21. FUNDAMENTALS OF SUPERCONDUCTORS FUNDAMENTALS OF superconductors. The theoretical understanding of superconductivity is extremely complicated and involved. It is far beyond the scope of this video booklet to attempt to discuss the http://www.ornl.gov/reports/m/ornlm3063r1/pt3.html

FUNDAMENTALS OF SUPERCONDUCTORS The theoretical understanding of superconductivity is extremely complicated and involved. It is far beyond the scope of this video booklet to attempt to discuss the quantum mechanics of superconductors. However, in this section fundamental terms and phenomena of superconductors will be discussed. Superconductors have the ability to conduct electricity without the loss of energy. When current flows in an ordinary conductor, for example copper wire, some energy is lost. In a light bulb or electric heater, the electrical resistance creates light and heat. In metals such as copper and aluminum, electricity is conducted as outer energy level electrons migrate as individuals from one atom to another. These atoms form a vibrating lattice within the metal conductor; the warmer the metal the more it vibrates. As the electrons begin moving through the maze, they collide with tiny impurities or imperfections in the lattice. When the electrons bump into these obstacles they fly off in all directions and lose energy in the form of heat. Figure (3) is a drawing that shows atoms arranged in a crystalline lattice and moving electrons bouncing off the atoms that are in their way.

22. Characteristic Lengths In Superconductors Characteristic Lengths in superconductors. Arising in the theoretical LondonPenetration Depth in superconductors. One of the theoretical http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/chrlen.html

Characteristic Lengths in Superconductors Arising in the theoretical and experimental investigations of superconductivity are two characteristic lengths, the London penetration depth and the coherence length The London penetration depth refers to the exponentially decaying magnetic field at the surface of a superconductor. It is related to the density of superconducting electrons in the material. The fact of exclusion of magnetic fields from the interior of the superconductor is called the Meissner effect An independent characteristic length is called the coherence length. It is related to the Fermi velocity for the material and the energy gap associated with the condensation to the superconducting state. It has to do with the fact that the superconducting electron density cannot change quickly-there is a minimum length over which a given change can be made, lest it destroy the superconducting state. For example, a transition from the superconducting state to a normal state will have a transition layer of finite thickness which is related to the coherence length. Experimental studies of various superconductors have led to the following calculated values for these two types of characteristic lengths. Material Coherence length (nm) London penetration depth (nm) Ratio Sn Al Pb Cd Nb Data attributed to R. Meservey and B. B. Schwartz.

23. Curriculum Vitae And Publications Ph.D. in Physics and Associate Professor (Universitat de Barcelona, Spain). Research areas Nanostructured Materials, Transmission Electron Microscopist and Microanalyst, Semiconductor Gas Sensor materials, Mesoporous materials, IIIV and II-IV semiconductor compounds, superconductors, Metals and Nanostructure. http://nun97.el.ub.es/~arbiol/cv_ang.html

Curriculum Vitae and Publications Contact Information Academic Information Professional Experience Skills Collaborations and Stages Scientific Projects Scientific Publications Works in Congresses Languages Others Back to Main Menu CONTACT INFORMATION: arbiol@el.ub.es Date and place of birth: 02-24-1975 Molins de Rei, Barcelona, Spain (EC). Catalan ID: 1. ACADEMIC DEGREES: 1993-1997 Degree in Physics, Universitat de Barcelona. Speciality: Applied Physics, Electronics and Optics. 2000 Certificate of Pedagogical Aptitude (CAP) by Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) (Spain). 2001 Ph.D. in Physics (July 2001) (Universitat de Barcelona, Spain) · Ph.D. Thesis title: " Metal Additive Distribution in TiO2 and SnO2 Semiconductor Gas Sensor Nanostructured Materials" Evaluated with the maximum qualification: Unanimous Excellent Cum Laude Received the Ph.D. Extraordinary Award from Universitat de Barcelona 2002 Mention as "European Doctor" (Universitat de Barcelona, Spain). 2. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Collaboration with the Dept. of Electronics of the University of Barcelona. Participation in the study of Photoluminiscence in Silicon Nanoparticles inside amorphous silicon, using UV and NIR ray sources.

