61. Superconductors Power Up superconductors Power Up They find uses in medicine and in cellphonesystems; the next step is Detroit s electric power grid. By http://www.memagazine.org/backissues/january99/features/superpower/superpower.ht

Superconductors Power Up They find uses in medicine and in cellphone systems; the next step is Detroit's electric power grid. By Gale Morrison, Associate Editor M ore than a decade has passed since the 1986 superconductivity milestone event, which introduced a new set of ceramic compounds that could conduct electricity without energy losses, at much higher temperatures than previously thought possible. c , its critical temperature for superconductivity. Already, because of the sophisticated magnets superconductors can produce, superconducting quantum interference devices (dubbed "SQUIDs") are being designed into nuclear magnetic resonance imaging equipment that has provided awe-inspiring insight into biological tissue make-up. MRI equipment has used superconducting components, like current leads, for years. Because high temperature superconductor (HTS) materials are ultrareceptive to high-frequency signals and cheap enough to cool in a remote box, superconductive communications filters are deployed in the infrastructure that carries wireless phone calls. Now, superconductors are heading, in small steps, into the power grid. Decades of work remain to be accomplished, but the science is ready for engineering development into our daily lives. One high-profile demonstration project has just begun in the United States. Energy Secretary Bill Richardson announced that the Department of Energy has contracted to install the world's first HTS power cable system in an electric utility network.

62. Organic Superconductors Their history started in 1964 when Bill Little (Stanford U.) suggested that thecritical temperature of superconductors could be increased and he applied his http://physics.clarku.edu/superconductor/superconductor.html

Introduction to Organic Metals (The lower dimensional, all purpose, solid state experimental samples) Organic conductors are materials made of relatively large organic molecules, about 20 atoms each. Their history started in 1964 when Bill Little (Stanford U.) suggested that the critical temperature of superconductors could be increased and he applied his theory to a polymer chain. Most materials composed of organic molecules are normally not metals because of hybridization which leaves their conduction and valence bands filled. This property was first overcome by combining planar organic molecules with nonorganic anions (ClO , PF etc.) which serve as acceptors or donors thus resulting in the appearance of partially filled conduction and/or valence bands. Such materials are called charge transfer salts. In 1981 Bechgard synthesized (TMTSF) ClO (see diagram below), the first organic material that was superconducting at ambient pressure. Although, it has a relatively low superconducting transition temperature (1.2 K), the interest in superconductivity and other rather unusual properties in organic materials exploded after this discovery. Because organic conductors are complicated organic salts, they have many free parameters that can be adjusted to carefully fine tune their chemical structure. Consequently their electronic sucture can also be esily adjusted and fine tuned. In addition their electronic structure is unique because they have low Fermi energies and are electronically very clean, making it easy to study the intricacies of their Fermi surfaces through the observation of quantum oscillations. The low Fermi energy makes high magnetic field experiments more interesting due to the impact of the magnetic energy on the Fermi surface structure. As an example, Ef = 7.0 eV for Pb, whereas Ef for a typical organic is approximately 0.01 eV (50 T ~ 0.003 eV). These properties make them ideal for a number of solid state physics studies such as the ones descirbed below.

63. Metallic Superconductors Products/Metallic superconductors. Metallic superconductors. for medicaland analytical technology. NMR - spectroscopy; NMR - tomography. http://www.vacuumschmelze.com/dbw/public_vac/Homepage_en/$pages/Supraleiter_star

Products /Metallic Superconductors Metallic Superconductors - for medical and analytical technology NMR - spectroscopy NMR - tomography - High-temperature superconductors (Bi- 2223) for energy technology for high-field magnets Contact Reinhard Dietrich HT-S PM Tel.: +49 6181 38-3062 Fax.: +49 6181 38-3180 - for research projects Fusion research ITER Particle accelerators HERA LHC Detectors ALEPH for LEP H1 for HERA Atlas for LHC E-mail: reinhard.dietrich@vacuumschmelze.com ^top^

64. Feature Article: Cover Story superconductors on the High Seas. But superconductors offer a way to shrink themotor, gain power density, and at least consider pods, Littlefield says. http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/WEBONLY/publicfeature/jan04/0104tran1.html

Home Superconductors on the High Seas New ship motors propel a quiet revolution By Elizabeth A. Bretz The ocean-going vessel, with its pivotal role in spreading civilizations, sustaining global trade, and settling wars, was as responsible as anything else for the world we have today. So it's not surprising that until a half century ago, humankind applied its most advanced technology to the task of pushing boats around the seas. In the 19th century, when the age of sail was already about 5000 years old, marine architects ushered in an age of engineering genius and romance as they built the great steamers, which later gave way to diesel ships and even nuclear vessels. Now, a US $78 million U.S. Navy effort is returning ship propulsion to the absolute forefront of advanced technology. In a program with far-reaching implicationsnot only for future warships but also for the cargo, cruise ship, and conceivably even the electricity-generating businessesthe U.S. Office of Naval Research (ONR) is testing a 5-MW, 23-ton superconductor ship motor and is also already well into the design of a full-scale, 36.5-MW superconductor motor.

