61. The Energy Story - Chapter 15: Solar Energy solar Cells or photovoltaic energy. We can also change the sunlight directly to electricity using solar cells. solar cells are also http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter15.html

Chapter 15: Solar Energy We have always used the energy of the sun as far back as humans have existed on this planet. As far back as 5,000 years ago, people "worshipped" the sun. Ra, the sun-god, who was considered the first king of Egypt. In Mesopotamia, the sun-god Shamash was a major deity and was equated with justice. In Greece there were two sun deities, Apollo and Helios. The influence of the sun also appears in other religions - Zoroastrianism, Mithraism, Roman religion, Hinduism, Buddhism, the Druids of England, the Aztecs of Mexico, the Incas of Peru, and many Native American tribes. We know today, that the sun is simply our nearest star. Without it, life would not exist on our planet. We use the sun's energy every day in many different ways. When we hang laundry outside to dry in the sun, we are using the sun's heat to do work drying our clothes. Plants use the sun's light to make food. Animals eat plants for food. And as we learned in Chapter 5, decaying plants hundreds of millions of years ago produced the coal, oil and natural gas that we use today. So, fossil fuels is actually sunlight stored millions and millions of years ago. Indirectly, the sun or other stars are responsible for ALL our energy. Even nuclear energy comes from a star because the uranium atoms used in nuclear energy were created in the fury of a nova - a star exploding.

62. Homestead Specialties - Portal solar electric energy generation products, design, and services. photovoltaic systems equipment, low voltage, and energy efficient appliances including high efficiency DCAC power inverters. http://www.homestead-specialties.com/

vade in pace www.homestead-specialties.com

63. BP Solar - About Solar Power - Solar Science the external circuit they give up their energy as useful work (turning motors, lighting lamps, etc.) and return to the solar cell. The photovoltaic process is http://www.bpsolar.com/ContentPage.cfm?page=15

64. Global Resource Options solar photovoltaic and wind energy systems, building integrated and standalone, designed by professional engineers. http://www.globalresourceoptions.com/

Global Resource Options is dedicated to helping you create clean renewable energy. Solar and Wind Power are readily available. Our systems and services make it easy and affordable for you. How we do it Affordable Energy Options solar electricity solar hot water home wind power rebates/incentives ... commercial products With Global Resource Options, the grass is always greener on your side of the fence. What you can do. about us contact us commercial: solar wind residential: solar wind portfolio Global Resource Options Info@GlobalResourceOptions.com

65. Effective Solar Products, L.L.C. Sells a range of solar energy products. photovoltaic modules, inverters, batteries, wind generators and outdoor lighting. http://www.effectivesolar.com/

E FFECTIVE S OLAR P RODUCTS, L.L.C. Welcome to Effective Solar Products Over Thirty Combined Years Experience "One Stop Source For Prepackaged Solar Energy Systems"

66. Solar And Photovoltaic Energy Information At Business.com 10 of 247). solar and photovoltaic energy Category found in Alternative energy Manufacturers of solar and photovoltaic products. http://www.business.com/directory/energy_and_environment/alternative_energy/sola

Solar and Photovoltaic Energy - Manufacturers of solar and photovoltaic products. All of Business.com Just this category Search Tips Help Sponsored Links List Your Site Solar Panels Solar Electric Panels Over 100 PV panels to choose from Water pumping, deep cycle batteries Electrical Supplies LC Solar Panels ... Panels Shop for custom, quality window treatments and get 10 Free Swatches Solar Kit Check out the 50W Solar POPULAR SEARCHES photovoltaics solar panel solar panels solar power YOU ARE HERE: Business Directory Alternative Energy Solar and Photovoltaic Energy SUB-CATEGORIES: Batteries RESOURCES: Associations News FEATURED LISTINGS Feature Your Site Here Featured Listings? Northern Power Systems: Solar Energy Provider of alternative power systems for remote or stand-alone applications. Manufactures wind turn generators and resells solar power equipment. LISTINGS List Your Site bold-faced listings are paid advertisers A.Y. McDonald Manufacturer of waterworks brass, plumbing valves, pumps and water systems and high-pressure gas valves and meter bars. AAA Solar Service and Supply Manufacturer and distributor of solar energy products, including solar and wind electricity, solar heating, water heating, pool heating, solar cookers, solar system parts, heat exchangers, battery cables.

