61. Tarifa Spain, History, Culture, How To Get There.. Because of the strategically positioning of Tarifa spain, many different cultures have left their trace. Visit all the monuments, castles, caves with guided http://www.tarifa.net/html/basetarifa.html

Versión en español The Tarifa antiquity is lost in time and mythology. Tarifa is believed to have been founded by King Tago in 2118 BC. and Pedro Medina dates its origin in1655 BC., when the burial of Hercules and the battle of the Titans took place. The city's first name was Julia Traducta as mentioned by Estrabón and Plinio. The current city is believed to take its name from the Berber Tarif Ben Malluk who landed here in July 710. The Arabs called the place "Island of Tarif", today known as Tarifa. Under the Muslim domination, in spite of not being a very populated city, it was harbour of great activity. Port of entry to the "el-Andalus", Tarifa was port of disembarking and resting for troops on their way to North Africa. In 1083, Alfonso VI invaded the Muslim territory and reached Tarifa. He was the first Christian king that entered this city under the Islamic domination. In the 12th century both Alfonso VIII and Fernando II accomplished several incursions of this port. Up to 1291 Tarifa saw many battles between Muslims and Christians. The famous episode of the dispute between Abu Ya'qub Yusuf and Sancho IV of Castille took place in 1291-1292. Tarifa was besieged and the Muslim garrison resisted for 6 months, surrendering on October 13th 1292 due to starvation. The city had by then 9.000 inhabitants. In 1294 a new Muslim army sieged unsuccessfully the fortress. Tarifa was defended by Alonso Pérez de Guzmán.

62. Cheese From Spain - History. English The most important archaeological discovery in dairy history may be the Sumerian frieze (about 5000 years old) in Baghdad’s Foods From spain 405 Lexington Ave http://www.cheesefromspain.com/CFS/37_History.htm

Introduction D.O.s Over 12000 years ago in Europe and the Middle East the first herds of aurochs. To heat the milk produced by these extinct bovine, leather bags were filled with the liquid and put over preheated stones. Occasionally, the milk became a paste that separated from the liquid residue resulting to be edible. Little by little, this accidental 'discovery' was mastered in order to produce the paste in a controlled way, improving the quality of the resulting product. The most important archaeological discovery in dairy history may be the Sumerian frieze (about 5000 years old) in Baghdad’s National Museum of Irak, which represents the phases of animal milking and milk curing. Cheese became popular in Greece and Rome. Later, cheese production expanded throughout Europe, and in the Middle Ages its consumption was generalized, mostly in monasteries, where the production for some of the best known cheeses of today began. Cheese Guide General Info Trade Information Web Site Map Foods From Spain 405 Lexington Ave. 44th fl

63. Spanish History spain s long history has proven it to be a mature nation diverse kingdoms have come and gone, leaving their bits and pieces of cultural influence. http://www.bergen.org/AAST/Projects/Spain/history.html

Spain's long history has proven it to be a mature nation: diverse kingdoms have come and gone, leaving their bits and pieces of cultural influence. One fact remains, true, though, because this enormous combination of factors has made Spain one of the most interesting countries of all time. http://www.DocuWeb.ca/SiSpain/english/history/hisintro.html

64. Www.travelnet.co.il/tnet/spain/history.htm http://www.travelnet.co.il/tnet/spain/history.htm

65. EUROPA - IDA Interchange Of Data Between Administrations eGovernment Factsheet spain - history. Main developments and key milestones (in reverse chronological order). June 2003 Creation http://europa.eu.int/ISPO/ida/jsps/index.jsp?fuseAction=showDocument&documentID=

66. History From that point on, history is full of instances in which kings organized of the Reconquest, the celebration of corridas expanded throughout spain and became http://coloquio.com/toros/bullhist.html