65. The ESF "VORTEX" Programme . . Vortex Matter in superconductors at Extreme Scales and Conditions. http://www.fys.kuleuven.ac.be/vortex/

Vortex Matter in Superconductors at Extreme Scales and Conditions NEW: Joint workshop of the Vortex- and PhiShift network on Nanostructured Superconductors: From fundamentals to applications Bad Münstereifel, Germany 15.-19. May 2004 Different topics of the workshop are: nano-structured superconductors intrinsic Josephson effect and crossing lattices vortices at high frequencies Pi-Shift and fractional vortices fluxonics and SQUIDs hybrid superconducting systems vortex matter in novel and exotic systems imaging Workshop informations are accessible via the ESF web pages, or directly via http://www.fz-juelich.de/conference/esf-workshop/ Project Info: The fundamental research in this framework forms the basis of the advanced knowledge of the vortex matter in superconductors and is of importance for other scientific fields (superfluidity, hydrodynamics, liquid crystals). ESF home last update: May 5, 2003.

66. The ESF "VORTEX" Programme . . Vortex Matter in superconductors at Extreme Scales and Conditions. VortexMatter in superconductors. Crete Greece 20-28 September, 2003. http://www.fys.kuleuven.ac.be/vortex/vortex03_a.htm

Vortex Matter in Superconductors at Extreme Scales and Conditions Third European Conference on Vortex Matter in Superconductors Crete - Greece 20-28 September, 2003 New : final version of abstract book final version of programme matrix prizes for best poster competition submission of presentations BEFORE conference Emergency Phone Number: (+) 30 28 10 81 11 12 (ask for VORTEX) Conference Topics: - Nano-engineered Pinning Arrays: Regular and Disordered - Vortex Visualization - Vortex Matter at Extreme Conditions - Vortices in Mesoscopic Superconductors - Vortex Dynamics, Driven Vortex Lattices, Melting - Vortices in other physical systems (superfluids, Bose - Einstein condensates, plasmas, meteorology and cosmology) - SC-Ferro, SC-Normal heterostructures - Introductory lectures on Supercondutivity, 3He and BEC. - 40 years of Andreev reflection - Superconducting cuprates in high magnetic field ESF home last update: August 19, 2003.

67. Magnesium Diboride Superconductors Summarized Publication and Citation Data from ISI® for the Analysis ofResearch Trends Performance in Magnesium Diboride superconductors. http://www.esi-topics.com/mgb2/

All Topics Menu Help About Contact Magnesium Diboride Superconductors Methodology The baseline time span for this database is 1992 - May 2002. The resulting database contained 438 papers; 1,331 authors; 44 countries; 63 journals; and 309 institutions. Read the methodology used to create this special topic. Top Papers Top 25 papers overall 1992 - May 2002 Top Authors Top 25 overall 1992 - May 2002 Top Institutions Top 25 overall 1992 - May 2002 Top Nations Top 25 overall 1992 - May 2002 Top Journals Top 25 overall 1992 - May 2002 Time Series 1 year 5 year Field Representation, Distribution Field representation 1992 - May 2002 Read interviews and first-person essays about people in a wide variety of fields, and information on journals

68. The Maglev 2000 Of Florida Corporation superconductors history. Certain materials, when cooled below their transitiontemperatures, become superconducting that is, electrical http://www.maglev2000.com/works/how-07.html