67. Maui Solar Energy Software Corporation Software manufacturer and publisher for several programs for photovoltaic systems design, Trace inverters program interface, and solar hot water systems. http://www.mauisolarsoftware.com/

The MSESC site requires that a capable frames-aware browser be installed; your current browser does not support frames. To install Microsoft Internet Explorer, click here and follow the instructions. clicking here Solar Energy, PV Software, Photovoltaic Software

68. PV Homepage photovoltaics. photovoltaic solar energy is a young and exciting technology with incredible potential. This site is an attempt to http://www.history.rochester.edu/class/PV/home.html

Photovoltaics Photovoltaic solar energy is a young and exciting technology with incredible potential. This site is an attempt to provide an easy introduction to photovoltaic technology and a breif discussion of its position in the marketplace. What is photovoltaic power? What's so special about photovoltaics? The future of photovotaic power Links to related sites Acknowledgments I created this site as a final project for Professor Morris Pierce's class, Politics of Energy and the Environment, at the University of Rochester. Student Projects History Dept Computer Science Dept U of R ... Acknowledgments Introduction to Photovoltaics John Fraser

69. Beacon Power Manufactures inverters from 1000 watts to 2500 watts for solar electric (photovoltaic) grid tie systems. http://www.advancedenergy.com/

Investors News Careers May 14, 2004 Beacon Power Announces First-Quarter 2004 Results and Files Form 10-K/A. More March 31, 2004 Beacon Power announces Smart Power M5 Installer Training Program Eligible for NABCEP Continuing Education Credit. More Beacon Power designs and manufactures power conversion and sustainable energy storage systems for the distributed generation, renewable energy, and backup power markets. We've long been pioneers in advanced energy storage technology. Today we're also building a new generation of power conversion systems for photovoltaic applications. Who We Are What We Do Our History Advanced photovoltaic power conversion systems for high efficiency performance even when the grid goes down.

70. SOLAR ENERGY photovoltaic cells were developed at Bell Labs in 1950 primarily initially for space applications. The Hubbell telescope utilizes solar panels for its energy http://www.history.rochester.edu/class/solar/cells.htm

Photovoltaic Cells Photovoltaic (PV) cells are devices that convert sunlight to electricity, bypassing thermodynamic cycles and mechanical generators. PV stands for photo (light) and voltaic (electricity), whereby sunlight photons free electrons from common silicon. The phenomenon was first discovered in the 18th century. The photovoltaic cells were developed at Bell Labs in 1950 primarily initially for space applications. The Hubbell telescope utilizes solar panels for its energy requirements. Steckborn, Switzerland. First church in the world with with solar power The US Department of Energy during the Carter administration spent 500 million dollars developing this technology. Costs have dropped since then and currently, solar cells have proved to be cost effective. Other than space satellites, the photovoltaic cells are being used in rural health clinics for refrigeration, water pumps for irrigation and for small scale power generation. Switzerland. Solar power for agriculture Solar cell are also being used in developing countries. Solar panels can power a 17" b/w TV, a radio or a fan. Some electric lighting systems provide sufficient current for up to 10 hours of lightning each evening. Locally produced car batteries can provide up to 5 nights of energy for a 8 watt DC fluorescent light.

71. Connect Energy - Photovoltaic Design Company Manufactures photovoltaic charge controllers, and accessories. PWM regulation powercenters for solar, wind, hydro, alternative energy. Also sold under the Pulse energy name. http://www.connectenergy.org/

Architectural Photovoltaics Connect Energy is a full-service PV design company, located in Grass Valley, California. We specialize in Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV). Connect features state of the art solar energy technology integrated in glazing and roofing products. We provide a wide range of High/Low Voltage inverters, custom products ie. combiner boxes, power centers and accessories as needed. We offer the following products: Architectural Photovoltaics Balance of Systems Designed by Winter Street Design

72. << Ammini Group Of Companies >> Manufactures solar photovoltaic modules, lighting systems, charge controllers, and lanterns. Based in Kerala, India. http://ammini.com/

Our Motto is harnessing Solar energy and contribute to the all important saga of energy conservation. We always have nature in our mind while selecting, designing and implementing new projects and products. Solar Lanterns Solar Home Systems Solar Street Lighting Systems Electronic Watt-Hour Meters ... Product Catalogue Quality Manual Quality Policy ISO 9001:2000 Ammini Group of Companies has the following members involved in various business activities. Omega Electronics is engaged in the Manufacturing, System Integration and Marketing of Solar PV Systems. Ammini Solar Pvt Ltd is engaged in the Manufacturing and Marketing of Solar Photovoltaic Modules. Home Page Corporate Products Services ... Feedback

