41. PR Newswire - A United Business Media Company her appeal Professor John Burn, of the Northern Region genetics Service, a and aimsto increase support for people with spina bifida and/or hydrocephalus. http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=58056

42. English :: Committees the Norwegian Association for spina bifida and hydrocephalus, habilitation, technical medicine,latexallergy, genetics, physiotherapy, cognitive problems http://www.ryggmargsbrokk.org/cgi-bin/ryggmargsbrokk/imaker?id=129&visdybde=1&ak

43. Lorber-references.html MH Anencephaly/genetics MH - hydrocephalus/*genetics MH - spina bifida Occulta/geneticsSO - Z Kinderchir 1984 Dec;39 Suppl 294-5 AU - Jackson PH AU http://www.indiana.edu/~pietsch/lorber-references.html

web contact: pietsch@indiana.edu go back to ShuffleBrain Main Menu The Late Emeritus Professor John Lorber Neurological Publications Photo reproduced from The University of Sheffield Newsletter go to ShuffleBrain Main Menu web contact: pietsch@indiana.edu

44. Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute - Pediatric Neurosurgery endorcinology, neuroradiology, neuropsychology, social support and genetics. and geneticfactors, such as spina bifida. Acquired hydrocephalus may be caused by http://www.cedars-sinai.edu/printer.asp?pg_id=3584

45. MJA: Kennedy, Spina Bifida malformation and associated hydrocephalus, often requiring a weeks gestation forspina bifida increased, although Specialist in Clinical genetics Royal Prince http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/aug17/kennedy/kennedy.html

Home Issues Classifieds Contact ... Search Spina bifida We can reduce the incidence of this congenital defect with folate fortification of food MJA Each year about 80 babies in Australia are born with spina bifida, a congenital malformation. Spina bifida, including meningocele and meningomyelocele, is one of the spectrum of birth defects known as neural tube defects (NTDs). These defects result from failure of the neural tube to close normally during the first five weeks of embryonic life. The severity of the defect depends on where it occurs and whether nervous tissue or only meninges are involved. At least 80% of people with spina bifida have an Arnold-Chiari malformation and associated hydrocephalus, often requiring a ventricular shunt. Other chronic problems include impaired mobility, bladder and bowel dysfunction, and scoliosis, all of which contribute to high medical and psychosocial morbidity. The incidence of NTDs varies considerably according to geography and ethnicity, ranging from 0.8 to more than 10 per 1000 live births. The incidence in Australia is currently 1.1 per 1000 live births. Recurrence risks, which are dependent on the background incidence, reflect this variation. In Australia the recurrence risk for a couple with a previous NTD-affected pregnancy is 3%-4%, and the risk for any first-degree relatives is 1%.

46. University Of Manitoba: Research Research must be pertinent to spina bifida and/or hydrocephalus and must relate generallyto at least one of the following causes, genetics, effects, treatment http://www.umanitoba.ca/research/funding/database/index_qt/grant.php?file=conten

47. Spina Bifida Neurulation disorders are associated with genetics, teratogens, and nutritional deficiencies. Manychildren with spina bifida have hydrocephalus which may http://www.dpo.uab.edu/~birmie/sb.htm

SPINA BIFIDA Definition Epidemiology Pathophysiology Etiology ... Reference Page Definition: Spina bifida (SB) a type of myelodysplasia is the most common neural tube defect. SB caused by the failure of the fetus's spine to close properly during the first month of fetal development. The Spina Bifida Association of America reports that spina bifida is the most common permanently disabling birth defect.48 Spina bifida may be categorized into 2 type (some texts include spina bifida cystica in which a CSF filled sac protrudes f rom the spinal column. Spina bifida aperta includes 2 main types: myelomeningocele and meningocele. Myelomeningocele is the severest form in which the spinal cord and the meninges protrude from an opening in the spine. Meningocele is a less severe form in which the only the meninges and nonfunctional nerves protrude in a sac wall. Spina bifida occulta, the mildest form, is typically only a vertebral defect in which the vertebral arches do not fuse. Epidemiology: Spina bifida affects 0.5 to 1 out of 1,000 infants born in the United States. The group with the lowest incidence is African blacks with 1 in 10,000. There is a sibling