24. Superconductor History superconductors, materials that have no resistance to the flow of electricity, are one of class (or "system") of ceramic superconductors with the highest transition temperatures are http://www.superconductors.org/History.htm

VISITOR ALERT: We have detected that your browser is not Java-enabled. Please enable Java and Java Script by clicking on your Browser's "PREFERENCES" area. If you don't not wish to enable Java, you will not be able to view all of the information available on this website. Java is used extensively. T h e H i s t o r y o f S u p e r c o n d u c t o r s Superconductors , materials that have no resistance to the flow of electricity, are one of the last great frontiers of scientific discovery. Not only have the limits of superconductivity not yet been reached, but the theories that explain superconductor behavior seem to be constantly under review. In 1911 superconductivity was first observed in mercury by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University (shown above). When he cooled it to the temperature of liquid helium, 4 degrees Kelvin (-452F, -269C), its resistance suddenly disappeared. The Kelvin scale represents an "absolute" scale of temperature. Thus, it was necessary for Onnes to come within 4 degrees of the coldest temperature that is theoretically attainable to witness the phenomenon of superconductivity. Later, in 1913, he won a Nobel Prize in physics for his research in this area. The next great milestone in understanding how matter behaves at extreme cold temperatures occurred in 1933. Walter Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld discovered that a superconducting material will repel a magnetic field (see above graphic). A magnet moving by a conductor induces currents in the conductor. This is the principle upon which the electric generator operates. But, in a superconductor the induced currents exactly mirror the field that would have otherwise penetrated the superconducting material - causing the magnet to be repulsed. This phenomenon is known as diamagnetism and is today often referred to as the "Meissner effect". The Meissner effect is so strong that a magnet can actually be

25. Superconductors superconductors. High superconductivity in certain metallic oxides discoveredin mid 1980 s. superconductors have many unusual electromagnetic properties http://www.physics.carleton.ca/courses/75.364/mp-2html/node1.html

Next: Properties of Type Up: No Title Previous: No Title Superconductors High superconductivity in certain metallic oxides discovered in mid 1980's. Believed to be as important as important as the transistor Superconductors have many unusual electromagnetic properties Once a current is produced in a superconducting ring at sufficiently low temperature the current persists with no measurable decay. The superconducting ring exhibits no electrical resistance to direct currents, no heating, no losses. Certain superconductors expel applied magnetic fields so the field is always zero inside the superconductor Cannot be explained classically The superconducting state is a special quantum condensation of electrons This quantum behavior has been verified through the observations as the quantization of magnetic flux produced by a superconducting ring. To understand superconductivity require to take into account the collective behavior of electrons and ions or so called many body effects Resistance comes from electrons scattered by lattice imperfections Interaction with vibrational mode of lattice vibration The lower the temp the lower the resistance but still expect some due to crystal imperfections But for some solids electrical resistance totally disappears at sufficiently low temperature the critical temperature Not all materials superconducting If the field is applied after the substance has been cooled below the magnetic flux is excluded from the superconductor Properties of Type I Superconductors Critical Temperature and Critical Magnetic Field Magnetic Properties of Type I Superconductors Critical Current in a Pb Wire ... Applications of Superconductivity Stephen Godfrey

26. Molecular Expressions: Images From The Microscope Hundreds of photomicrographs (photographs through the microscope) of everything from superconductors and hightech materials to ice cream and beer. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/index.html

