured Superconductors: From fundamentals to applications May 15th-19th 2004 Program and list of invited participants now available Invited participants please fill out the registration form before 21.03.2004 Conference Topics: nano-structured superconductors intrinsic Josephson effect and crossing lattices vortices at high frequencies Pi-Shift and fractional vortices fluxonics and SQUIDs hybrid superconducting systems vortex matter in novel and exotic systems imaging also sponsored by: Scenet Vortex Conference Matter Impressum Conference Secretary

92. CCASWeb.org For more information, contact contact@ccasweb.org. Coalition for the CommercialApplication of superconductors. © 2003 CCAS. All Rights Reserved. http://www.ccasweb.org/

Our Vision CCAS is a coalition of companies with a shared vision of the important role superconductivity can play in our modern world. Whether involved as manufacturers, developers, in research or the use of these materials, CCAS members believe that commercialization of superconductivity will translate into significant benefits to our nation's economy and society in a wide range of fields. Superconductivity offers the promise of important benefits in the form of increased energy efficiency, reduced environmental impact, lower systems cost, higher productivity and improved scientific understanding. CCAS members are involved in applying these materials in such diverse fields as the production, delivery and use of electricity; medicine; transportation; communications; and laboratory research on the frontiers of human knowledge. About CCAS About Superconductivity Industry News Resources ... Home For more information, contact:

93. Alexa Web Search - Subjects > Science > Technology > Materials > Superconductors superconductors.org Superconductor Information for the Beginner. A nicely writtensite, with much basic information. superconductors.org Site Info. http://www.alexa.com/browse/general?catid=121301&mode=general

94. Apollon: Watching Superconductors Becoming Super Magnets Watching superconductors becoming super magnets. superconductors are materialsthat can transport electricity without resistance and loss of energy. http://www.apollon.uio.no/2003_4/english/supercond.shtml

Watching superconductors becoming super magnets Superconductors are materials that can transport electricity without resistance and loss of energy. But superconductors can also become extremely powerful magnets. Tom Henning Johansen and his collaborators are the only research group in the world to have developed an optical method for seeing how magnetic flux penetrates the superconductor and become trapped. UNIQUE APPARATUS: Professor Tom Henning Johansen with his magneto-optic microscope, with which it is possible to see the magnetic lines of force in the superconductor. This equipment has been developed at the University of Oslo and is unique in the world. Sensational properties MAGNETIC TREE: This is a picture of the magnetic field as it suddenly penetrates the material magnesium diboride, a superconductor sensationally discovered in 2001. For practical applications the formation of beautiful magnetic trees of this kind is undesirable, a discovery that was made by the researchers at the University of Oslo two years ago, and they have now succeeded in controlling the phenomenon. Specialised research Professor Johansen and his collaborators have specialised in studying the behaviour of the flux lines in the superconductor. They have themselves developed a magneto-optical microscope with which it is possible to directly see these lines as they penetrate the superconductor and become pinned inside. This experimental facility at the University of Oslo is unique in the world.

95. Superconductivity For Electric Systems: History Of Superconductivity was born. For the next several decades, superconductors remained ascientific curiosity with few practical applications. Then in http://www.eere.energy.gov/superconductivity/about_history.html

History of Superconductivity Early in the 20th century, Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes observed that mercury displayed no electrical resistance when cooled to very low temperatures. With this observation, the study of superconductivity was born. For the next several decades, superconductors remained a scientific curiosity with few practical applications. Then in the 1960s a practical superconducting metal wire made of niobium and tin was developed. That wire, later made of a niobium and titanium alloy, became the basis for the first applications of superconductors. The niobium and titanium alloy, still in use today, is among the materials called low-temperature superconductors. Low-temperature superconductors must be cooled to below 20 Kelvin (K) (-253 o Celsius [C]) in order to become superconducting. They are now widely used in magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI, machines, and in the fields of high-energy physics and nuclear fusion. Additional commercial use has been limited largely by the high refrigeration costs associated with liquid helium, which is needed to cool the materials to such low temperatures. o o C). This discovery was particularly significant because this compound could be cooled with cheap and readily available liquid nitrogen. These new materials were dubbed high-temperature superconductors.

96. Nb3Sn Superconductors Nb3Sn superconductors. OST is the world leader in Nb3Sn production,most commonly used in magnets with field 10 Tesla. We make http://www.oxinst.com/OSTPDP334.htm

drawHeader('7', 'FFC800', 'image_superconductivity_OST.jpg', 'superconductivity', ''); Product Quickfinder You need JavaScript enabled to view the navigation menu Nb3Sn Superconductors OST is the world leader in Nb3Sn production, most commonly used in magnets with field > 10 Tesla. We make these materials by the bronze process and by various internal tin routes. Nb3Sn conductors require a customer supplied heat treatment step to produce the brittle superconductor. OST has recently introduced a robust Restack Rod Process (RRP) for producing the highest current density internal tin conductors. Technical Publication Nb3Sn Development - 245 KB Manufacture of S/C Magnets (S/C Materials) Download Acrobat reader to view all the PDF's on this site drawFooter('7','OSTPDP334_print.htm');

97. Commercial Crystal Laboratories Inc Ceramics and Optics superconductors. Custom slicing and polishing serviceson a custom or production basis. We cuts. superconductors. http://search.ugenius.com/superconductors-a.html