48. MedlinePlus: Genetics/Birth Defects Topics genetics/Birth Defects Topics. Huntington s Disease; hydrocephalus; HypermobilitySyndrome see Ehlers Rare Diseases; Sickle Cell Anemia; spina bifida; spinal Muscular http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/geneticsbirthdefects.html

@import url(http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/images/advanced.css); Skip navigation Genetics/Birth Defects Topics Abnormalities see Birth Defects Achondroplasia see Dwarfism Adrenoleukodystrophy see Leukodystrophies Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Amniocentesis see Prenatal Testing Anencephaly see Neural Tube Defects Arnold-Chiari Malformation see Head and Brain Malformations Ataxia Telangiectasia Birth Defects Blood Coagulation Disorders see Hemophilia Brain Disorders, Inborn Genetic see Genetic Brain Disorders Brain Malformations see Head and Brain Malformations Canavan Disease see Leukodystrophies Cerebral Palsy Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Chorionic Villi Sampling see Prenatal Testing Cleft Lip and Palate Cloning Congenital Heart Disease ... Cystic Fibrosis Dandy-Walker Syndrome see Head and Brain Malformations Down Syndrome Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy see Muscular Dystrophy Dwarfism Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome FRAXA see Fragile X Syndrome Family Medical History see Genetic Counseling Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Fetal Ultrasound see Prenatal Testing Fragile X Syndrome Gaucher's Disease Genes and Gene Therapy ... Head and Brain Malformations Heart Diseases, Congenital see Congenital Heart Disease Heart Murmur see Congenital Heart Disease Hemochromatosis Hemophilia Hepatolenticular Degeneration see Wilson's Disease Human Genome Project see Genes and Gene Therapy Huntington's Disease Hydrocephalus Hypermobility Syndrome see Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Klinefelter's Syndrome Leukodystrophies Maple Syrup Urine Disease see Genetic Brain Disorders Marfan Syndrome Metabolic Disorders Mucolipidoses see

49. Prenatal Genetics - Detroit, Michigan, Henry Ford Health System or anencephaly (open brain), or hydrocephalus (water on counseling session in thePrenatal genetics Clinic may or an open neural tube defect (spina bifida). http://www.henryfordhealth.org/18038.cfm

Prenatal Genetics Who comes to the genetics clinic for prenatal evaluation? Individuals and families are often referred to the genetics clinic for consultation and evaluation for many different reasons. These reasons can include: A pregnant woman who will be age 35 or older at the time the baby is due Any couple where the mother or father already has had a previous child with a chromosomal abnormality, such as Down syndrome; or where the father or mother is known to carry a chromosome rearrangement Any couple where either parent has spina bifida or has a sibling or child with a neural tube defect (defect involving the spine), such as meningomyelocele (spina bifida or open spine), or anencephaly (open brain), or hydrocephalus (water on the brain) Any couple who knows that they both carry the gene for a rare inherited disease such as Tay Sachs disease, sickle cell anemia, or cystic fibrosis Any woman who is known to be a carrier for a sex-linked genetic disease (i.e.: hemophilia, muscular dystrophy, etc.) Any woman who has had exposures to medications or compounds (teratogen) suspected of increasing the risk for birth defects in an unborn child Any couple who has had a previous child with birth defects or mental retardation Any couple with a family history of genetic disease, birth defects or mental retardation

50. Meningomyelocele with hydrocephalus (Chiari Type II), unspecified region 741.90 spina bifida withoutmention of hydrocephalus, unspecified region Committee on genetics. http://www.5mcc.com/Assets/SUMMARY/TP0580.html

Meningomyelocele DESCRIPTION: Incomplete closure of the vertebral column during embryogenesis, resulting in exposure of meninges and spinal cord Always associated with the constellation of findings known as the Chiari II malformation which include: small posterior fossa, hindbrain herniation into the upper cervical spinal canal, dysgenesis or agenesis of the corpus callosum, neuronal migration disorders of varying degree, and hydrocephalus Chiari II abnormality associated with myelomeningocele, anencephaly, and encephalocele all belong to a group of disorders known as "neural tube defects." These serious congenital anomalies of the nervous system, which occur during the first 4 weeks of gestation, result from faulty formation of the neural tube. Post neurulation defects develop after 25 days of intrauterine life, ie, after neurulation is complete Lesions include simple meningocele, lipomyelomeningocele, diastematomyelia, myelocystocele, neurenteric cyst, intraspinal and pelvic meningoceles Characterized by intact skin over the underlying lesion System(s) affected: Nervous, Musculoskeletal, Renal/Urologic, Skin/Exocrine