THE SPANISH FIESTA BRAVA : Historical Perspective and Definition By Mario Carrión The first historic bullfight, corrida, took place in Vera, Logroño, in 1133, in honor of the coronation of king Alfonso VIII. From that point on, history is full of instances in which kings organized corridas to commemorate important events and to entertain their guests. After the Spanish War of the Reconquest, the celebration of corridas expanded throughout Spain and became the outlet where the noblemen demonstrated the zeal that allowed them to defeat the Moors. Even the Emperor Charles I in Valladolid in 1527, and later King Philip IV took part in the lancing of bulls in the bullfighting arenas, (such a the Plaza Mayor in Madrid) , plazas de toros. During the reign of King Philip II, Pope Pius V, appalled at the unconscionable carnage of the bullfights, forbade the practice of the corridas. The people, however, ignored the papal decree and continued to relish the fiesta brava, forcing Pope Gregory VIII to recant the decree, following the advice of the writer and mystic Fray Luis de León, who said "the bullfights are in the blood of the Spanish people, and they cannot be stopped without facing grave consequences." With the arrival of the French Bourbon dynasty in Spain, the nobility gave up the thrill of the arena for the pleasures of the royal court. As a result, bullfighting was left to the plebeians who in turn enthusiasticly took up to its practice, and took it to heart as a symbol of something genuinely Spanish.

67. About Isabella I Of Spain Queen Isabella of spain called Isabella the Catholic (c) 2001 ClipArt.com, used by permission. Stay Current. Subscribe to the About Women s history newsletter. http://womenshistory.about.com/cs/medrenqueens/p/p_isabella_i.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About History Women's History Home ... Today in Women's History zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); About Women: Biographies African American Air, Space, Science, Math Art, Music. Writing. Media ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About Women's History newsletter. Search Women's History click for more images Queen Isabella of Spain - called Isabella the Catholic (c) 2001 ClipArt.com, used by permission click for more images Queen Isabella of Spain - called Isabella the Catholic (c) 2001 ClipArt.com, used by permission Email to a friend Print this page Stay Current Subscribe to the About Women's History newsletter. Suggested Reading Medieval/Renaissance Queens and Rulers Looking for another Queen Isabella? Spanish Women's History Elsewhere on About Isabella I of Spain The Spanish Inquisition Most Popular Quotations by Notable Women: Index Women's History Picture Gallery Coco Chanel - Biography and Links Biographies of Notable Women ... About Isabella I of Spain What's Hot About Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Jacqueline Kennedy at President Kennedy's Funeral Battle Hymn of the Republic - Background and First Published...

68. History Of Cuba history of Cuba. In honor of the daughter of Ferdinand V and Isabella I of spain, his benefactors, Columbus named it Juana, the first of several names he http://www.emayzine.com/lectures/HISTOR~7.htm

History of Cuba Christopher Columbus landed on the island of Cuba on October 28, 1492, during his initial westward voyage. In honor of the daughter of Ferdinand V and Isabella I of Spain, his benefactors, Columbus named it Juana, the first of several names he successively applied to the island. It eventually became known as Cuba, from its aboriginal name, Cubanascnan. Colonization by Spain When Columbus first landed on Cuba it was inhabited by the Ciboney, a friendly tribe related to the Arawak . Colonization of the island began in 1511, when the Spanish soldier Despite frequent raids by buccaneers and naval units of rival and enemy powers, the island prospered throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. Restrictions imposed by the Spanish authorities on commercial activities were generally disregarded by the colonists, who resorted to illicit trade with privateers and neighboring colonies. Following the conclusion of the Seven Years' War in 1763, during which the English captured Havana, the Spanish government liberalized its Cuban policy, encouraging colonization, expansion of commerce, and development of agriculture. Between 1774 and 1817 the population increased from about 161,000 to more than 550,000. The remaining restrictions on trade were officially eliminated in 1818, further promoting material and cultural advancement. Ten Years' War , a costly struggle to both Spain and Cuba, was terminated in 1878 by a truce granting many important concessions to the Cubans.