Galleria License Info Image Use Custom Photos ... Home The Galleries: Photo Gallery Silicon Zoo Pharmaceuticals Chip Shots ... Movie Gallery Welcome to the Molecular Expressions website featuring our acclaimed photo galleries that explore the fascinating world of optical microscopy. We are going where no microscope has gone before by offering one of the Web's largest collections of color photographs taken through an optical microscope (commonly referred to as "photo-micro-graphs"). Visit our Photo Gallery for an introductory selection of images covering just about everything from beer and ice cream to integrated circuits and ceramic superconductors. These photographs are available for licensing to commercial, private, and non-profit institutions. Secret Worlds: The Universe Within - Soar through space starting at 10 million light years away from the Milky Way down through to a single proton in Florida in decreasing orders of magnitude (powers of ten). This tutorial explores the use of exponential notation to understand and compare the size of things in our world and the universe, and provides a glimpse of the duality between the macroworld around us and the hidden microworld within. Olympus FluoView Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy - The new Olympus FluoView TM FV1000 is the latest in point-scanning, point-detection, confocal laser scanning microscopes designed for today's intensive and demanding biological research investigations. Excellent resolution, bright and crisp optics, and high efficiency of excitation, coupled to an intuitive user interface and affordability are key characteristics of this state-of-the-art optical microscopy system.

27. Making Matter: Superconductors High Tc superconductors. Solid State Chemistry. Index © M. Hewat 1998 Help But thereare oxides that can become metallic conductors, or even superconductors. http://www.ill.fr/dif/3D-crystals/superconductors.html

High Tc Superconductors Solid State Chemistry Index Help Oxides like silica are normally insulators because the electrons are intimately associated with the individual bonds or ions. Metals can conduct because the electrons are relatively free. But there are oxides that can become metallic conductors, or even superconductors. The most interesting contain "mixed valence" atoms such as copper that can give up a variable number of electrons when bonding. According to Pauling's ideas about chemical bonds, by looking at the co-ordination of these atoms, we can usually tell something about their valence. For example, look at the co-ordination of copper in one of the new ceramic oxide superconductor . The copper (Cu) are the green atoms, the oxygen are as usual red and barium is blue. Clearly there are two kinds of copper atom - those that are co-ordinated by 4 oxygen atoms (green squares), typical of divalent Cu++, and those that have a fifth oxygen atom (green pyramids). This material has zero electrical resistance even above the temperature of liquid air - cold but easy to produce and handle. This is truly amazing, and a few years ago would have been thought impossible. If we heat this remarkable superconductor in the absence of oxygen it loses one of its oxygen atoms and becomes the insulator with a very similar structure. The oxygen is lost from one particular site; the chains of CuO4 squares. Copper in these squares is left with only two oxygen atoms, typical of monovalent Cu+. Copper is said to have been "reduced" from Cu++ to Cu+. Oxygen and superconductivity can be restored by "oxidising" the copper again from Cu+ to Cu++. This solid state chemistry is clearly responsible for the unusual electrical properties.

28. First Principles Research Ab initio quantum chemistry and computational studies of superconductors. http://www.firstprinciples.com/

First Principles Research The primary focus of First Principles Research is to provide expertise in computational chemistry and physics to a variety of industries. Our resources are devoted to a mixture of consulting, contract research, and basic research. Projects First Principles Research has been involved with since its founding in 1994 include high temperature superconductivity, kinetic models for oil hydrocracking and gasoline reforming, physical and numerical models for medical devices and airborne/space-based radar. Details on this and other work can be found at this website. For additional information, please contact us directly as indicated below. Contact Information Telephone Postal address First Principles Research, Inc. 6327-C SW Capitol Hwy., PMB 250 Portland, OR 97239 Electronic mail General Information: jkp@firstprinciples.com [ Home ] News Background Projects Publications

29. Previous Articles A look at what makes some conductors super, from About.com http://physics.about.com/library/weekly/aa111798.htm?rf=dp&COB=home

30. Jerzy J. Langer 3rd International Conference on organic conductors and superconductors, sensors, NOE materials, molecular magnets, nanostructural materials, nanotechnology and molecular electronics. Srem, Poland. http://main.amu.edu.pl/~tme01/

th International Conference Towards Molecular Electronics, TME’03 23-28 June, 2003, Srem, Poland Central European Conference on Advanced Materials and Nanotechnolgy TME'03 (Internet Explorer preferred) Registration form Abstract form Time schedule TME map

31. Australian Superconductors Australian superconductors supply Hight TemperatureSuperconducting tapes and devices. http://www.superconductors.com.au/

