21. People's History In South Africa People's history and the. south african Struggle. by Andor Skotnes. Radical Historians Newsletter 73 (November 1995) In the New south africa, the recovery of history especially by means of personal testimony is extremely important. four weeks in south africa discussing oral history as a means of reconstituting history http://chnm.gmu.edu/rhr/skotnes.htm

People's History and the South African Struggle by Andor Skotnes Radical Historians Newsletter #73 (November 1995) In the New South Africa the recovery of history especially by means of personal testimony is extremely important. The most obvious indication of this is that early next year the Government of National Unity will convene a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate human rights abuses during the apartheid years. But the need for historical recovery goes deeper. As the African National Congress (ANC) constantly reiterates, South Africa is in a period of "nation building," and a new, inclusive historical identity must be forged from the multiple histories of its peoples. The task is daunting, not only because of the diversity of the population (there are eleven official languages!), but also because its histories were so systematically suppressed and distorted by the apartheid regime. During November and December of 1994, I spent four weeks in South Africa discussing oral history as a means of reconstituting history. I was invited to the country by the South African Society of Archivists, on a grant from the United States Information Agency. I traveled some 5,000 kilometers from the far north to the far south, through the rural areas, former homelands, urban centers, and townships. I presented papers, ran workshops, and consulted with a wide variety of groups, both campus- and community-based.

22. South Africa World. United States. history Gov't. Biography. Sports. Arts Ent made to relocate the seat of government. south africa is demarcated into nine provinces, consisting of the Gauteng http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107983.html

HOTWORDS CITE PRINT EMAIL in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Home Almanacs Atlas Encyclopedia ... Father's Day Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map Career Center Job Search Post Your Resume Continuing Ed. more . . . Also from Infoplease Search Infoplease Info search tips Search Biographies Bio search tips World Countries South Africa Infoplease Atlas: South Africa Republic of South Africa National name: Republic of South Africa President: Thabo Mbeki (1999) Area: 471,008 sq mi (1,219,912 sq km) Population (2004 est.): Administrative capital (2003 est.): Pretoria, 1,541,300 (metro. area), 1,249,700 (city proper); Legislative capital and largest city: Cape Town, 3,140,600 (metro. area), 2,733,000 (city proper); Judicial capital: Bloemfontein, 378,000. No decision has been made to relocate the seat of government. South Africa is demarcated into nine provinces, consisting of the Gauteng, Northern Province, Mpumalanga, North West, KwaZulu/Natal, Eastern Cape, Western Cape, Northern Cape, and Free State. Each province has its own capital Other large cities: Durban/Pinetown, 2,396,100; Johannesburg, 1,675,200; East Rand, 1,378,792 (part of Johannesburg metro. area, 2000 est.)

23. The History Of Apartheid In South Africa The history of Apartheid in south africa. south africa (see map) is a country blessed with an abundance and unique mineral resources. south african mines are world leaders in the http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~cale/cs201/apartheid.hist.html

The History of Apartheid in South Africa South Africa (see map ) is a country blessed with an abundance of natural resources including fertile farmlands and unique mineral resources. South African mines are world leaders in the production of diamonds and gold as well as strategic metals such as platinum. The climate is mild, reportedly resembling the San Francisco bay area weather more than anywhere in the world. South Africa was colonized by the English and Dutch in the seventeenth century. English domination of the Dutch descendents (known as Boers or Afrikaners) resulted in the Dutch establishing the new colonies of Orange Free State and Transvaal. The discovery of diamonds in these lands around 1900 resulted in an English invasion which sparked the Boer War. Following independence from England, an uneasy power-sharing between the two groups held sway until the 1940's, when the Afrikaner National Party was able to gain a strong majority. Strategists in the National Party invented apartheid as a means to cement their control over the economic and social system. Initially, aim of the apartheid was to maintain white domination while extending racial separation. Starting in the 60's, a plan of ``Grand Apartheid'' was executed, emphasizing territorial separation and police repression. In 1951, the Bantu Authorities Act established a basis for ethnic government in African reserves, known as ``homelands.'' These homelands were independent states to which each African was assigned by the government according to the record of origin (which was frequently inaccurate). All political rights, including voting, held by an African were restricted to the designated homeland. The idea was that they would be citizens of the homeland, losing their citizenship in South Africa and any right of involvement with the South African Parliament which held complete hegemony over the homelands. From 1976 to 1981, four of these homelands were created, denationalizing nine million South Africans. The homeland administrations refused the nominal independence, maintaining pressure for political rights within the country as a whole. Nevertheless, Africans living in the homelands needed passports to enter South Africa: aliens in their own country.

