61. Virtual Hospital: University Of Iowa Family Practice Handbook, Fourth Edition: H Hematologic, Electrolyte, and Metabolic Disorders sickle cell anemia. Acute chest syndrome. Occurs in 40% of patients with sickle cell anemia. http://www.vh.org/adult/provider/familymedicine/FPHandbook/Chapter06/04-6.html

For Providers University of Iowa Family Practice Handbook, Fourth Edition, Chapter 6 Hematologic, Electrolyte, and Metabolic Disorders: Sickle Cell Anemia Ke Chen, MD, PhD and Mark A. Graber, MD Immediate Care Center, Iowa Health Physicians and Departments of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine Peer Review Status: Externally Peer Reviewed by Mosby Incidence . 0.3% of African Americans are homozygotes (have sickle cell disease); 13% of African Americans are heterozygotes (carriers). Genetics . Autosomal recessive. Abnormal hemoglobin S, leading to sickling of RBCs. Clinical Anemia (see IA and IB under anemia above for clinical symptoms). Sickle crisis : 60% incidence per year. Defined as sickling of cells causing vaso-occlusive disease with bone, lung, renal infarctions, often precipitated by exposure to cold and, importantly, infection . Most common sites of pain are lumbar spine, abdomen, femur, knees, sternum, ribs, shoulder, and elbows. Joint involvement may be symmetric. May be associated with abdominal distension or ileus. May have fever, pulmonary infarctions (see acute chest syndrome below). It may be difficult to differentiate abdominal pain from a sickle crisis from the pain of a surgical acute abdomen. May develop priapism. Fever de facto splenectomized secondary to repeated infarction. Need to treat fever aggressively because encapsulated organisms such as pneumo- cocci and

62. Virtual Hospital : Health Topics A-Z : Sickle Cell Anemia Health Topics AZ sickle cell anemia. For Adult Providers. University of Iowa Family Practice Handbook sickle cell anemia For Adult Patients. http://www.vh.org/navigation/vh/topics/adult_provider_sickle_cell_anemia.html

Health Topics A-Z Sickle Cell Anemia All Topics Adult Patient Topics Adult Provider Topics Pediatric Patient Topics ... Pediatric Provider Topics For Adult Providers University of Iowa Family Practice Handbook: Sickle Cell Anemia For Adult Patients Aging Begins at 30: Despite Advances, Sickle-cell Disease Is Still Incurable For Pediatric Patients Sickle Cell Trait: Frequently Asked Questions All Topics Adult Patient Topics Adult Provider Topics ... UI Health Care Home http://www.vh.org/navigation/vh/topics/adult_provider_sickle_cell_anemia.html

63. Sickle Cell Anemia sickle cell anemia. Two of the most common forms of sickle cell disease are sickle cell anemia (SS disease) and sickle C disease. http://gunsmoke.ecn.purdue.edu/~kpasquet/project/sickle.html

Sickle Cell Anemia For more Information about Sickle-Cell Disease Contact: American Sickle Cell Anemia P.O. Box 1971 10300 Carnegie Ave Cleveland, OH 44106 Phone: (216) 229-8600 Contact: Ira Bragg Fax: (216) 229-4500 National Association for Sickle Cell Disease, Inc. 3345 Wilshire Blvd Los Angeles, CA 90010-1880 Phone: (800) 421-8453 Contact: Pamela Fax: (213) 736-5211 Sickle Cell Disease Association of America, Inc. 200 Corporate Point, #495 Culver City, CA 90230-7633 Phone: (800) 421-8453 or (310) 216-6363 Contact: Ralph Sutton Fax: (310) 215-3722 Triad Sickle Cell Anemia Foundation 1102 East Market St. Greensboro, NC 27420-0964 Phone: (919) 274-1507 Contact: Gladys Fax: (919) 275-7984 Online Resources Joint Center for Sickle Cell and Thalassemic Disorders , Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA HSTAT- AHCPR - Sickle Cell Disease - Practice guidelines, factsheets for parents March of Dimes Sickle Cell Disease fact sheet Sickle cell anemia health information National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Clinical Alert: Drug Treatment for Sickle Cell Anemia Wellness Web Sickle Cell Anemia information The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.

