21. My Sickle Cell Homepage Provides a first hand look at sickle cell anemia, built by a person suffering from the disease. Frequently asked questions and a personal diary of the owner's own battle with this disease. http://www.geocities.com/HotSprings/Spa/3194/

Glad You Stopped By! My initial intention for building this site was in response to the numerous sites that seemed targeted for the medical profession. After viewing several of these sites, I wondered where the Sicklers were and why hadn't they built any sites? Then it dawned on me... I'm a Sickler and I haven't built a site!  Although I'm not a medical professional, I hope this site can shed some light on Sickle Cell Anemia from a personal view. Page descriptions are below and I invite you  to browse the entire site. Hopefully, we'll both learn something in the end! The Sickle Cell Forum Been looking for people, living with Sickle Cell anemia like you? The Sickle Cell Forum is the place to be! The input has been lively and there's a definite community forming. To join our growing family, simply click on the link below. See you there, Charles Click to Join The Sickle Cell Forum For information about me, be sure to read the "About Me" page. The "Sickle Cell Diaries" is my personal account of life with Sickle Cell.

22. Sickle Cell Anemia Disease Profile Genetic Disease Profile sickle cell anemia. For gov. Other sickle cell anemia Resources. MedlinePlus Entry for sickle cell anemia. http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/posters/chromosome/sca.shtml

Human Genome Project Information Genomics:GTL Microbial Genome Program home The U.S. Department of Energy Biological and Environmental Research program funds this site. Genetic Disease Profile: Sickle Cell Anemia For more about the gene that causes sickle cell anemia, see the HBB Gene Profile . The following was adapted from NIH Publication No. 96-4057 (PDF requires Adobe Acrobat Reader Sickle Cell Timeline - Herrick provides the first formal description of sickle cell anemia when he reports that the blood smear of a dental student at the Chicago College of Dental Surgery contains "pear-shaped and elongated forms." - Hahn and Gillespie associate the sickling of red blood cells with low oxygen conditions. - Sherman reports that the sickling of red blood cells in the absence of oxygen is caused by a change in the hemoglobin molecule structure. - Watson suggests that the presence of fetal hemoglobin in the red blood cells of sickle cell newborns is the reason they do not show disease symptoms.

23. Sickle Cell Anemia Gene HBB The Gene Associated with sickle cell anemia. Mutant beta globin is responsible for the sickling of red blood cells seen in sickle cell anemia. http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/posters/chromosome/hbb.shtml

Human Genome Project Information Genomics:GTL Microbial Genome Program home The U.S. Department of Energy Biological and Environmental Research program funds this site. HBB: The Gene Associated with Sickle Cell Anemia Approximate gene location is based on Chromosome 11 map from NCBI Entrez Map Viewer. Official Gene Symbol: HBB Name of Gene Product: hemoglobin, beta Alternate Name of Gene Product: beta globin Locus: 11p15.5 - The HBB gene is found in region 15.5 on the short (p) arm of human chromosome 11. Gene Structure: The normal allelic variant for this gene is 1600 base pairs (bp) long and contains three exons. mRNA: The intron-free mRNA transcript for the HBB gene is 626 base pairs long. See the NCBI sequence record to access the mRNA sequence data. Coding Sequence (CDS): 444 base pairs within the mRNA code for the amino acid sequence of the gene's protein product. Protein Size: The HBB protein is 146 amino acids long and has a molecular weight of 15,867 Da. See the annotated HBB protein sequence

24. SCDAA - What Is SCD? Types of Sickle Cell Disease. There are several types of sickle cell disease. The most common are sickle cell anemia (SS), SickleHemoglobin C Disease (SC). http://www.sicklecelldisease.org/what_is.htm

What is SCD? What is Sickle Cell Disease? Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder that affects red blood cells. People with sickle cell disease have red blood cells that contain mostly hemoglobin* S, an abnormal type of hemoglobin. Sometimes these red blood cells become sickle-shaped (crescent shaped) and have difficulty passing through small blood vessels. Normal red blood cell Sickle-shaped red blood cell When sickle-shaped cells block small blood vessels, less blood can reach that part of the body. Tissue that does not receive a normal blood flow eventually becomes damaged. This is what causes the complications of sickle cell disease. There is currently no universal cure for sickle cell disease. Hemoglobin Normal red blood cells are soft and round and can squeeze through tiny blood tubes (vessels). Normally, red blood cells live for about 120 days before new ones replace them.