24. S O U T H A F R I C A N H I S T O R Y O N L I N E south africaN history ONLINE Towards a peoples history of south africa. celebrate the lives of our nation builders .. explore http://www.sahistory.org.za/

SOUTH AFRICAN HISTORY ONLINE Towards a peoples' history of South Africa celebrate ... the lives of our nation builders...... explore ... the diversity of our people, places and histories... contribute ... to our knowledge about our past... narrate ... your story and that of your community... and break the silence on our past

25. W E L C O M E T O S O U T H A F R I C A N H I S T O R Y O N L I N E S outh african history O nline. 10 Years of Freedom south africa 1994-2004. http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/menu.htm

S o u t h A f r i c a n H i s t o r y O n l i n e more LATEST: CHIEF ALBERT LUTHULI more LATEST: BRENDA FASSIE more LATEST: MISSION STATIONS more LATEST: NATIONAL SYMBOLS more LATEST: 10 YEARS OF FREEDOM more LATEST: more LATEST: Robert McBride - A COLOURED LIFE more LATEST: CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH LED TO THE SECOND WORLD WAR more LATEST: Oral History, an educational tool by Sephai Mngqolo more MORE ABOUT SAHO Permission to use web site material: Publishers are free to use material from this site, as long as: www.sahistory.org.za webmaster is informed of how and where the material is used. Best viewed 1024x768 or 800x600. Any comments or queries, please contact the This page and others on the site require Macromedia Flash Player to be displayed correctly Soweto uprising June 16. 16 June 1976 - Soweto Erupts 12 June 1964 12 June 1988 - ANC political activist Stanza Bopape dies in custody...

26. South African History Archive (SAHA) The south african history Archive (SAHA) is an independent archive dedicated to documenting and supporting the struggles for justice in south africa. http://www.wits.ac.za/saha/

Introduction to materials History Home Freedom of Information Programme Special collections Archives groups Unprocessed materials ... Sitemap The South African History Archive (SAHA) is an independent archive dedicated to documenting and supporting the struggles for justice in South Africa. SAHA has always been politically non-aligned and committed to collecting material from organisations and individuals across the political spectrum. Its founding mission was to strive to recapture our lost and neglected history and to record history in the making. With its physical positioning at the University of the Witwatersrand , there is a special endeavour to weave the collections into processes of education for democracy. The SAHA Trust is dependent on contributions and grants in order to support its work. If you have any questions regarding gifts, please feel free to contact us E-mail: sahav@library.wits.ac.za

27. SAHA > South Africa Nuclear History south african history Archive (SAHA) Unlocking south africa s Nuclear Past. SAHA home FOI Programme Unlocking south africa s Nuclear Past Introduction. http://www.wits.ac.za/saha/nuclearhistory/

South African History Archive (SAHA) Unlocking South Africa's Nuclear Past SAHA home FOI Programme Introduction South Africa's nuclear weapons programme Advantages and disadvantages of greater openness Unanswered questions South Africa's foreign policy objectives and the benefits of disclosure ... Conference proceedings Tel.: Updated: 21 May 2003 Introduction The text appearing on these pages was prepared by Verne Harris and Sello Hatang of the South African History Archive (SAHA), with the assistance of Garth Shelton, a lecturer in international relations at the University of the Witwatersrand. It draws heavily on the proceedings and final report of the conference (which had the same title as this web site - Unlocking South Africa's Nuclear past) convened by SAHA and Queens College (City University of New York) at the University of the Witwatersrand on 31 July 2002. View the conference proceedings and report. They provide the bulk of the scholarly research and analysis supporting the argument mounted in this text. The conference report was co-authored by Peter Liberman (Queens College), Harris and Hatang. This then, is the result of collaborative endeavour.