51. CheatHouse.com - This Is About A Disorder Called Spina Bifida And It Is A Long R born with spina bifida also have hydrocephalus ASBAH After spinal cord While the causeof spina bifida is unknown at this time blood but feel genetics plays a http://www.cheathouse.com/eview/25875-this-is-about-a-disorder-called-spina-bi.h

Title-Spina Bifida Problem Identify and compare a human congenital disorder. Explain how it occurs, its frequency in general populations, its symptoms, and treatment, and the organizations that provide information on this disorder. Question How does Spina Bifida occur and what are its symptoms and This is about a disorder called Spina Bifida and it is a long report Note! The sentences in this essay are shuffled, making this essay unusable If you want to read the essay in it's original and proper state, click here. We use this page for our internal search engine, and it's not meant to be viewable. Biology Home Essays [LOGIN] ... 1995-2004, Loadstone

52. Spina Bifida organization surgery for spina bifida bifida hydrocephalus spina bifida occult spinabifida expectancy life spina bifida genetics spina ultrasound for http://www.zookle.com/Kids_and_Teens/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Spina_Bifida

zOO KLE link exchange top 100 Add Your Site Jokes ... bifida spina spinal Links: Kids and Teens: Health: Conditions and Diseases: Spina Bifida Home Kids and Teens Health Conditions and Diseases : Spina Bifida Searching for spina bifida? Uncover more of the web with metasearch. Mamma.com collects only the top results from the best search engines on the Internet. Web, News, Images, ... Spina Bifida Web Search Results Below Add Your Site or modify Keep Kids Healthy: Spina Bifida Information about the most common symptoms and treatment for children with spina bifida, or myelomeningocele. http://www.keepkidshealthy.com/welcome/conditions/spinabifida.html Living wtih Spina Bifida Includes personal stories, pictures, and links. http://www.livingwithsb.com Spina Bifida Information, causes, and what it is like to have Spina Bifida. http://www.kidshealth.org/kid/health_problems/bone/spina_bifida.html Spina Bifida Association of America Presents facts about this serious form of birth defect. http://www.sbaa.org/html/sbaa_facts.html Top News Stories - Wed, 28.1.04 18:00 PM

53. Bmj.com Hunt And Oakeshott 326 (7403): 1365 Collections under which this article appears Other Neurology genetics DisabilityOther Funding Association for spina bifida and hydrocephalus (ASBAH). http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/326/7403/1365

Home Help Search/Archive Feedback ... Table of Contents BMJ 2003;326:1365-1366 (21 June), doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7403.1365 PDF of this article Email this article to a friend Respond to this article Read responses to this article See related This week in BMJ item PubMed citation Related articles in PubMed Download to Citation Manager This article has been cited by other articles Search Medline for articles by: Hunt, G. M Oakeshott, P. Alert me when: New articles cite this article Collections under which this article appears: Other Neurology Genetics Disability Other Pediatrics Paper Outcome in people with open spina bifida at age 35: prospective community based cohort study Gillian M Hunt retired research clinician Pippa Oakeshott senior lecturer in general practice Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, Department of Community Health, St George's Hospital Medical School, London SW17 0RE Correspondence to: G M Hunt 65 Grantchester Street, Cambridge CB3 9HZ Introduction Top Introduction Participants, methods, and... Comment References The introduction of the cerebrospinal fluid shunt led to a fourfold increase in survival of babies with open spina bifida in the United Kingdom.