73. Chromagen - Solar Energy Systems Design, manufacture and distribute solar energy equipment for domestic, commercial and industrial use. Products include solar collectors, water tanks and photovoltaic systems. English, Spanish, Hebrew, Italian versions. http://www.chromagen.co.il/

english hebrew espanol italiano

74. Photovoltaic Energy Systems photovoltaic energy Systems Experiment PE1 solarModules. Huge, great resource if you can handle the math. energy Pay-Back Time http://www.rmsg.us/heat/photovol.htm

ROCKY MOUNTAIN SURVIVAL GROUP Links added daily! REMEMBER TO "REFRESH" THIS PAGE OCCASIONALLY TO VIEW NEW ADDITIONS (Use Key) As always, if you know of an article or web page that belongs here - please, let us know! Back to "Heat & Power" Back to "Articles" Please REPORT any problems with this page. Photovoltaic Energy Systems Latest Articles Listed First Build this simple Mini Maximizer Greatly improve the performance of solar-powered pumps and motors by building this simple mini-maximizer. Sizing Tips for PV Charge Controllers - SunWize Technologies PV systems with batteries need a means of protecting the battery from overcharging. While some small systems use PV modules that are self-regulating, most need a charge controller. The charge controller regulates how much current is delivered to the batteries, reducing potentially dangerous battery gassing and battery water usage. In addition, many controllers include a low voltage disconnect (LVD) feature, which prevents the load from over-discharging the battery. Solar Information Index - GO Solar Company This website map is sorted into three vertical rows of solar energy information, Heating, Electric and Catalog. Additional pages of components and systems specifications are available by clicking on the individual catalog titles.

75. Solar Energy Manufactures solar collectors for both industrial and residential use. Included are troughs, flat plate and photovoltaic solar energy collectors. http://www.industrialsolartech.com/

Menu Home About IST Contact IST IST news Residential Systems Information Sun Earth Panels Storage Tanks Commercial Systems About Troughs Large Trough Specs. Roof Trough Specs. IST is now 20 years old! We have seen many ups and downs in the energy business during that period. Now, however, interest in solar installations is growing rapidly as individual citizens react to increasing energy costs, grid shutdowns and government concerns regarding supplies of natural gas. People also realize that by installing a solar system, they not only save money over the long run, but they contribute personally to improving the environment and to enhancing the energy security of the country. We hope you find our web site informative. We welcome your feedback on how to serve you, our customers, better. Each web page describes different services that IST provides. The index below describes the contents of each web page. Our services are comprehensive. IST is the one place for all your solar needs. IST offers design, engineering, consultation and installation services for any size project, whether for residential or commercial applications. IST is one of the largest companies serving the residential market in Colorado. We have numerous new systems operating and have trained staff to tackle even the most complicated service call. IST technicians are certified by the Colorado Solar Energy Industries Association and IST is a member of the Denver/Boulder Better Business Bureau. We have registered professional engineering staff that can help with building and permitting issues. The capabilities of IST to accept responsibility for entire house energy systems are especially appreciated by builders of remote homes

76. Photovoltaics solar cells are devices which convert solar energy directly into electricity, either directly via the photovoltaic effect, or indirectly by first convertin the http://acre.murdoch.edu.au/ago/pv/pv.html

77. Sharp Electronics Solar Industry Division Sharp's solar energy systems. Manufactures primarily high power photovoltaic panels in the 100 watt+ range. http://www.sharpusa.com/sharp-usa/be-sharp/SolarLanding/0,2060,,00.html

78. Photovoltaic Energy. The answer is worldwide adoption of solar energy from photovoltaic cells. This will include not only photovoltaic (PV) electricity, but electrosynthesised. http://www.electrosolar.co.uk/

Electrosolar : Photovoltaic Energy Last update 28/1/2004 Click on pictures for other pages Say NO to CLIMATE CHANGE The case for Solar Electricity. Fossil fuel burning is ultimately the main problem facing the world. Global climate change can be traced back to the increasing CO2 levels. Scientists now agree that unchecked it will cause a global temperature uncrease of between 2 and 6 degrees Centigrade over the next century Most of our energy is currently generated by fossil fuel burning The non CO2 options are nuclear, hydro, wind, tidal, and solar. Nuclear energy has left a legacy of radioactive waste, and its safety record shows that it is not the answer. The potential of wind, hydro, and tidal is ultimately far less than solar energy. The answer is worldwide adoption of solar energy from photovoltaic cells. This will include not only photovoltaic (PV) electricity, but electro-synthesised fuels - since these can be transported and stored. Organic and thin-film PV cells offer the hope of doing this cheaply enough, with large scale production, and within the necessary timescale of thirty years.