28. GOVZA: History Davenport, TRH and Saunders, C. south africa A Modern history. Du Pre, RH Separate But Unequal The Coloured People of south africa A Political history. http://www.gov.za/yearbook/2001/history.html

Deputy Presiden Ministers Documents Speeches ... Search History The early inhabitants Segregation The early colonial period Apartheid ... The Anglo Boer/ South African War (October 1899 - May 1902) and its aftermath The early inhabitants Humankind had its earliest origins in Africa. South Africa is rich in fossil evidence of the evolutionary history of the human family, going back several million years. From the discovery of the Taung child in 1924 to the latest discoveries of hominid fossils at Sterkfontein caves, recently declared a World Heritage Site, South Africa has been at the forefront of palaeontological research into the origins of humanity. Modern humans have lived in the region for over 100 000 years. The small, mobile bands of Stone Age hunter-gatherers, who created a wealth of rock art, were the ancestors of the Khoekhoe and San of historical times. The Khoekhoe and San (the 'Hottentots' and 'Bushmen' of early European terminology), although collectively known as the Khoisan, are often thought of as distinct peoples. The former were those who, some 2 000 years ago, adopted a pastoralist lifestyle herding sheep and, later, cattle. Whereas the hunter-gatherers adapted to local environments and were scattered across the subcontinent, the herders sought out the pasturelands between modern Namibia and the Eastern Cape, which, generally, are near the coast.

29. National Anthems for freedom, In south africa our land. Sheet Music. Please note that the sheet music is in .pdf format. Click here for instructions on how to open it. history. http://www.gov.za/symbols/anthem.htm

Deputy Presiden Ministers Documents Speeches ... National Tree National Anthem of South Africa Words This is the official version of the national anthem, combining Nkosi sikelel' iAfrika and Die Stem / The Call of South Africa Nkosi sikelel' iAfrika Maluphakanyisw' uphondo lwayo, Yizwa imithandazo yethu, Nkosi sikelela, thina lusapho lwayo. Morena boloka setjhaba sa heso, O fedise dintwa le matshwenyeho, O se boloke, O se boloke setjhaba sa heso, Setjhaba sa South Afrika - South Afrika. Uit die blou van onse hemel, Uit die diepte van ons see, Oor ons ewige gebergtes, Waar die kranse antwoord gee, Sounds the call to come together, And united we shall stand, Let us live and strive for freedom, In South Africa our land. Sheet Music Please note that the sheet music is in .pdf format. Click here for instructions on how to open it. History A proclamation issued by the (then) State President on 20 April 1994 in terms of the provisions of Section 248 (1) together with Section 2 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, No 200 of 1993, stated that the Republic of South Africa would have two National Anthems. They were "Nkosi Sikelel iAfrika" and "The Call of South Africa" ("Die Stem van Suid-Afrika). In terms of Section 4 of the Constitution of South Africa Act 108 of 1996 ) and following a proclamation in the Government Gazette No. 18341 (dated 10 October 1997), a shortened, combined version of "Nkosi Sikelel iAfrika" and "The Call of South Africa" is now the National Anthem of South Africa.