69. History Of Spain - Academic Info Sponsored Links. Learn Spanish - Find Spanish self-study language courses - Books on Spanish Language Literature - Books on spain and Spanish history http://www.academicinfo.net/histspain.html

Academic Info Spanish History Home Search Index Contact ... Europe Spain Advertisers Learn Spanish Find Spanish self-study language courses Books on - Books on Spain and Spanish History University of Phoenix Online - Earn your degree 100% online. Questia - Search over 70,000 books and journals online. TheFreeDictionary.com FreeEncyclopedia ESL - Improve Your English Prescription Drug Information ... Lab Band Surgery - The Weight Loss Institute offers research on weight loss and diet pills Online Education.net Online Degrees College-Campus.com ... Auto Insurance Cheap You can sponsor this page - Email us for details Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Spain: Post-Attack and Post Election Ana Palacio, Acting Foreign Minister of Spain. Listen to audio or read transcript, March 29, 2004. BBC News - In Depth - Madrid Train Attacks CNN.com - Special Report - Massacre in Madrid Sections include: Headlines ; Resources ; Video. Poynter Online - Links To The News Train Bombings in Spain Abacho SearchEngine Abacho Europe: Germany ; Austria ; Switzerland ; UK ; France ; Spain ; Italy ; Turkey.

70. An Historical Overview Of Andalucia, Southern Spain By the year 500 BC, the Carthaginians had colonised southern spain. The Romans and the history of spain. The history of spain under Christian rule. http://www.andalucia.com/history/home.htm

An historical overview of Southern Spain. A guide from the historic beginnings of Andalucia through the Romans, the Moors and up to the 20th Century. See the latest News from the region In Search of Andalucia New Book now available 45,000 visitors use Andalucia.com each week ... That's over 250.000 pages, over a million hits and over 8 GigaBytes of data served weekly to the world! View our Stats Want to know what's on? Take a look at our Calendar Page Can't find what you're looking for? Post a request on our Notice Board Promote your business on this website; email sales@andalucia.com An historical overview of Southern Spain The Historical Beginnings Neanderthal man is known to have lived on the Rock of Gibraltar, 50,000 years ago. In about 8,000 BC an influx of North African tribes established farming settlements throughout the region, and these people are known today as the Iberians. Andalucia's seaboard was extensively settled by the Phoenicians, who established a chain of trading posts, founding the sea port of Cadiz in 1100BC – which makes its Europe's oldest city – and strongly influencing the way of life of the native Iberians. The Phoenicians were followed by the Celts, who in 800 BC moved south across Europe and into Andalucia. By 700 BC the Tartessus Kingdom was flourishing in Andalucia, and a century later Greek sailors founded trading ports along its shore. By the year 500 BC, the Carthaginians had colonised southern Spain.

71. Information And History About The Government Of Spain. business? The government in spain. Constitution A look at the set up of Government in spain following the death of Franco in 1975. Consulates http://www.andalucia.com/spain/government/home.htm

Information about the Government of Andalucia and Spain. Links to information about the Spanish election process and constitution as well as guides to law, taxes and customs in Andalucia and Spain. See the latest News from the region In Search of Andalucia New Book now available 45,000 visitors use Andalucia.com each week ... That's over 250.000 pages, over a million hits and over 8 GigaBytes of data served weekly to the world! View our Stats Want to know what's on? Take a look at our Calendar Page Can't find what you're looking for? Post a request on our Notice Board Interested in advertising your business? The government in Spain Constitution Consulates Customs Elections ... Adoption - Adopting a baby requires massive amounts of paperwork in any country. Here are the steps you can expect to take should you adopt a child from any country in the world via the Andalusian Regional Government. Constitution - A look at the set up of Government in Spain following the death of Franco in 1975. Consulates - A listing of the contact details for the foreign consulates on the Costa del Sol.