History of transportation Superconducting maglev Learning to levitate How the M-2000 system works ... Maglev FAQ Superconductors history Certain materials, when cooled below their transition temperatures, become superconducting - that is, electrical currents travel in them with zero resistance. There is no resistive heating, and if the superconductor forms a closed circuit, the current will continue to flow forever, without any voltage drop or decrease in magnitude. In this mode, superconductor circuits can serve as powerful, lightweight permanent magnets. A detailed description of the physics of superconductivity is complex, and beyond the scope of this summary. Basically, at sufficiently low temperatures, the conducting electrons drop down to an energy level below their normal state. In this new state, the electrons can travel through the superconductor without colliding with, and losing energy to, its atomic matrix. Because they lose no energy, they can travel forever through the conductor, needing no voltage input. Superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by Kamerlingh Ohnes, the first person to liquefy helium. Since then, there has been a continued rise in superconductor transition temperatures. High transition temperatures are desirable, because the amount of electric power input to the refrigerator that keeps the superconductor at low temperature decreases as transition temperature increases. For example, at 4.2 degrees Kelvin, the normal boiling point of liquid helium, to keep the superconductor cold, approximately 500 watts of electrical power is consumed by the 4.2 K refrigerator to remove one watt of thermal heat that leaks in through the surrounding insulation. (4.2 degrees Kelvin is equivalent to minus 459 degrees Fahrenheit - a very cold place indeed.)

69. - ALSTOM Power Conversion - Magnets & Superconductors wires, cables and magnets for the superconductivity market. The companyis a world leader in the field of low TC superconductors. http://www.powerconv.alstom.com/msa.html

70. Corrosion Of Glass, Ceramics And Ceramic Superconductors Corrosion of Glass, Ceramics and Ceramic superconductors Edited by Clark, DE; Zoitos,BK © 1992 William Andrew Publishing/Noyes Title Details Ordering http://www.knovel.com/knovel2/Toc.jsp?SpaceID=10057&BookID=362

71. Are Superconductors The Future? - Chapter 6 - Are Superconductors The Future? Are superconductors the Future? by Jacob Eapen. Chapter 6 Are superconductorsthe Future? Are superconductors the future? Supercomputers http://www.eapen.com/jacob/superconductors/chapter6.html

Are Superconductors the Future by Jacob Eapen Chapter 6 Are Superconductors the Future? Are superconductors the future? Supercomputers, SQUIDS, electric power transmission, motors, and magnetically levitated trains are just some of the things superconductors can do; without wasting any energy. The Department of Energy is using much of its money for the research of high temperature superconductors. A federal study says that superconductivity could be a $15 billion dollar business by year 2000. This chapter will discuss some of the things superconductors are being used for today. Transmission Lines Transmission cables that carried electricity without any loss of energy would mean more electricity could be transferred than before. Regular transmission lines lose about 3% of the energy transferred. This would also mean saving money and not much amount of space would be needed. Motors Motors made of superconductive wire would mean they would be smaller and more efficient. These could be especially used in submarines and ships.

72. Are Superconductors The Future? - Chapter 5 - High Temperature Superconductors Are superconductors the Future? by Jacob Eapen. Chapter 5 High Temperaturesuperconductors. Since Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovered http://www.eapen.com/jacob/superconductors/chapter5.html

Are Superconductors the Future by Jacob Eapen Chapter 5 High Temperature Superconductors Since Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovered superconductivity, people have been creating superconductors with higher critical temperatures. If there were room temperature superconductors we could replace the conductors in our homes and cities with superconductors, thus saving billions of dollars. The Beginning of High Temperature Superconductors High temperature superconductivity began in 1986 when Johannes Georg Bednorz and Karl Alexander Müller in IBM Research Laboratories in Zurich, Switzerland discovered a compound of barium, lanthanum, copper, and oxygen superconductor. The oxide superconductor had a critical temperature of 35K. Müller had decided to study oxide ceramics to see if they could become superconductive. The idea that ceramics could become superconductive was rather strange considering that ceramics are usually not very good conductors of electricity. Müller was interested in a group of ceramics called pervoskites. This group of ceramics were a compound of oxygen and other metals. Many scientist believed that oxides could not be superconductors. The reason he researched oxide ceramics was because the lab he worked in had researched oxides for quite a while, and scientists at the University of Caen in France had found traces that a ceramic compound of copper, oxygen, lanthanum, and barium had electrical conduction.

73. WONDERMAGNET.COM - NdFeB Magnets, Magnet Wire, Books, Weird Science, Needful Thi Levitation, superconductors, ferrofluid, diamagnetism, Halbach arrays,how to view a magnetic field, and much more! Magnet Science FAQs. http://www.wondermagnet.com/