54. Tokyo Medical University Genetics Link Pages Department of Paediatircs genetics Study Group (spina bifida/Syrinx/hydrocephalus Homepage at MGH http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/links/nmd.htm

Tokyo Medical University Department of Paediatircs Genetics Study Group Hironao NUMABE, M.D. E-mail: hnumabe@tokyo-med.ac.jp Sorry! Only in Japanese. _ŒoE‹ØE¸_Ž¾Š³ _Œo‹Ø“ï•a‚̏î•ñƒT[ƒrƒX(_Œo“ï•aî•ñƒT[ƒrƒX): ‹ØƒWƒXƒgƒƒtƒB[ _Œo‹Ø“ï•a‚̏î•ñƒT[ƒrƒX(_Œo“ï•aî•ñƒT[ƒrƒX): ƒWƒ‹ƒhƒDƒ‰ƒgƒD[ƒŒƒbƒgÇŒóŒQ ƒgƒD[ƒŒƒbƒgÇŒóŒQ‹¦‰ï(National Tourette Syndrome Association, Inc.): ƒWƒ‹ƒhƒDƒ‰ƒgƒD[ƒŒƒbƒgÇŒóŒQ(Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: –«‰^“®«ƒ`ƒbƒN)‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚éê–åî•ñ‚àŠÜ‚ß‚½–L•x‚ȏî•ñ‚ª‰æ‘œ‚àŒð‚¦‚ďڍׂɎûÚ‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éD –э׌ŒŠÇŠg’£«Ž¸’²Ç –э׌ŒŠÇŠg’£«Ž¸’²Ç¬Ž™Œv‰æ(ATAXIA-TELANGIECTASIA (A-T) CHILDREN'S PROJECT HOME PAGE): –э׌ŒŠÇŠg’£«Ž¸’²Ç(ataxia telangiectasia)‚Ì•a–¼‚Ì”­‰¹–@‚©‚çC ‚âˆãŽt‚ɑ΂µ‚Ä‚Ì f’fî•ñ ‚È‚Ç‚ª‹LÚ‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éD ƒnƒ“ƒ`ƒ“ƒgƒ“•a ƒnƒ“ƒ`ƒ“ƒgƒ“•aŠ³ŽÒ‚̃PƒA(Caring for People with Huntington's Disease): ˆâ“`Šw“IŽ–€ (f’f‚àŠÜ‚Þ)‚Ìà–¾‚âŠÖ˜AƒŠƒ“ƒN‚à‹LÚ‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éD _Œo‹Ø“ï•a‚̏î•ñƒT[ƒrƒX(_Œo“ï•aî•ñƒT[ƒrƒX): ‚âŠCŠO‚̃tƒ‰ƒ“ƒX‚̃TƒCƒg‚àŠÜ‚ß‚½ƒŠƒ“ƒNî•ñCf’fî•ñ‚È‚Ç‚ª‚³‚Ü‚´‚܂ȃŒƒxƒ‹‚à ŽûÚ‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éD ‹ØˆÏk«‘¤õd‰»Ç _Œo‹Ø“ï•a‚̏î•ñƒT[ƒrƒX(_Œo“ï•aî•ñƒT[ƒrƒX): _Œo‹Ø“ï•a‚̏î•ñƒT[ƒrƒX(_Œo“ï•aî•ñƒT[ƒrƒX): ƒVƒƒƒCEƒhƒŒ[ƒK[ÇŒóŒQ _Œo‹Ø“ï•a‚̏î•ñƒT[ƒrƒX(_Œo“ï•aî•ñƒT[ƒrƒX): ‘½”­«d‰»Ç _Œo‹Ø“ï•a‚̏î•ñƒT[ƒrƒX(_Œo“ï•aî•ñƒT[ƒrƒX): ‘½”­«‹Ø‰ŠE”畆‹Ø‰Š _Œo‹Ø“ï•a‚̏î•ñƒT[ƒrƒX(_Œo“ï•aî•ñƒT[ƒrƒX): dÇ‹Ø–³—ÍÇ _Œo‹Ø“ï•a‚̏î•ñƒT[ƒrƒX(_Œo“ï•aî•ñƒT[ƒrƒX): Ž©•ÂÇŽ™‚̃XƒNƒ‰ƒbƒvƒuƒbƒN(Autistic Children's Home Page): Ž©•ÂÇŽ™‚̃lƒbƒgƒ[ƒN‚Ì‚½‚߂̃y[ƒWD _ŒoŠÇ•Â½•s‘S

55. Neural Tube Defects However, studies have shown that genetics and environment, along with a mother sdiet and One main complication of spina bifida is hydrocephalus, or fluid http://www.stayinginshape.com/3osfcorp/libv/k36.shtml