79. Photovoltaic Solar Energy For more information on renewable energy sources, active solar energy, passive solar energy, and photovoltaic solar energy, please contact solar energy http://www.newenergy.org/sesci/publications/pamphlets/photovoltaic.html

SESCI home Renewable Energy Passive Solar Active Solar Photovoltaic Solar Advantages of solar energy Solar energy is a renewable resource that is environmentally friendly. Unlike fossil fuels, solar energy is available just about everywhere on earth. And this source of energy is free, immune to rising energy prices. Solar energy can be used in many ways - to provide heat, lighting, mechanical power and electricity. Photovoltaic energy Sunlight is converted to electricity using photovoltaic or solar cells. Photovoltaic (PV) cells are semiconductor devices, usually made of silicon, which contain no liquids, corrosive chemicals or moving parts. They produce electricity as long as light shines on them, they require little maintenance, do not pollute and they operate silently, making photovoltaic energy the cleanest and safest method of power generation. Photovoltaic cells and modules Photovoltaic cells come in many sizes, but most are 10 cm by 10 cm and generate about half a volt of electricity. PV cells are bundled together in modules or panels to produce higher voltages and increased power. A 12-volt module, for example, depending on its power output, could have 30 to 40 PV cells. A module producing 50 watts of power measures approximately 40 cm by 100 cm. PV panels are not highly efficient, converting only 12 to 15 per cent of the sunÕs light into electricity, but laboratory prototypes are reaching 30 per cent efficiency. PV modules generate direct current (DC), the kind of electricity produced by batteries. Although incandescent lights can operate on DC, most electric devices require 120-volt alternating current (AC) as supplied by utilities. A device known as an inverter converts DC to AC current. Inverters vary in size and in the quality of electricity they supply. Less expensive inverters are suitable for simple loads, such as lights and water pumps, but models with good quality waveform output are needed to power electronic devices such as TVs, stereos, microwave ovens and computers.

80. Practical Course: Photovoltaic Energy Systems photovoltaic energy Systems . Experiment PE1. solarModules. Rodrigo Guido Araújo. Dr. Stefan Krauter. Kim Onneken. Dr. Volker Quaschning. http://emsolar.ee.tu-berlin.de/lehre/english/pv1/

"Photovoltaic Energy Systems" Experiment PE1 Solar-Modules Dr. Stefan Krauter Kim Onneken Dr. Volker Quaschning UFRJ-COPPE-EE TU-Berlin Contents 1 Solar cell, equivalent circuit and characteristics 4 1.1 I-V characteristic of the solar cell 7 1.2 MPP-Power, efficiency, fill factor 9 1.3 Influence of irradiance on the I-V curve 10 1.4 Influence of temperature on the I-V curve 10 2 Solar module 11 2.1 Influence of shadowing 12 2.2 Bypass-diodes 12 3 Measurement of the solar irradiance and the temperature 14 3.1 Measurement of the solar irradiance 14 3.2 Measurement of temperature 16 4 Preparation exercises 17 5 Experimentation 17 5.1 Setting up the experiment 17 5.2 Recording of I-V characteristics at different temperatures 18 5.3 Recording of the I-V characteristics for different levels of irradiance 18 5.4 Recording of the I-V characteristics for different states of shadowing 19 5.5 Different type of module 19 6 Protocol 19 7 List of equipment 20 8 Literature 20 Prologue Electricity generated from photovoltaic (PV) systems produces zero emissions, is modular, and can produce energy anywhere the sun shines. Investment in PV my be cost-effective in certain distributed generation and grid-support applications where PV output tends to coincidence with local peak demands. Small stand-alone PV systems have proven practical in many areas of the country where connection with the local distribution was too costly or impractical. Such systems, when coupled with a storage battery, can serve loads such as homes, radio stations, control systems, telephone repeaters and lighting systems. PV modules may be installed in buildings as part of the roofing, walls, and/or windows.

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