64. [Note To Reader See Sentence Outline With Comments In Red.] red.. sickle cell anemia and malarial resistance Nathan Nelson. Department The direct cause of sickle cell anemia is genetic. Those with http://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~wilkins/writing/Samples/shortmed/nelson/sickl

[Note to reader: See Sentence outline with comments in red Sickle cell anemia and malarial resistance Nathan Nelson Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 [Not needed for class papers; used for paper submitted for publication.] Abstract: Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease that slightly alters the structure of hemoglobin, the oxygen carrying protein in red blood cells. This modified hemoglobin, when not carrying oxygen, tends to clump with other deoxygenated hemoglobin, deforming red blood cells and causing blood to clot throughout the body. The disease is prevalent in Africa where incidence of malaria is high because sickle cell anemia imparts some resistance to malaria. Because the United States does not have a problem with malaria, the incidence of sickle cell anemia has decreased in the African-American population. The direct cause of sickle cell anemia is genetic. Those with sickle cell anemia have genes that produce a modified form of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to tissue. When this modified hemoglobin is deoxygenated in tissue, it tends to clump with other deoxygenated hemoglobin, forming long chains. These chains deform the red blood cells that contain them, causing the red blood cells to assume a sickled shape, rather than their normal smooth disk shape. The sickled red blood cells clog capillaries, causing heart problems, skin and retinal lesions, and often death. Despite these effects, the disease does have one benefit. Those with sickle cell anemia are resistant to the parasite that causes malaria.

65. STOP Trial In Sickle Cell Anemia Stroke Prevention Trial in sickle cell anemia (STOP). What was the STOP Trial? This study was meant to STOP strokes in children with sickle cell anemia. http://www.neuro.mcg.edu/cvhp/STOP/

Cerebrovascular Section of the Department of Neurology Transfusions and Stroke Prevention in Sickle Cell Disease Detecting Stroke Risk with Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound Sickle Cell Disease and Stroke Risk Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound Training Examination Interpretation Comparing Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound with Transcranial Doppler Imaging ... Contact Us Stroke Prevention Trial in Sickle Cell Anemia (STOP) What was the STOP Trial? The Stroke Prevention Trial in Sickle Cell Anemia, or STOP, was a randomized research study which proved that periodic (approximately monthly) blood transfusions prevent strokes in children with sickle cell anemia who were at risk for stroke. A test called a transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound identified children who were at risk for stroke. The transfusions lowered the amount of sickle hemoglobin (Hb S) in the child's blood. Fourteen prominent teaching hospitals including the lead institution, the Medical College of Georgia, were involved in this study. Why was it named "STOP"?

66. Medical Library: Sickle Cell Anemia sickle cell anemia. What Is sickle cell anemia? sickle cell anemia In sickle cell anemia, the hemoglobin is defective. After the hemoglobin http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZRUG6LUJC&sub_cat=5

67. HealthCentral - General Encyclopedia - Sickle Cell Anemia General Health Encyclopedia, sickle cell anemia. the blood. sickle cell anemia can affect many other body systems. Symptoms of this http://www.healthcentral.com/mhc/top/000527.cfm

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68. InteliHealth: Sickle Cell Anemia referenced in an AZ format. sickle cell anemia. Health A to Z, Reviewed by the Faculty of Harvard Medical School SickleCell Anemia http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/9339/9453.html