32. Welcome To D-Wave Systems Inc. DWave Systems (dwavesys.com) is a portal to the state of the art in the design of quantum computers, operating systems, algorithms, hardware, superconductors, and quantum physics. http://www.dwavesys.com

Recent News BC's Potential in Quantum Computing to be Addressed at International Conference Western Canada's largest institutional fund manager invests in D-Wave Systems Inc. D-Wave signs exclusive license for Quantronium D-Wave Systems Inc. sees research advanced through software licensing agreement with Caltech ... Top U.S. venture capital firm makes major investment in D-Wave Systems Inc. Welcome to D-Wave Systems Inc. D-Wave Systems Inc. is a privately held corporation based in Vancouver, Canada. Our central mission is to commercialize superconducting quantum computational systems. FREE counter and Web statistics from sitetracker.com

33. Australian Superconductors Australian superconductors is the leading Australian supplier of High TemperatureSuperconducting (HTS) tapes and devices, and is a whollyowned subsidiary of http://www.superconductors.com.au/asinfo.htm

Our HTS technology Science of Superconductivity HTS advancements over current technology Potential for Superconductivity ... Readily exportable, world-class technology Australian Superconductors is the leading Australian supplier of High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) tapes and devices, and is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Metal Manufactures Group of companies. Metal Manufactures Ltd. (MM), with an annual turnover of approx. $ 1 billion and near to 3000 employees, is one of Australia's leading electrical merchandising and manufacturing companies and has been a consolidated company since 1916. HTS tape supplied by Australian Superconductors academic, industrial and Government laboratories. This strategy has secured Australian Superconductors Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) in all areas of HTS. The critical current values, magnetic field performances, ac loss values and mechanical strength performance of Australian Superconductors' HTS tapes have been independently evaluated at several leading laboratories, world-wide and many have published scientific papers using our HTS tape.

34. Nanoelectronics At The University Of Basel Mesoscopic Physics Group. Research is directed towards static and dynamic electrictransport properties of nanostructures of various kind including normal metals, superconductors, and organic conductors (nanotubes, DNA). http://www.unibas.ch/phys-meso/

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35. Horizon Technologies Code for properties of fluids, materials, and superconductors. http://www.htess.com/softpricing

36. Superconductors - III. Superconductors III. superconductors. 3.1. Què és la superconductivitat? 3.2. Classes de superconductors.Els superconductors es poden classificar en dos grans grups. http://www.geocities.com/treball_sc/supercon.html

III. S UPERCONDUCTORS 3.1. Què és la superconductivitat? 3.1.1. Definició de superconductor Un superconductor és un element, una aleació inter-metàl·lica o un compost la propietat més important del qual és conduir el corrent elèctric sense resistència per sota d'una certa temperatura, anomenada temperatura crítica. Tots els superconductors coneguts són sòlids, cap és gas o líquid, i tots requereixen un fred extrem per passar a l'estat superconductor. Una vegada en moviment, el corrent elèctric circularà per sempre en un anell tancat de material superconductor. Els científics es refereixen a la superconductivitat com a un "fenomen quàntic macroscòpic" Tot i que es necessiten condicions força especials per poder observar la superconductivitat en un material, no és del tot estrany en els materials: gairebé una quarta part dels elements naturals són superconductors, i hi ha literalment milers de compostos i aleacions amb aquesta propietat. Malgrat tot, la superconductivitat només s'esdevé a temperatures molt per sota de les que estem acostumats L'estat superconductor és un estat més ordenat que l'estat normal del material, és a dir, té menys entropia. Tot i això, aquest major ordenament no és degut a l'estructura cristal·lina del àtoms, que no varia en passar de l'estat normal al superconductor, sinó als electrons, que si que estan més ordenats

37. MATERIALS DIAGNOSTICS PAGE Provides service to industry for ion implantation of metals, semiconductors, and superconductors http://www.albany.net/~md1/