30. Historical Documents Archive ES Reddy Collection; RichardKnight.com. A source of information on africa and the struggle against apartheid; south african history Archive Trust (SAHA); http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/

ANC Documents Photographs Allies ... Home Part I - ANC Documents This section contains documents that were either produced by the ANC, about the role of the ANC and its allies in the struggle for liberation or directly concerned with the ANC. New documents are constantly being added to this section as they become available. Documents History of the ANC The Early Years Selected Documents Conference Documents ... Constitutions of the ANC , 1919 to the present Anniversary Statements on January 8 Press Statements Archive Speeches Archive Speeches and Writings of ANC Presidents Chief Albert J Lutuli Oliver Tambo Nelson Mandela (1991-1997) See also the Mandela Page Thabo Mbeki See also the Thabo Mbeki Page Organisations Allied or Associated with the ANC Federation of South African Women South African Coloured People's Congress (SACPC) South African Congress of Democrats (SACOD) South African Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU) South African Indian Congress (SAIC) ANC Women's League ANC Youth League United Democratic Front Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) South African Communist Party Major Campaigns and Struggles - I Anti-pass Campaigns 1912-1960 Protest Against Hertzog Bills, 1936

31. Women's Struggles Repeal the Pass Laws Flyer Issued by the FSAW and ANCWL, 13 June 1957; Effects of Apartheid on the Status of Women in south africa, 1980. http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/women/

Women's Struggles W omen have played an important role in the liberation struggle as members of the ANC and allied organisations, as trade unionists and in other capacities. They carried on militant campaigns against the hated pass laws. They participated in the underground and armed struggle when that became indispensable. Many women suffered restriction, imprisonment, torture and even brutal assassination by the racist regime. Recognising their role, the ANC formed the Women's League in 1943. The Federation of South African Women (FSAW), a multi-racial body, was established on 17 April 1954 - with the ANC Women's League as its largest component - to organise a united struggle against apartheid. Ruthless repression by the regime prevented FSAW and the Women's League from functioning after 1960. But women found ways to continue their resistance through new legal organisations or the underground structures. In the external mission, the Women's Section of the ANC played an active role. The ANC Women's League was re-launched in Durban, after the unbanning of the ANC, on 9 August 1990, the anniversary of the great march of women to the Union Buildings in Pretoria in 1956 to denounce the pass laws.

32. Americans Travelling To South Africa Consult with an American living in south africa for your visit to Durban. Emphasis is on african culture, Zulu history, wildlife, sports and history http://www.und.ac.za/und/music/oehrle/

33. Brief History Of South Africa Brief history of south africa, from Jan van Riebeeck to Nelson Mandela. With Photos. south africa Online Travel Guide. Brief history of south africa. http://www.southafrica-travel.net/history/eh_menu.htm

Attract ions History Geology Climate ... Home Brief History of South Africa The Landing at the Cape The Dutch merchant van Riebeeck founds the first European settlement at the foot of Table Mountain. The Battle of Blood River The Voortrekkers under Andries Pretorius defeat the Zulus in this historical battle. Expansion of the Cape Settlers Looking for more grazing, the Trek Boers move toward the east and the north. The Colony of Natal The British occupy Natal and, after the Anglo-Zulu War, annex the whole of Zululand. The Great Trek The Voortrekkers leave in their thousands the Cape and settle in the Orange Free State, in Natal and Transvaal. The Anglo-Boer War After a three-year long war, the Boer Republics become British Crown Colonies. T he Xhosa People The Xhosa people are retreating further eastwards, as the white settlers occupy their land. The Apartheid Era The rightwing Nationalists win the elections. The devious politics of racial separation are initiated. The Zulu Kingdom In the beginning of the 19th century, Zulu King Shaka establishes the mightiest kingdom in southern Africa. T he Democratic South Africa Mandela and de Klerk abolish Apartheid. Democratic elections open the way for a better future.