72. Atlas - Spain Map Overview of culture, history, economy, currency, government, people, education and languages. http://www.map.freegk.com/spain/spain.php

Introduction People History Culture ... Communications Legal system Organization Provinces Disputes Spain Introduction Back to Top Spain (in Spanish, España), officially Kingdom of Spain, constitutional monarchy in south-west Europe, occupying the greater part of the Iberian Peninsula, and bordered on the north by the Bay of Biscay, France, and Andorra; on the east by the Mediterranean Sea; on the south by the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean; and on the west by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. The British dependency of Gibraltar is situated at the southern extremity of Spain. The Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean and the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa are governed as provinces of Spain. Also, Spain administers two small exclaves in Morocco-Ceuta and Melilla-as well as three island groups near Africa-Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera and the Alhucemas and Chafarinas islands. The area of Spain, including the African and insular territories, is 504,782 sq km (194,897 sq mi). Madrid is the capital and largest city. Population 39,181,114 (1996 official estimate) Population Density 78 people/sq km (201 people/sq mi) (1996 estimate) Urban/Rural Breakdown 79%Urban 21%Rural Largest Cities Madrid3,029,734 Barcelona1,614,570 Valencia763,308 Seville719,590 (1995 estimate) Largest Metropolitan Areas Madrid5,181,659 Barcelona4,478,236 Valencia2,200,319 Seville1,719,446 (1995 estimate) Languages Official Language Castilian Spanish Other Languages Catalan, Basque, Galician Religions 97%Roman Catholicism 3%Other including Protestantism and Islam

73. Student Group Travel In Spain Service: Educational Spain Tour spainExchange thematic tours provide a significant overview of spain s history and cultural heritage. Whether you teach Spanish, art http://www.spainexchange.com/educator_info/spain_education_travel.php

Find Schools in Spain Find Schools in Latin America Find Housing in Spain Find Host Family or Exchange ... Search the Web GROUP TOUR PLANNING Student Group Travel in Spain Service: Educational Spain Tour If you are planning to travel to Spain and bring you students for an educational visit, you will not be disappointed. While you tour Spain you and your students will experience sun, lots of fun, good food, and excitement. As you travel from one area to another, you will discover the variety that this country has to offer not only in its languages and culture, but also in folklore, traditions, cuisine, festivities, and the arts. SpainExchange thematic tours provide a significant overview of Spain's history and cultural heritage. Whether you teach Spanish, art, history, or another subject, our selection of six thematic itineraries will help you meet the teaching objectives set for your school’s trip. Through visits to key historical places, your students will learn about some of the country ’s most distinctive aspects: The legacy of the Romans and other civilizations that settled on the Iberian peninsula; life in the Middle Ages; the influence of Christianity, Judaism and Islam; the discovery of America and Spain's Imperial Age; Spain's Literary Golden Age, specially Don Quijote de La Mancha by Cervantes, and The Kingdom of Spain in the 21st century. Your students will learn about a country rich in historical and cultural heritage and will begin to appreciate the legacy of the civilizations that through many centuries came to the Iberian soil, settled in it, and made it their home. Over forty-eight million tourists visit Spain each year making it one of the three most visited countries in the world. Bring your students and experience Spain together. It will truly be an unforgettable trip.

74. Web Gallery Of Art - History Of Spain This guided tour is available only for browsers capable of viewing frames. http://www.kfki.hu/~arthp/tours/spain/index3.html

This guided tour is available only for browsers capable of viewing frames

75. Projects On Spain: Its Regions, Culture And History Introduction to Judaism it s history and influence in spain, Spanish history 15th 16th Century 17th - 19th Century 20th Century Franco and the Guerra Civil. http://www.mcps.k12.md.us/schools/wjhs/mediactr/forlangpathfinder/span400/