FF Main Products Discussion Board Magnet FAQ ... Email "IT IS WISE TO INVEST IN STRONG MAGNETS" Click REFRESH on your browser to load another cool magnet image! OUR NEWEST PAGE Diamagnetic Levitation 3 different version of the classic diamagnetic levitation experiment levitating magnets over carbon-graphite and bismuth, and levitating carbon-graphite over magnets! Great science experiment idea. OUR NEWEST PRODUCT Ferrofluid One of the coolest science experiments ever! Ferrofluid takes on the shape of a magnetic field applied to it, and lets you visualize moving magnetic fields in 3 dimensions! Other amazing properties too. FUN STUFF to do here: Magnet Science Experiments Check out a variety of very cool science experiments using magnets! Levitation, superconductors, ferrofluid, diamagnetism, Halbach arrays, how to view a magnetic field, and much more! Magnet Science FAQs What exactly IS that force you feel with a magnet, anyway? Concise explanations of magnetic fields and field lines, how magnets are made, magnet formulations and their properties, how to measure them, and more! Magnet Uses and Demo Images See the incredible variety of uses that our customers have put our magnets to, and submit your own magnet usage ideas! And check out a whole bunch of cool demonstration images showing magnets in many configurations.

74. Superconductivity Type 1 superconductors. Are perfect diamagnets below their critical temperature,that is they repel any magnetic flux that attempts to enter. http://www.egglescliffe.org.uk/physics/supercond/bob.html

SUPERCONDUCTORS TOPICS INTRODUCTION Superconductors are materials which below a critical temperature have a resistance of zero. They can carry currents that will not decay and are very useful in the development of super computers. They fall into two categories, type 1 and type 2. Which one they belong to is dependent upon the effect that a magnetic field has upon them. Type 1 SUPERCONDUCTORS Are perfect diamagnets below their critical temperature, that is they repel any magnetic flux that attempts to enter. This means that a strong enough magnet will induce a current in the conductor. This will produce an opposing magnetic field and the magnet will float above the superconductor. This is called the Meissner- Ochsenfeld effect. Above the critical temperature, or the critical field strength,then superconductivity fails, and so the conductor's opposing field collapses and the magnet drops. The Meissner-Ochenfeld Effect Type 2 SUPERCONDUCTORS The original superconductors like mercury all fall into the category of type 1 conductors. As research continued a new group emerged. These had two critical field strengths for a given temperature. Below the lower one, these materials, (mostly alloys, with the exception of niobium and vanadium) act exactly like type 1 superconductors, and above the higher field strength act like normal materials at low temperatures. But between these field strengths the superconductors have a unique properties that type 1 conductors don't. They have a resistance of zero (the definition of a superconductor), but do allow a certain amount of flux penetration (a magnetic field exists inside the conductor). This means that they are no longer a perfect diamagnet.

75. Knowledge Problem: NEW MATTER DISCOVERY January 29, 2004. NEW MATTER DISCOVERY. A new discovery may make roomtemperature superconductors possible A longsought new form http://www.knowledgeproblem.com/archives/000683.html

Knowledge Problem Commentary on Economics, Information and Human Action Main January 29, 2004 NEW MATTER DISCOVERY A new discovery may make room temperature superconductors possible A long-sought new form of matter has been created for the first time. The matter, called a fermionic condensate, consists of atoms that are ordinarily forbidden to exist in the same quantum state but have been tricked into it by linking into pairs. It occupies the middle ground between loosely linked particles that form superconductors and tightly bound ones in Bose-Einstein condensates, another exotic form of matter produced fleetingly since 1995. The creation of the new condensate is considered the crucial first step toward producing superconductors that work at room temperatures. Superconductors have a lot of promise for delivering and managing electric power with fewer losses than standard copper wire. The current (no pun intended) challenge is the liquid nitrogen sheath required to keep the superconductor wires and transformers sufficiently cold. This discovery could make that sheath unnecessary. As Deborah Jin, one of the researchers who made the discovery

76. TESTING SUPERCONDUCTORS? ABBESS INSTRUMENTS TESTING superconductors? SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT A successfulscientist knows how important it is to use the right tool for the job. http://abbess.com/physics/mpmstest.html

ABBESS INSTRUMENTS' TESTING SUPERCONDUCTORS? SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT ... A successful scientist knows how important it is to use the right tool for the job. Your instruments must perform well enough to make the measurements you need, but you can not afford to waste valuable research dollars (and the precious time it takes to raise them) buying instruments whose capabilities far exceed your requirements. It is surprising, then, that many scientists believe they need a superconducting, SQUID-based magnetometer system to characterize the magnetic behavior of high Tc superconductors. There is no doubt that the SQUID systems are an important advance for measuring very weakly magnetic materials such as biological samples. However, using a SQUID system for characterizing high Tc material is simply OVERKILL. Overkill which is expensive - so expensive you will probably have to write a shared-instrument proposal to get the fund to buy one. Overkill with a delivery time measured in years, after you raise the necessary funds. At Abbess Instruments we believe we have the right tool for this job: the Abbess Instruments Zeamer Faraday Susceptibility System.