34. The New South Africa - South African History The end of Apartheid and the first democratic elections in south africa. Nelson Mandela becomes the first President. Brief history on suedafrika.net. http://www.southafrica-travel.net/history/eh_newsa.htm

Attract ions History Geology Climate ... Home After a further two turbulent years, eventually a new constitution was drafted. In April 1994, the first democratic elections were held in South Africa. As expected, the ANC gained the overwhelming majority. Nelson Mandela was inaugurated on the 10th of May 1994 as the first black African President of the New South Africa. F. W. de Klerk, whose National Party had gained 20 per cent of the votes, became second Vice-President of the Interim Government. The first Vice-President was Thabo Mbeki. He was elected as President in June 1999 when the ANC got almost a two third majority of the votes. Thabo Mbeki, Nelson Mandela, F.W. de Klerk The New Democratic South Africa Only months after taking up office, Frederik Willem de Klerk rang in the end of Apartheid in an historic speech in Parliament in February 1990, and declared himself in favour of a democratic South Africa. The ANC was unbanned. Some days later, Nelson Mandela, the President of the ANC, was released from prison on Robben Island, after 27 years behind bars. Earlier, in secret negotiations the ANC and the government had agreed to refrain from violence and work for a peaceful transition and a new constitution. The process of rapprochement was slow in the beginning, particularly because of differences and power struggles between the Xhosa-dominated ANC and the Zulu-led Inkatha Freedom Party, resulting in violence in the townships. In the meantime, de Klerk had to deal with growing criticism from his own National Party. To counter that, he had his policy confirmed in a referendum voted on by the white population. Almost 70 per cent supported a continuation of the reforms.

35. South African Military History Society - Title Page history Society is a nonprofit society of enthusiasts dedicated to the study, recording and dissemination of military aspects of south africa s history. http://rapidttp.com/milhist/

The South African Military History Society Die Suid-Afrikaanse Krygshistoriese Vereniging The SA Military History Society is a non-profit society of enthusiasts dedicated to the study, recording and dissemination of military aspects of South Africa's history. Features About the Society Current national monthly newsletter Durban Branch Cape Town Branch Archive of past monthly newsletters Military History Journal - Indices and text from current and the past 33 years issues Monthly meeting lecture schedule Johannesburg Durban Cape Town Forthcoming ... Research projects bulletin board - Help/information requested (including information on combatant ancestors) Search engine (Catalogue of every word listed on this site) Southern African Published/related Books Contact details of South African Museums/Societies Professional Tour Guides of S.A. Battlefields South African Bookdealers who specialise in Military Subjects Links to other military history related sites Unpublished Boer War Diaries (Private Walter Putland) (Sr K L Nealon, nee Hill) General interest Diaries (William Wood and Dingaan) (Elizabeth Russell Cameron) First World War Diaries (German East Africa - Great War Diary) General interest - WWII (Radar in SA) Application to become a Member Contact details of branches National Executive Committee ... Constitution of the Society Send email to the S.A.Military History Society

36. South African Military History Society - Journal Page south african Military history Society News Elands River A Siege Which Possibly Changed the Course of history in south africa by Lionel Wolfsohn; Book Review http://rapidttp.com/milhist/journal.html

The South African Military History Society Die Suid-Afrikaanse Krygshistoriese Vereniging Military History Journal (incorporating Museum Review) Articles published over the last 36 years Guidelines for Authors The Military History Journal (incorporating the Museum Review), established in 1967, is published by the South African National Museum Of Military History in association with the South African Military History Society, bi-annually, in June and December. The aim of the Journal is to publish research and articles of interest concerning military history by members of the Society or the Museum or any other person who wishes to submit his or her work. Vol 12 No 5 June 2003 SA ISSN 0026-4016 The Jameson Raid - A failed dress rehearsal for the Anglo-Boer War? by David Saks A Welshman in the South African Heavy Artillery by Demetri Friend Events in the Tuli area - Part 3: The attacks on Bryce's Store and Rhodes' Drift by Rob Burrett Military Signalling in Last Africa by Cliff Lord Liberty ships by A V Weinerlein The Waffen SS, 1933-45 - Soldiers, just like the others? Part 1

37. African History Find out what special occasion in south africa s history these public holidays represent (ignoring the widely recognized holidays like Christmas, New Year and http://africanhistory.about.com/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About History African History Home ... African Stencils zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Apartheid Slavery Biographies Era: Human Origins ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About African History newsletter. Search African History From Alistair Boddy-Evans Your Guide to African History FREE Newsletter. Sign up now! June 16th Student Uprising When high-school students in Soweto started protesting for better education on 16 June 1976, police responded with teargas and live bullets. It is commemorated today by a South African national holiday, Youth day, which honors all the young people who lost their lives in the struggle against Apartheid and Bantu Education. Wednesday June 09, 2004 Farmland to be Nationalised in Zimbabwe All productive farmland in Zimbabwe is to be nationalised and 99-year leases issued, reports News 24.com . Lands Minister John Nkomo is quoted saying: "In the end all land shall be state land and there will be no such thing called private land." Read report...