WJHS Pathfinder for Spanish 4 PROJECTS ON SPAIN Castillo de Javier, Pamplona, Spain Photo Source: All About Spain Assignment Topics Searching the Shelves ... Internet Sites Assignment Assignment Objectives: 1. To develop further knowledge and appreciation of Spain and its people by learning about its regions, its culture (including religious festivals, dances, music, art, customs, cuisine), and by discovering little known facts about Spain's famous people and places. 2. To do research in another languageSpanish. 3. To practice the four skills of a foreign language: reading, writing, listening, and speaking. Assignment Requirements: 1. Prepare a group presentation on your approved topic. 2. Presentation must be lively, entertaining, and informative. (NOT a lecture!) 3. Visuals (posters, videos, powerpoint) and/or Audio elements must be included in the presentation. 4. Each group must submit (as specified in Sra. Henry's handout): a topic page, detailed outline of information presented, and a typed, objective (5 multiple choice questions)

76. BBC - Religion & Ethics - Islamic Spain Islam history Islamic spain. Page 1 of 5, Printable version of this page, Islamic spain (7111492), The court of the Lions, Al Hambra, http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/spain/index.shtml

@import url('/includes/tbenh.css') ; Home TV Radio Talk ... A-Z Index SATURDAY 12th June 2004 Text only BBC Homepage Religions Islam ... Help Like this page? Send it to a friend! Islam History Page 1 of 5 Printable version of this page Islamic Spain (711-1492) The court of the Lions, Al Hambra Islamic Spain was a multi-cultural mix of the people of three great monotheistic religions: Muslims, Christians, and Jews. For much of the time, the three groups managed to get along together, and to benefit from the presence of each other. It brought a degree of civilisation to Europe that matched the heights of the Roman Empire and the Italian Renaissance. Outline In 711 Muslim forces invaded and in seven years conquered the Iberian peninsula. It became one of the great Muslim civilisations; reaching its summit with the Umayyad caliphate of Cordovain the tenth century. Muslim rule declined after that and ended in 1492 when Granada was conquered. The heartland of Muslim rule was Southern Spain or Andulusia. Periods Muslim Spain was not a single period, but a succession of different rules.

77. History Of Spain Freelance spain. A Brief history of spain. From Atapuerca to King Juan Carlos in 500 words. Text by Mark Little. Most of the Iberian http://www.spainview.com/history.html

A Brief History of Spain From Atapuerca to King Juan Carlos in 500 words. Text by Mark Little. Most of the Iberian peninsula has been populated since prehistoric times. Early evidence of human habitation unearthed at the Atapuerca site in northern Spain are some 800,000 years old. Modern man made his appearance around 35,000 BC. Sometime around 4000 BC, much of Spain was settled by the Iberians, arriving from the east. The Celts arrived later, settling in the northern third of the peninsula. Bronze age civilization flourished in the south, culminating with the Tartessian civilization around Seville (1000-500 BC). Around 1100 BC, Phoenician seafarers from present-day Lebanon set up trading colonies in Cadiz and elsewhere along the Spanish coast. Phocaean Greeks also traded along the north-eastern coast. With the fall of Phoenicia, the Iberian peninsula came under the rule of Carthage (present day Tunisia), but was occupied by Rome following the Punic Wars. The Romans held sway in Iberia for six centuries, laying the foundations for Spanish language and culture. Following the fall of the western Roman empire in the fifth century AD, Spain was ruled by the Visigoths, a Germanic people who had migrated from central Europe. In 711, the Muslims of northern Africa launched an invasion across the Strait of Gibraltar, occupying most of the peninsula within a few years. Their presence lasted more than seven centuries, though the Christian kingdoms to the north increased in power over the generations, gradually driving the Moors southwards. The last Moorish kingdom, Granada (the eastern half of present-day Andalusia), was conquered in 1492.