HEART CANCER WOMEN MEN ... SEARCH ALL TOPICS Neural Tube Defects Neural tube defects (NTDs) are serious birth defects (Read about " Birth Defects ") with symptoms that range from mild to devastating. They are caused by incomplete development of the brain, spinal cord and/or their protective coverings. (Read about the brain and its anatomy in " Brain/Mental Health/Nervous System ") This occurs when the fetus' spine fails to close properly during the early stages of pregnancy. The Spina Bifida Association of America (SBAA) says spina bifida is the most common NTD. Some other types of NTDs include anencephaly and encephaloceles. While there is no cure for any of these, much research is being done to determine what causes them and how to prevent them. Doctors and scientists are also constantly working to improve surgeries and other treatments for those affected by these disorders. One thing the March of Dimes (MOD), SBAA and other groups agree on is the need for women to take folic acid supplements from before they are pregnant. SBAA says that some studies have shown that if all women took appropriate folic acid supplements before and during pregnancy NTDs could be reduced by close to 75 percent. (Read about " Pregnancy and Nutrition ") Follow the links below for more information.

56. Clinical Genetic Services families should be referred to Medical genetics before initiating a such as Down syndrome,anencephaly, open spina bifida, hydrocephalus, congenital absence of http://www.medgen.ubc.ca/clinical.htm

Home Mission Academics Clinical ... Site Map Clinical Genetics Services in British Columbia Genetics as a Medical Specialty Clinical genetic services include the assessment and diagnosis of birth defects and genetic diseases, and the provision of genetic counselling. Specialized genetic services are delivered by a team consisting of genetic physicians from the U.B.C. Department of Medical Genetics, genetic counsellors, and support staff. Primary physicians refer families for medical genetics evaluation and consultation, and not for ongoing care or treatment. What is Genetic Counselling? Genetic counselling deals with the human and medical problems associated with the occurrence, or risk of recurrence, of a congenital anomaly or genetic disease in a family. This involves discussion of the complications, probable course and treatment of the condition, the recurrence of similar problems in future pregnancies, and of options available to avoid recurrence. The individual or family is counselled to choose the most appropriate course of action in view of their risk, their interpretation of the burden of the condition, and their own ethical and cultural orientation. Some birth defects and genetic diseases can be diagnosed in a fetus prior to birth, but most such conditions are not detectable. Prenatal diagnosis is available to pregnant women who are at increased risk of having a baby with a serious abnormality that can be identified in the fetus.

57. Genetic Questions Virtual Round Table New frontiers in medicine genetics. The Right to be Different ,stated a) that people with spina bifida and hydrocephalus can live a http://www.qlmed.org/scopi2/eg4.html

Virtual Round Table New frontiers in medicine Genetics Question Genetic tests are already used and they will certainly increase over the next few years. The prediction of a future and/or possible illness raises new problems: the correct perception of risk, the so-called therapeutic gap (a euphemism for the absence of therapy), the emotional involvement of the family, the relationship between the benefit to be gained and the economic/social costs, and so on. Could you indicate three fundamental points that, in your opinion, should direct health service policies on the use of these tests? 3) Does the increased genetification of medicine may move medicine into a untenable situation? Often genes are blamed and genetic technology are hailed as a solution where genetic cures may not be applicable and genes are not the culprit but behaviour habits environmental exposers... References: Brown, A., 1998, Amnesty's latest fear: how our genes may determine our fate in The Independent, Feb. 18th., p.19). Stein, E., 1998a "Choosing the sexual orientation of Children in Bioethics, Vol12, No1, pp. 16

58. IDPH - Center For Genetics Over 80 percent of newborns with spina bifida have hydrocephalus (water on are presentbefore birth and physical problems such as an open spine or heart http://www.idph.state.ia.us/genetics/quad_screen.asp