chrome_imgPreload('gifChr_mid_but_home_mo_1','http://img.intelihealth.com/i/C/Chr_mid_but_home-o.gif'); chrome_imgPreload('gifChr_mid_but_comm_mo_2','http://img.intelihealth.com/i/C/Chr_mid_but_comm-o.gif'); chrome_imgPreload('gifChr_mid_but_dental_mo_3','http://img.intelihealth.com/i/C/Chr_mid_but_dental-o.gif'); chrome_imgPreload('gifChr_mid_but_drug_mo_4','http://img.intelihealth.com/i/C/Chr_mid_but_drug-o.gif'); chrome_imgPreload('gifChr_mid_but_askexpert_mo_5','http://img.intelihealth.com/i/C/Chr_mid_but_askexpert-o.gif'); chrome_imgPreload('gifChr_mid_but_medical_mo_6','http://img.intelihealth.com/i/C/Chr_mid_but_medical-o.gif'); chrome_imgPreload('gifChr_mid_but_chats_mo_7','http://img.intelihealth.com/i/C/Chr_mid_but_chats-o.gif'); chrome_imgPreload('gifchr_mid_but_news_mo_8','http://img.intelihealth.com/i/c/chr_mid_but_news-o.gif'); chrome_imgPreload('gifChr_mid_but_privacy_mo_9','http://img.intelihealth.com/i/C/Chr_mid_but_privacy-o.gif'); Advertisement Sickle-Cell Anemia What Is It? Symptoms Diagnosis Expected Duration ... Additional Info What Is It? Sickle-cell anemia is most common in people whose ancestors came from parts of Africa, Saudi Arabia, India and the Mediterranean region. To have a fully developed case of sickle-cell anemia, one gene for the illness must be inherited from both parents. When a person inherits only one sickle-cell gene from one parent, that person is said to have sickle-cell "trait" rather than sickle-cell anemia. People with sickle-cell trait usually have no symptoms of sickle-cell anemia, but they can pass the gene for sickle-cell hemoglobin to their children. Health experts estimate that approximately 2 million people in the United States currently carry the sickle-cell trait, while another 72,000 have full-blown sickle-cell anemia. Right now, about one of every 500 African-American children, and one of every 1,100 to 1,400 Hispanic-American children, are born with sickle-cell anemia.

69. Sickle Cell Anemia - Case Study Collection - National Center For Case Study Teac Case Teaching Notes for sickle cell anemia, by Debra Stamper, Department of Biology, King s College. sickle cell anemia. Section 1 The Inquiry Begins. http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/projects/cases/sickle_cell1.html

Sickle Cell Anemia Section 1: The Inquiry Begins by Debra Stamper Department of Biology King's College It was a brisk fall day in Bostonthe type of day that Dr. William Castle preferred to start with a cup of coffee while he caught up on his correspondence, which often appeared to be an endless task. As a faculty member of Harvard Medical School, he had always received a fair amount of inquiries, but after he had published his data indicating that pernicious anemia was due to a vitamin B12 deficiency, the amount of mail he received was sometimes overwhelming. Sitting in his reclining chair he sorted through the large pile that had accumulated. He began to meticulously segregate it into smaller piles he would open in a prescribed order. Usually the delegation of a particular envelope was a relatively easy choice. There were a few that caused him to pause for a moment, such as the one he was currently holding. The return address indicated it was from an Irving Sherman at Johns Hopkins University. Since it was from someone he had never heard of, he was inclined to place it in the pile to be opened later. But on this day he decided to take another sip of coffee and see what Mr. Sherman had to say. "Well, this may have some merit," Dr. Castle mused to himself. He recognized that these results indicated it was likely that there was a difference in one or more molecules found either in the blood or within the red blood cells. Since sickle cell anemia was named due to the change in the shape of the red blood cells, the molecule involved was most likely within the red blood cells. Dr. Castle placed the letter in a conspicuous place on his desk so that he would remember to send a reply to the ambitious student.

70. Health Problems In African American Women: Sickle Cell Anemia Health Problems in African American Women sickle cell anemia. Printer Friendly version. sickle cell anemia can cause serious health problems http://www.4woman.gov/minority/minority.cfm?page=174

71. Sickle Cell Anemia And Stroke sickle cell anemia and Stroke. sickle cell anemia and Stroke. WHAT IS A STROKE? A stroke is a sudden and severe complication of sickle cell anemia. http://www.doh.wa.gov/EHSPHL/PHL/Newborn/scstroke.htm