78. Medieval Dates Arguably the biggest year in European (and American) history Christopher Columbus reaches by Antonio de Nebrija; the last Muslim kingdom in spain (Granada) is http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/santiago/text.html

Some Important Dates in Medieval Spanish History Return to Main Menu 5th Century, CE Spain ceases to be a part of the Roman Empire (which splits in two with its better, richer half moving its capital east to Constantinople) and experiences a series of invasions by the Vandals, Suevi, and Alani, and then is dominated by Visigothic rule. It must be noted that the Visigoths never achieved cultural dominion over the region. To a large extent they adopted that of the Hispano-Romans, composing their official documents in Latin and eventually accepting Christianity as the official faith of their Empire of Toledo, which stretched from Asturias to Morocco. The decline of the Roman Empire in Spain marks a period of invasions by Germanic tribes such as the Suevi, Vandals and Alani. Though the Roman era ends in Spain at this date, the Roman influence on Spanish culture is still present to this day. The Visgioths, a Germanic people who had long inhabited the frontier regions of Rome itself, invade the Iberian Peninsula by crossing the Pyrenees and capturing Barcelona, thus displacing the tribes that had come before them. Though the Visigoths establish their elective monarchy and become the chief political authority in Spain, they are relatively few in number and are greatly influenced by Hispano-Roman culture. By the end of the fifth century, CE the Visigoths control (poltically and militarily, anyway) all of the Iberian peninsula.

79. Water Jug Fest Of Argentona (Spain) History WATER JUG FESTIVAL history. Edition 2003. Presently the festival attracts thousands of people from all over Catalonia, spain and even other European Countries. http://www.museucantir.org/festa_historia_ang.htm

Home Information History Pottery Fair ... Links WATER JUG FESTIVAL: HISTORY Edition 2003 The origins of the festival date back to the 17 th century and the celebration of the first Saint Dominic Assembly. It appears that in the middle of the 17 th century a great plague or epidemic caused the people of Argentona to implore the aid of Saint Dominic, then known as the patron Saint of the waters. Their prayers were answered and in gratitude the villagers pledged to celebrate August 4 th in honor of Saint Dominic. Originally the day was held as a religious feast and later on as the major festival of the village. During each new edition of this festival the "village vow" to the saint is renewed and the waters of the Saint Dominic Spring are blessed in observance of a special rite, conceived expressly for this occasion and only practiced in Argentona. Over the years this celebration grew in popularity and people from all the neighboring towns in the county would gather to partake in it. Presently the festival attracts thousands of people from all over Catalonia, Spain and even other European Countries. It was a popular belief that the waters from the Saint Dominic Spring held special curative powers.

80. ART HISTORY RESOURCES: Part 8 15th-Century Renaissance Art Renaissance Art General; 15thCentury Art in Northern Europe spain; 15th-Century pages are maintained by Chris Witcombe, Professor of Art history at Sweet http://witcombe.sbc.edu/ARTHLinks2.html

Part 8 15th-Century Renaissance Art Last modified: May 24, 2004 THIS PAGE Renaissance Art: General 15th-Century Italian Art: Early Renaissance SITE INDEX Contents Page Prehistoric Art Ancient Near East Ancient Egypt ... Art of the Middle Ages 15th-CENTURY RENAISSANCE ART 16th-Century Renaissance Art Baroque Art 18th-Century Art 19th-Century Art ... Research Resources These pages are maintained by Chris Witcombe , Professor of Art History at Sweet Briar College , Virginia 24595 USA (phone: 434-381-6194 / fax: 434-381-6173). If you have any comments, or suggestions for additional links, or know of other interesting sites, please let me know: witcombe@sbc.edu Online since October 24, 1995 Looking for an artist? Recommended site RENAISSANCE ART: GENERAL Top of Page Renaissance (through ArtLex Examples of earlier Renaissance works of art , by artists born before 1475 Examples of later Renaissance works of art , by artists born after 1470 European Art in the Renaissance: Special Topics (through the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Timeline of Art History Europe and the Age of Exploration Anatomy in the Renaissance Architecture in Renaissance Italy ... Italian Renaissance Art (through Michael Greenhalgh's ArtServe at the Australian National University) Italian Renaissance Architecture (through Michael Greenhalgh's ArtServe at the Australian National University) (through Howard Partridge's Cupola Renaissance (an Annenberg/CPB Exhibit), with links to:

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