77. Superconductors superconductors and MagnetismA Type 1 superconductor in a magnetic field will completely repelall field lines. This is called the Meissner effect, and it is http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/ueic/articles/a25_705/frame.html

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78. Properties Of Superfluids Quantized vortices are of great interest to the further study of quantum fluids,and they turn out to be theoretically similar to flux lines in superconductors http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/212_fall2003.web.dir/Rodney_Guritz Folder/properties

Superfluids Properties of Superfluids Superfluid He Superfluid Research Bose-Einstein Condensates Superconductors Physics of Superconductors Superconductors and magnetism Uses/Industry References Properties of Superfluids Superfluids all have the unique quality that all their atoms are in the same quantum state. This means they all have the same momentum, and if one moves, they all move. This allows superfluids to move without friction through the tiniest of cracks, and superfluid helium will even flow up the sides of a jar and over the top. This apparant defiance of gravity comes from a special type of surface wave present in superfluid helium, which in effect pushes this extremely thin film up the sides of the container. It was discovered in 1962 by Tisza, who named the phenomenon third sound. Another unusual result of third sound is the fountain effect, where superfluid excited by photons will form a fountain vertically upward off of its surface. Superfluids also have an amazingly high thermal conductivity. When heat is introduced to a normal system, it diffuses through the system slowly. In a superfluid, heat is transmitted so fast that thermal waves become possible. This fourth kind of wave found in superfluids is called second sound, quite improperly becuase they involve no pressure variations.

79. Superconductors Do More With Less Reprint Linking Info Email this Article PrinterFriendly Design Applicationsuperconductors Do More With Less While Carriers Struggle With Financial http://www.wsdmag.com/Articles/ArticleID/6000/6000.html

Advanced Search Help HOME TOPICS ... [Design Application] Superconductors Do More With Less While Carriers Struggle With Financial Constraints, Alternative Technologies Offer Network Enhancements. Richard R. Conlon July/August 2003 Today, more than 140,000 wireless base stations are deployed across the U.S. Collectively, they provide service to more than 147 million people. As carriers have built out their footprints, wireless users have continued to gobble up capacity. Roughly half of the U.S. population now subscribes to mobile services. Intense competition and huge bundles encourage users to make more and more use of their wireless devices. As a result, minutes of use (MOUs) have skyrocketed. FIG. 1 Now, customers expect and even demand that their mobile phones have performance that is on par with landline devices. This attitude was enough to give carriers heartburn. Then, the carriers realized that greater wireless traffic has led to an associated rise in radio-frequency (RF) interference. RF interference directly contributes to a greater percentage of dropped calls, blocked calls, and origination failures. All of these outcomes negatively affect customer satisfaction. In the past, wireless carriers would address these network strains by building base stations and bringing them online to expand their capacity. CAPEX budgets have been trimmed, however, and communities have pushed back on carriers. Site selection and approval is now more difficult and costly.

80. DISORDERLY SUPERCONDUCTORS CAUGHT IN THE ACT Berkeley Lab, DISORDERLY superconductors CAUGHT IN THE ACT. Atom by atom,researchers track down granularity in a hightemperature superconductor. http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/MSD-granular-superconductor.html

January 23, 2002 DISORDERLY SUPERCONDUCTORS CAUGHT IN THE ACT Atom by atom, researchers track down granularity in a high-temperature superconductor Paul Preuss, (510) 486-6249, paul_preuss@lbl.gov BERKELEY, CA — Researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the University of California at Berkeley have used scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to make the first-ever nanometer-scale maps of "granular" superconductivity in a high-temperature superconductor. They verified their discovery with a second innovative use of STM, employing individual nickel atoms as probes to distinguish superconducting from nonsuperconducting regions in the material, Bi-2212, an important representative of the copper oxide superconductors. "In underdoped Bi-2212 we found nanoscale grains of apparent superconductivity embedded in an electronically distinct background," says J. C. Séamus Davis of Berkeley Lab's Materials Sciences Division, a professor of physics at UC Berkeley. "Although this background state appears to be nonsuperconducting," he says, "macroscopic superconductivity may still occur through Josephson tunneling," a quantum-mechanical phenomenon. In an underdoped sample of Bi-2212, the scanning tunneling microscope reveals a "granular" distribution of low energy gap (conducting) regions against an insulating background.

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