You are here: DOH Home EHSPHL Home PHL Home NBS Home ... Employees Sickle Cell Anemia and Stroke Sickle Cell Anemia and Stroke WHAT IS A STROKE? A stroke is a sudden and severe complication of sickle cell anemia. It affects from 6 to 8% of patients with sickle cell anemia, especially between 2 and 10 years of age. A stroke may occur with a painful episode or an infection, but in most cases there are no related illnesses. Although recovery from the stroke may be complete in some cases, frequently the stroke can cause brain damage, paralysis, convulsions, coma and even death. A repeat stroke causes greater brain damage and increases the risk of death. Repeat strokes occur in at least 60% of the children who have already suffered one stroke unless treatment is given. At this time, no test has been proven to predict those children with sickle cell anemia who are at risk for having one or more strokes. WHAT CAUSES A STROKE? The sickled cells in a child with sickle cell anemia have a hard time moving through the blood vessels in the brain. If some cells get "stuck" and can't move, other sickled cells pile up behind and cause a "log jam" that blocks the blood vessels. Oxygen can't get past the block to other parts of the brain, which causes the stroke. SYMPTOMS OF A STROKE Jerking or twitching of the face, legs, arms.

72. The Infant And Young Child With Sickle Cell Anemia THE INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD WITH sickle cell anemia. WHAT CAN BE DONE TO HELP CHILDREN WITH sickle cell anemia FIGHT INFECTION SINCE THE SPLEEN DOES NOT WORK? http://www.doh.wa.gov/EHSPHL/PHL/Newborn/chwsick.htm

You are here: DOH Home EHSPHL Home PHL Home NBS Home ... Employees THE INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD WITH SICKLE CELL ANEMIA TABLE OF CONTENTS Fever The Spleen Infection Penicillin ... Inheritance of Disease Sickle cell Anemia is an inherited blood disease which is particularly serious for infants and young children. About one in every 400 black babies is born with sickle cell anemia. A person with this lifelong disease has abnormally formed red blood cells. All complications of disease can be traced to changes in the makeup of the red blood cell causing it to assume a "sickle" shape, making it unusually fragile, and sometimes very rigid. These red blood cells can become trapped within the blood vessels and thus interfere with normal blood flow. This obstruction can lead to sudden pain anywhere in the body, as well as damage to body tissues and organs over time. Supportive treatment is available for sickle cell anemia, but as yet there is no cure except for a very expensive and experimental bone marrow transplant. The young child with sickle cell anemia has special needs. If these needs are understood by those caring for the child, then complications can be prevented or treated early. These complications are discussed here in detail to help parents and others provide the best possible care to the child with sickle cell anemia.

73. Extended Definitions: Example sickle cell anemia. sickle cell anemia is a congenital hemolytic anemia that occurs primarily but not exclusively in Blacks. The http://www.io.com/~hcexres/tcm1603/acchtml/def_ex.html

Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle cell anemia is a congenital hemolytic anemia that occurs primarily but not exclusively in Blacks. The condition results from a defective hemoglobin molecule (hemoglobin S) which causes red blood cells (RBCs) to roughen and become sickle-shaped. Such cells impair circulation, resulting in chronic ill health (fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, and swollen joints), periodic crises, long-term complications, and premature death. At present, only symptomatic treatment is available. Half of such patients die by their early 20s; few live to middle age. Causes and Incidence Sickle cell anemia results from homozygous inheritance of the hemoglobin S-producing gene, which causes substitution of the amino acid valine for glutamic acid in the B hemoglobin chain. Heterozygous inheritance of this gene results in sickle cell trait, generally an asymptomatic condition. Sickle cell anemia is most common in tropical Africans and in persons of African descent. About 1 in 10 Afro-Americans carries the abnormal gene. If two such carriers have offspring, there is a 1 in 4 chance that each child will have the disease. Overall, 1 in every 400 to 600 Black children has sickle cell anemia. This disease also occurs in Puerto Rico, Turkey, India, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean area. Possibly, the defective hemoglobin S-producing gene has persisted because in areas where malaria is endemic, the heterozygous sickle cell trait provides resistance to malaria and is actually beneficial.