25. Ask NOAH About: Sickle Cell Disease s Facts About sickle cell anemia National Heart Lung and Blook Institute (PDF File of 6 Pages) (also in Spanish) Facts About Sickle Cell...... Basic http://www.noah-health.org/english/illness/genetic_diseases/sickle.html

Ask NOAH About: Sickle Cell Disease What is Sickle Cell Disease? Care and Treatment Basic Descriptions Sickle Cell Trait Causes/Genetics Screening/Prevention ... Management of Acute Chest Syndrome Special Groups Information Resources Especially For Children Especially For Teens For Families For Women ... Ongoing Research/Clinical Trials Go to the Ask NOAH About Genetic Diseases What Is Sickle Cell Disease? Basic Descriptions Facts About Sickle Cell Anemia - National Heart Lung and Blook Institute ( PDF File of 6 Pages) (also in Spanish Facts About Sickle Cell Anemia - JAMA Patient Page ... Sickle Cell Anemia - Methodist Health Care System, Houston TX (also in Spanish Sickle Cell Disease - March of Dimes (NOAH Provider) (also in Spanish Sickle Cell Disease and Sickle Cell Trait - Texas Department of Health General Information on Sickle Cell Anaemia - Sickle Cell Society What is Sickle Cell Anemia? - Georgia NIH Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center Sickle Cell Trait Hemoglobin C Trait - Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene PDF File of 2 Pages) Sickle Cell Trait - Georgia Comprehensive Sickle Cell Site Sickle Cell Trait - American Sickle Cell Anemia Association Sickle Cell Trait - Virtual Children's Hospital Sickle Cell Trait - Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene ... PDF File of 2 Pages) So Your Baby Has the Sickle Cell Trait - Texas Department of Health (Also in Spanish Causes/Genetics How Do People Get Sickle Cell Disease? - Harvard Medical School

26. MayoClinic.com - Sickle Cell Anemia sickle cell anemia is a lifelong disease that results in defective — or sickleshaped — red blood cells. sickle cell anemia By Mayo Clinic staff Overview http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00324

27. Patient Information How do you get sickle cell anemia or trait? Hemoglobin SS or sickle cell anemia; Hemoglobin SC disease; Hemoglobin sickle betathalassemia. http://www.scinfo.org/sicklept.htm

Sickle Cell Disease Sickle Cell Disease is a group of inherited red blood cell disorders. Normal red blood cells are round like doughnuts, and they move through small blood tubes in the body to deliver oxygen. Sickle red blood cells become hard, sticky and shaped like sickles used to cut wheat. When these hard and pointed red cells go through the small blood tube, they clog the flow and break apart. This can cause pain, damage and a low blood count, or anemia. What makes the red cell sickle? There is a substance in the red cell called hemoglobin that carries oxygen inside the cell. One little change in this substance causes the hemoglobin to form long rods in the red cell when it gives away oxygen. These rigid rods change the red cell into a sickle shape instead of the round shape. How do you get sickle cell anemia or trait? You inherit the abnormal hemoglobin from your parents, who may be carriers with sickle cell trait or parents with sickle cell disease. You can not catch it. You are born with the sickle cell hemoglobin and it is present for life. If you inherit only one sickle gene, you have sickle cell trait. If you inherit two sickle cell genes you have sickle cell disease.

28. Discovery Health Sickle Cell Anemia sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disease. search, sickle cell anemia. By Minot Cleveland, MD. Images (click to view larger image). sickle cell anemia. http://health.discovery.com/diseasesandcond/encyclopedia/1767.html