38. African History -- South Africa south africa s rich history is overshadowed by its colonial heritage and the Apartheid era. Start exploring its history with this collection of links. http://africanhistory.about.com/od/southafrica/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About History African History Region: Southern Africa South Africa Home Essentials A Gazetteer of African Independence Slavery of Africans ... African Stencils zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Apartheid Slavery Biographies Era: Human Origins ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About African History newsletter. Search African History South Africa South Africa's rich history is overshadowed by its colonial heritage and the Apartheid era. Start exploring its history with this collection of links. Alphabetical Recent Up a category June 16th Student Uprising When high-school students in Soweto started protesting for better education on 16 June 1976, police responded with teargas and live bullets. Soweto Uprising: The Afrikaans Medium Decree The decree that Afrikaans would be used as a language of instruction in schools contributed to the 16 June 1976 student uprising in Soweto. Apartheid legislation Starting in 1948, the Nationalist Government in South Africa enacted laws to define and enforce segregation.

39. Yenza! - Subject Links - History Historical Association of south africa Address Department of history and Cultural history; University of Pretoria; Pretoria 0002 Telephone (012) 4202323 Fax http://www.nrf.ac.za/yenza/links/history.htm

Anthropology Criminology Development studies Economics ... studies History Home economics Journalism, communication and media studies ... Sociology History South African history departments South African archives South African professional associations History research methodology textbooks ... International collections of resources South African history departments University of Cape Town Guide to courses of study offered by the Department at undergraduate and post-graduate levels, as well as information on staff members and their research interests. http://www.uct.ac.za/depts/history/ University of Durban-Westville Information about staff, and links to other History departments. http://pixie.udw.ac.za/UDW/homepages/history/main.html University of the Free State Staff and course information, along with details of the 1999 conference on "The Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902): a reappraisal": http://www.uovs.ac.za/Faculties/humanities/hist/hist.asp The History Department site also links to the University's Institute for Contemporary History (INCH): http://inch.uovs.ac.za/

40. A Short History Of South Africa - SouthAfrica.info Take a brief tour through the rich, dramatic history of south africa from the earliest inhabitants through colonisation to the discovery of diamonds and gold http://www.safrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/history/history.htm

Sat, 12 Jun 2004 About South Africa Culture Democracy Demographics ... Sport Cape Town Durban Johannesburg Pretoria Quick forecasts SA Weather Service Mapping the best sites in SA cyberspace: goSouthAfrica SouthAfrica.net A short history of South Africa Early days If the history of South Africa is in large part one of increasing racial divisiveness, today it can also be seen as the story of - eventually - a journey through massive obstacles towards the creation, from tremendous diversity, of a single nation whose dream of unity and common purpose is now capable of realisation. The earliest representatives of that diversity - at least the earliest we can name - were the San and Khoekhoe peoples (otherwise known individually as the Bushmen and Hottentots or Khoikhoi; collectively called the Khoisan). Both were resident in the southern tip of the continent for thousands of years before its written history began with the arrival of European seafarers. And before that, modern human beings had lived here for more than 100 000 years - indeed, the country is an archaeological treasure chest. The hunter-gatherer San ranged widely over the area; the pastoral Khoekhoe lived in those comparatively well-watered areas, chiefly along the southern and western coastal strips, where adequate grazing was to be found. So it was with the latter that the early European settlers first came into contact - much to the disadvantage of the Khoekhoe.

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