74. Other Topics: Current Treatment For Sickle Cell Anemia Human genome project. Current Treatment for sickle cell anemia Robert G. Lerner, MD For the past eight years, I ve been treating a patient, I ll call him Rod. http://www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/articles/other/sicklecell_3/

IN THIS ARTICLE What is sickle cell disease? The current treatment Sit the terminally ill patient upright if they're having trouble breathing. more... OTHER TOPICS Human genome project Current Treatment for Sickle Cell Anemia Robert G. Lerner, M.D. For the past eight years, I've been treating a patient, I'll call him Rod. When I first met Rod, he was hospitalized and frightened, facing an uncertain future from a serious disease. Rod knew he had some variety of sickle cell disorder because both of his parents had sickle cell trait. We tested Rod and, indeed, he had inherited sickle cell disease. Parents are often confused about screening for sickle cell disease and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has provided a useful guide designed for use by parents. Thanks to a new medicine, hydoxyurea, sickle cell sufferers like Rod now have a better chance of living an almost normal life, with fewer painful attacks and hospitalizations. Rod's Medical Story Rod's childhood was mostly uneventful, although he had many episodes of aches and pains as he was growing up. At 18, he was hospitalized with his first "sickle cell crisis," where red cells broke down and blocked blood flow, especially in tiny arteries throughout Rod's body. Rod was even treated with exchange transfusion on one occasion when his lungs were plugged up with misshapen sickle cells and his life was in danger we replaced his defective red blood cells with normal red blood cells. Exchange transfusion is not an ordinary part of medical care for crisis but, sometimes, it can be life saving when a patient has an acute chest syndrome like Rod did. Since then, he's had many crises and many medical problems, including episodes of severe abdominal and back pains, skin ulcers and bone and joint damage.

75. Sickle Cell Anemia - DrGreene.com sickle cell anemia. Related concepts Hemoglobin S Introduction Children with two hemoglobin S genes have classic sickle cell anemia (SS). Those http://www.drgreene.com/21_1186.html

QUICK SEARCH A - Z Guide Allergies Allergy Care Guide Asthma Care Guide Bedwetting Breastfeeding Childhood Obesity Diabetes Care Guide Ear Infections Genetics Immunizations Infectious Diseases Parenting Potty Training Rashes Safety Sleep About DrGreene.com Archives About Us Context Reviews Awards Readers Comments Press Room Partners and Supporters Topic Centers Contact Us Pediatric Information A-Z Guide Allergy Care Guide Asthma Care Guide Diabetes Care Guide Discussion Boards DrGreene´s Chats DrGreene´s Event Schedule FAQ Fast Facts Feature Articles Guidelines Pediatric Updates Special Feature Top Tips Community Activty Guide Advanced Search Community Central Chat Chat Schedule Cute Faces Discussion Boards Family Friendly Recipes Parent-to-Parent Resources The DrGreene Team Newsletter Prenatal Newborn Infants Toddlers Pre-Schoolers School Age Teens / Adolescents Multimedia Library Fertility Children's Health Sickle Cell Anemia Related concepts: Hemoglobin S Introduction: Normal red blood cells are soft, gel-like discs that can squish as needed to slip through the tiny capillaries of the body. In sickle cell disease, the red blood cells are brittle. What is it?

76. Adult Health Advisor 2003.2: Sickle Cell Anemia Index. sickle cell anemia. What is sickle cell anemia? Sickle cell treatment. What are the complications of sickle cell anemia? Because http://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/aha/aha_sicklean_crs.htm

Adult Health Topics All Health Topics Find a UMHS Doctor Search Adult Topics Search All Topics T his information is not a tool for self-diagnosis or a substitute for medical treatment. You should speak to your physician or make an appointment to be seen if you have questions or concerns about this information or your medical condition. Index Sickle Cell Anemia What is sickle cell anemia? Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disease that causes abnormal red blood cells. It is a lifelong disease starting at birth. Sickle cell disease is most prevalent among people who are African, African American, Mediterranean (Italian or Greek), Middle Eastern, East Indian, Caribbean, and Central or South American. In the U.S. the frequency of sickle cell anemia among African Americans is about 1 in every 400 births. One of every twelve African American newborns carries the sickle cell trait in his or her genes. How does it occur? Sickle cell anemia is inherited. A baby will have sickle cell anemia if both the mother and the father are carriers of the gene for sickle cell anemia. A parent can be a carrier of just one copy of the gene and not have the disease. However, if a child inherits a sickle cell trait gene from each parent, the child has two copies of the gene and will have sickle cell anemia. The red blood cells carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. A chemical in the red blood cells called hemoglobin helps the cells carry oxygen. If you have sickle cell anemia, most of your red blood cells contain an abnormal type of hemoglobin called hemoglobin S. This abnormal hemoglobin makes the red blood cells more easily damaged by changes in your body. They may become damaged or be destroyed by:

77. Sickle Cell Anemia-Blood Diseases & Disorders sickle cell anemia The person has most or all of the normal hemoglobin (HbA) replaced with the sickle hemoglobin (HbS). This is referred to as HbSS. http://www.umm.edu/blood/sickle.htm

Donations / Banking Blood Diseases Blood Disorders... Anemias ... Site Map Related Resources Within UMM Hematology Pediatric Oncology Blood Diseases Sickle Cell Disease What is sickle cell disease? Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder characterized by defective hemoglobin. It affects millions of people throughout the world and approximately 72,000 people in the US. It is present in one in every 500 African-American births. Normal hemoglobin cells are smooth and round, allowing for ease in moving through blood vessels. Sickle cell hemoglobin molecules are stiff and form into the shape of a sickle or a scythe. They tend to cluster together, and cannot easily move through blood vessels. The cluster causes a blockage and stops the movement of oxygen-carrying blood. Sickle cells die after about 10 to 20 days, unlike normal hemoglobin cells, which live for up to 120 days. This results in a chronic short supply of red blood cells, which causes anemia. The most common variations of the sickle cell gene include the following: Sickle cell trait The person is carrying the defective gene, HbS, but also has some normal hemoglobin, HbA. This is referred to as HbAS. Persons with sickle cell trait are usually without symptoms of the disease. Mild anemia may occur. Under intense, stressful conditions, exhaustion, hypoxia (low oxygen), and/or severe infection, the sickling of the defective hemoglobin may occur and result in some complications associated with the sickle cell disease.

78. Best Practice Of Medicine - Patient Guide - Sickle Cell Anemia sickle cell anemia. Basics sickle cell anemia is a type of anemia named after a characteristic change in shape that occurs in the red blood cells Figure 1. http://praxis.md/index.asp?page=bhg_report&article_id=BHG01HE02

79. Sickle Cell Anemia And Other Good Mutations Of Evolution By David Menton sickle cell anemia Other Good Mutations. sickle cell anemia and Other Good Mutations of Evolution by David N. Menton, Ph.D. http://www.gennet.org/facts/metro09.html

Home Life Origins Library Get the Facts Meeting Schedule ... Contact MAC Sickle Cell Anemia & Other "Good" Mutations Get the Facts Introduction to the Controversy Evidence from Biology The Origin of Life Does the Human Embryo Have Gill Slits? ... Natural Selection and Macroevolution Sickle Cell Anemia & Other "Good" Mutations Species, Speciation, and the Genesis Kind The Hopeful Monsters of Evolution Origin of Man Fossils and Geology ... Devil's Dictionary of Evolution Sickle Cell Anemia and Other "Good" Mutations of Evolution by David N. Menton, Ph.D. The marvelous ability of all living things to reproduce themselves after their kind is one of the most distinctive properties of life. This reproductive ability depends in part on a vast collection of precise genetic instructions, called genes (about 100,000 in humans), that reside in every cell of each living organism. It is believed that these genes provide the instructions necessary for not only the assembly and function of each cell, but also for all the organs and even the entire body! A complete set of these instructions is stored in the chromosomes, inside the nucleus of the cell. The survival of every living species depends on its ability to pass on its precious genetic instructions, from generation to generation, without significant alteration. First, all of the genetic instructions must be precisely duplicated and passed on by the germ cells to enable the birth of each new individual. Then, from the very first cell of a new individual (a fertilized egg), the genetic instructions must be accurately duplicated for the subsequent production of every cell that makes up the whole organism about 30 trillion cells (of several hundred different kinds) in the case of our own body! This process must continue throughout life in order to support growth and repair, as well as to replace cells that are continually dying. The red blood cells of our body, for example, are being produced at the rate of about two million per second, to replace older cells which are dying at the same rate!

80. Sickle Cell Anemia sickle cell anemia. What is it? sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disorder that causes red blood cells to be abnormally shaped. http://www.hmc.psu.edu/healthinfo/s/sicklecell.htm

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