Commercial Crystal Laboratories, Inc. Tel: 239-643-5959 " A History of Growing Scientific Crystals Since 1948 " guru@crystalguru.com On-line Catalog Awards Products ... PhotoGallery Inventory of thousands of One-Of-A-Kind Oddity Crystals Catalog SEE OUR PHOTO GALLERY: IN THE NEXT FEW DAYS THIS SITE WILL BE UPGRADED TO INCLUDE MANY NEW ADDITIONS, PRODUCTS AND INFORMATION ABOUT THE SERVICES COMMERCIAL CRYSTAL LABS OFFERS. IN PARTICULAR, LOOK FOR RARE, STRANGE AND UNUSUAL CRYSTALS AND SUBSTRATES THAT WE HAVE IN INVENTORY. PLEASE VISIT THIS SITE OFTEN FOR THESE UPDATES. If you are interested in a bit of history    . Just after world War II, Commercial Crystal Labs, then a division of National Lead Company (now N. L. Industries), began growing single crystal Rutile. One of the Company’s major products was titanium dioxide for use as white pigment for paint products and the Rutile Crystal was used to extensively investigate the chemical and physical properties of these titanium dioxide pigments. For the next decade or so, Commercial Crystal Labs experimented with the synthesis of new and novel titanium oxide containing compounds and the crystallization thereof. This ensuing research resulted in a number of

98. Science Search > Superconductors Home. Current location Technology Materials superconductors, 2.superconductors.org Superconductor Information for the Beginner. http://www.science-search.org/index/Technology/Materials/Superconductors/

Search for: Current Category Everything What's new Top Searches Statistics Science News ... Home Current location: Technology Materials > Superconductors High-Tc Update An international newsletter on the latest development on superconducting materials. A good source for recent preprints related to superconductivity. From the High-Tc Superconductivity http://www.iitap.iastate.edu/htcu/ detailed information Rating: [7.00] Votes: [2185] Superconductors.org Superconductor Information for the Beginner. A nicely written site, with much basic information. Great for students and educated laymen. http://superconductors.org/ detailed information Rating: [7.00] Votes: [1457] The Texas Center for Superconductivity at the University of Houston A multidisciplinary center for basic and applied research on superconducting materials. http://www.uh.edu/tcsuh/ detailed information Rating: [7.00] Votes: [2205] American Magnetics, Inc. AMI is an engineering and manufacturing firm specializing in superconducting magnet design and manufacturing. In Oak Ridge, Tennessee. http://www.americanmagnetics.com/

99. Materials Chemistry - Superconductors superconductors are also perfectly diamagnetic (ie they repel a magnetic field);this property was discovered in 1933 and named the Meissner effect. http://imr.chem.binghamton.edu/labs/super/superc.html

PREPARATION, STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF A HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTOR Learning Experiences - Balancing a chemical reaction - Using an Analytical balance - Solid State Synthesis - Nonstoichiometry - Crystal structures - Levitation - Handling liquid nitrogen Pre-Lab Questions 1. Calculate the weights of BaO and CuO required to react stoichiometrically (1Y:2Ba:3Cu) with 0.60g of Y O to produce YBa Cu O 2. What is a superconductor? Discuss two major physical properties usually associated with superconducting solids. Preparation, Structure and Properties of a High-Temperature Superconductor Laboratory Exercise INTRODUCTION Onnes, a Dutch physicist, discovered in 1911 that mercury loses all resistance to electrical flow when cooled to about 4 K; thus, a current once started will flow continuously. Such a phenomenon is known as superconductivity Figure 1. Electrical resistance of a superconductor. Superconductors are also perfectly diamagnetic (i.e. they repel a magnetic field); this property was discovered in 1933 and named the Meissner effect This compound is often called the 1 2 3 material from the molar ratios of Y:Ba:Cu. The heating-cooling synthesis sequence is shown graphically in figure 2.

100. APPLICATIONS OF SUPERCONDUCTORS APPLICATIONS OF superconductors. As you can see application of superconductorsis only just beginning. APPLICATIONS OF superconductors. http://www.physnet.uni-hamburg.de/home/vms/reimer/htc/pt4.html

APPLICATIONS OF SUPERCONDUCTORS Soon after Kamerlingh Onnes discovered superconductivity, scientists began dreaming up practical applications for this strange new phenomenon. Powerful new superconducting magnets could be made much smaller than a resistive magnet,because the windings could carry large currents with no energy loss. Generators wound with superconductors could generate the same amount of electricity with smaller equipment and less energy. Once the electricity was generated it could be distributed through superconducting wires. Energy could be stored in superconducting coils for long periods of time without significant loss. The recent discovery of high temperature superconductors brings us a giant step closer to the dream of early scientists. Applications currently being explored are mostly extensions of current technology used with the low temperature superconductors. Current applications of high temperature superconductors include; magnetic shielding devices, medical imaging systems, superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDS), infrared sensors, analog signal processing devices, and microwave devices. As our understanding of the properties of superconducting material increases, applications such as; power transmission, superconducting magnets in generators, energy storage devices, particle accelerators, levitated vehicle transportation, rotating machinery, and magnetic separators will become more practical. The ability of superconductors to conduct electricity with zero resistance can be exploited in the use of electrical transmission lines. Currently, a substantial fraction of electricity is lost as heat through

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