MATERIALS DIAGNOSTICS Mail us for more information ACCELERATOR PICTURE PAGE SERVICES PAGE PROFILING PAGE IMPLANTATION PAGE TO REACH US BY PHONE : (518) 449 - 1744 TO FAX US : (518) 442 - 4486 E-MAIL US @ : MD1@albany.net DR. H BAKHRU, PRESIDENT MATERIALS DIAGNOSTICS P.O. BOX 22070 1400 WASHINGTON AVENUE ALBANY NEW YORK 12222 A LITTLE ABOUT US MATERIALS DIAGNOSTICS, the company providing service for the low energy (20 keV to 400 keV) and high energy (400 keV to 4.2 MeV) Ion Implantation of Metals, Semiconductors,and Superconductors working with four different Particle Accelerators. We accommodate small dimension to eight inch samples. We also perform nondestructive compositional analysis of thin films using RBS and PIXE techniques. Some of our other services include : Nuclear Reaction Analysis, Hydrogen profiling using N(p, alpha gamma) reaction, Carbon, Nitrogen, Sodium, Fluorine, and other elemental analysis, crystal structure using channeling, Micorbeam RBS, Microbeam PIXE; Elemental maps using microbeams, This page best viewed with

38. SNS 2004 Translate this page http://www.icmm.csic.es/sns2004/

39. Welcome To NGimat Produces coating material for computer boards and chips, satellites, cell phones, fuel cells, superconductors, flat panel displays, building and automotive windows, food and beverage plastic containers, metal foils, pipe plating, vision ware, manufacturing equipment and turbine engines, located in Chamblee, Georgia. http://www.microcoating.com/

document.write( DayName + ", " + MonthName + " " +ThisDate ); Nanopowders, Thin Films, and Devices n Gimat Co.* is an intellectual property company and a manufacturer of engineered nanomaterials in the following areas: nanopowders, thin film coatings, and devices. nGimat's CCVD and NanoSpray SM Processes along with its enable synthesis of nanoparticles and thin films. These processes are easily scalable, thereby enabling low-cost production of engineering materials with controlled composition, size, and morphology. Nanopowders Advantages of Our Technology Nanopowders Product List Cosmetics, Pigments, etc. ... Phase Shifters Nanopowders Thin Films "Building the Future Layer by Layer SM Devices Corporate Information About nGimat Technology NanoSpray SM ... Contact Us n Gimat SM has expertise in nanomaterial discovery, production, and processing in final products. The Company has over 30 U.S. patents, issued or allowed; many of these have also issued overseas, and over 100 patent applications pending covering its raw materials, processes, equipment, composition of matter, intermediate products and final products. * MicroCoating Technologies, Inc. is now doing business as

40. PhysicsWeb - Lithium Joins The Superconductors Lithium joins the superconductors 14 October 2002. Related stories. Straindoubles superconductor temperatures. Metal superconductors reach new high. http://physicsweb.org/article/news/6/10/10

Advanced site search news January February March April May June July August September October November December Show summaries quick search Search the news archive. Previous News for October 2002 Next Lithium joins the superconductors 14 October 2002 Japanese physicists have shown that lithium becomes superconducting when it is subjected to pressures in excess of 30 gigapascals. Katsuya Shimizu of Osaka University and co-workers at Osaka and the University of Tokyo have shown that lithium loses all resistance to electric current at this pressure, which is equivalent to 300 000 atmospheres (K Shimizu et al. Nature 597). Researchers in the US have also observed superconductivity in dense lithium (V V Struzhkin et al. Science published on-line). Some 29 elements are superconductors under normal pressure conditions, and lithium brings to 23 the number that superconduct at higher pressures. In high-pressure experiments the sample is compressed between two diamond surfaces in a diamond anvil cell. However, lithium is highly reactive, which makes high-pressure experiments difficult. Shimizu and co-workers have now managed to compress a ribbon of highly pure lithium in such a cell. They observe superconductivity as a drop in electrical resistance, and also find that the superconducting transition temperature rises to 20 Kelvin at 48 gigapascals. Although this is the highest observed transition temperature of any element, it is a factor of four less than theoretical predictions. The team also points out that it has failed to observe the Meissner effect - the expulsion of a magnetic field from the sample. Observation of the Meissner effect is often considered a more reliable indication of superconductivity than a dramatic reduction in resistance.

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