Jump to Contents Home Birth Defects Advisory Committee Birth Defects / Genetic Disorders ... Resources Iowa Expanded MSAFP/Quad Screen Seeing your doctor early to begin prenatal care is an important part of preparing for the birth of your baby. There are tests designed to provide you and your doctor or midwife with information about your pregnancy and your developing fetus. Although most babies are born healthy, about 3 to 4 percent are born with a birth defect. Frequently this happens without warning, and families and doctors are not prepared for this difficult experience. The Iowa Expanded MSAFP/Quad Screen is a test available to all women early in pregnancy. This test can identify a woman with an increased risk to have a fetus with certain kinds of birth defects or to develop a problem later in pregnancy. What is the Iowa Expanded MSAFP/Quad Screen? The Iowa Expanded MSAFP/Quad Screen is a single blood test drawn between the fifteenth and twentieth week of pregnancy to measure the amount of AFP and three other markers in the mother's bloodstream. All of the markers are made by the fetus and placenta. The levels of these markers may be altered in a predictable way when a fetus has certain birth defects such as an open neural tube defect, an abdominal wall defect, or a chromosome problem such as Down syndrome or Trisomy 18. For most women the results of this screen will be negative and no further tests are ordered. This is reassuring, but does not guarantee the fetus is normal. The AFP/Quad screen is the first test in a series of tests that may be done. It cannot directly diagnose birth defects, but can help you and your doctor decide when other tests such as an ultrasound and amniocentesis may be of value.

59. Spina Bifida genetics. Children with spina bifida may also suffer from latex allergies, skinproblems, urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal disorders hydrocephalus. http://us.cnn.com/HEALTH/library/DS/00417.html

International Edition MEMBER SERVICES The Web CNN.com Home Page World U.S. Weather ... Special Reports SERVICES Video E-mail Services CNNtoGO Contact Us SEARCH Web CNN.com In association with: WOMEN'S HEALTH Pregnancy Premature birth Fetal alcohol syndrome Spina bifida INFORMATION CENTERS: Pick a category Health Centers Family Health Men's Health Women's Health Children's Health Seniors' Health Working Life Pain Management Condition Centers Immune System Allergy Alzheimer's Arthritis Respiratory System Cancer Endocrine System Digestive System Heart and Blood Infectious Disease Mental Health Note: All links within content go to MayoClinic.com Diseases and Conditions Spina bifida From MayoClinic.com Special to CNN.com Overview Spina bifida is a serious birth defect that occurs when the tissue surrounding the developing spinal cord of a fetus doesn't close properly. It's part of a group of birth defects called neural tube defects, which affect the embryonic structure that eventually develops into the baby's brain, spinal cord and tissues that enclose them. Under normal circumstances, the neural tube forms in the developing baby in the first few weeks of pregnancy and closes by the 28th day after conception. Later, the top of this tube becomes the baby's brain, and the remainder of the tube becomes the baby's spinal cord. In babies with spina bifida, an area along the lower end of the neural tube fails to develop or close properly, causing defects in the spinal cord and in the bones that make up the backbone (vertebrae). This can also occur in the middle or upper end of the spine, but it's less common.

60. Trisomy Profile - Brochures - BCM Medical Genetics Laboratories spina bifida can interfere with bowel and bladder control and may also beassociated with an accumulation of fluid in the brain (hydrocephalus). http://www.bcmgeneticlabs.org/brochures/lit docs/lit-trisomy.html

Close Window Trisomy Profile Your health care provider has offered you a blood test called the trisomy profile. The following will answer the most commonly asked questions about the trisomy profile and prenatal screening. What is the trisomy profile? The trisomy profile is a prenatal screening test that is offered to many pregnant women. The purpose of the test is to identify a group of people (in this case pregnant women) at increased risk for certain conditions. A screening test is not capable of diagnosing the conditions. The conditions screened for by the trisomy profile are birth defects called neural tube defects and Down syndrome. What are neural tube defects and Down syndrome? Neural tube defects (NTDs) are defects in the normal formation of the spinal cord or brain. Spina bifida is a form of neural tube defect. In this condition, the neural tube does not close completely along the fetal spine, and the nerves in the spinal cord do not properly connect with all the nerves in the lower part of the body. Spina bifida can interfere with bowel and bladder control and may also be associated with an accumulation of fluid in the brain (hydrocephalus). In most cases, surgery is necessary (often more than one) during infancy and childhood. Neural tube defects occur in about 1-2 in 1,000 pregnancies.

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Page 3     41-60 of 87    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | Next 20