29. Discovery Health :: Sickle Cell Anemia sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disease. sickle cell anemia. By Minot Cleveland, MD. Images (click to view larger image). sickle cell anemia. http://health.discovery.com/encyclopedias/1767.html

postionList = "compscreen,hedthick,admedia,tower,nuiad"; OAS_RICH("admedia"); June 11, 2004 EDT OAS_RICH("hedthick"); sickle cell anemia By Minot Cleveland, MD Images (click to view larger image) Sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disease. It causes serious health problems among African Americans or individuals of African descent. What is going on in the body? Hemoglobin is the key molecule in the blood that carries oxygen to all parts of the body. A change in a certain gene causes a change in the structure of hemoglobin. Persons with normal hemoglobin have a genetic coding of AA. Persons with sickle cell trait have a genetic coding of AS. (The "S" refers to the sickle cell gene.) Eight percent of African Americans are carriers of the sickle cell gene, and are said to have sickle cell trait. Most people with sickle cell trait are completely healthy and lead normal lives. Persons with the genetic coding SS have a double dose of the abnormal hemoglobin gene. They develop sickle cell anemia. It affects approximately 15 out of every 1000 African Americans. In sickle cell anemia the red blood cells change shape from a rounded disk to a crescent or "sickle" shape. These abnormal red blood cells are more rigid and are more likely to clump together. They are also more likely to stick to the walls of blood vessels. They can even block the blood vessels themselves. These changes also mean that the hemoglobin molecule isn't able to carry oxygen as well as it should.

30. EMedicine - Anemia, Sickle Cell : Article By Ali Taher, MD Anemia, Sickle Cell sickle cell anemia is a common reason patients of African descent seek emergency medical care. Zurcher R sickle cell anemia. http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic26.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties Resource Centers CME ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Consumer Health Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Emergency Medicine Hematology And Oncology Anemia, Sickle Cell Last Updated: July 23, 2003 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: crescent cell anemia, sickle cell disease AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 10 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: Ali Taher, MD , Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, American University of Beirut Medical Center Coauthor(s): Ziad Kazzi, MD , Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University Editor(s): Roy Alson, MD, PhD, FACEP, FAAEM , Medical Director, North Carolina Baptist AirCare; Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine; Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD , Senior Pharmacy Editor, Pharmacy, eMedicine;

31. EMedicine - Sickle Cell Anemia : Article By Ariel Distenfeld, MD sickle cell anemia Sickle cell disease (SCD) and its variants are genetic disorders of mutant hemoglobins. sickle cell anemia. Last Updated June 26, 2003, http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2126.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties CME PDA ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Medicine, Ob/Gyn, Psychiatry, and Surgery Hematology Sickle Cell Anemia Last Updated: June 26, 2003 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: hemoglobin SS disease, homozygous hemoglobin S disease, sickle cell disease, SCD, mutant hemoglobins AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 11 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: Ariel Distenfeld, MD , Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine; Fellowship Director, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cabrini Medical Center Coauthor(s): Ulrich Woermann, MD , Consulting Staff, Division of Instructional Media, Institute for Medical Education, University of Bern, Switzerland Ariel Distenfeld, MD, is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine American Medical Association American Society of Clinical Oncology ... Medical Society of the State of New York , and New York Academy of Medicine Editor(s): Wadie F Bahou, MD

32. Sickle Cell And African-Americans . Individuals who are homozygous for the sickle beta globin gene (bS ) have sickle cell anemia (SS disease).......sickle cell anemia http://www.blackhealthcare.com/BHC/SickleCell/Description.asp

Home Diabetes Hypertension Coronary Heart Disease ... Healthy Lifestyles Category Description Epidemiology Prevention Diagnosis and Evaluation ... End Stage Organ Disease Disease Center Diabetes Hypertension Coronary Heart Disease Stroke ... Healthy Lifestyles Community Issues The Problem Closing the Gap Initiatives Healthy Lifestyles Healthy Lifestyle library Community Resources Closing the Gap Initiatives About Us General Information Press Releases Corporate Profile Become a Sponsor ... Privacy Statement Sickle Cell Anemia - Description Sickle cell disease is a generic term for a group of genetic disorders characterized by the predominance of hemoglobin S (Hb S). These disorders include sickle cell anemia, the sickle beta thalassemia syndromes, and hemoglobinopathies in which Hb S is in association with another abnormal hemoglobin that not only can participate in the formation of hemoglobin polymers but also is present in sufficient concentration to enable the red cells to sickle. Examples of the latter disorders include hemoglobin SC disease, hemoglobin SD disease, and hemoglobin S O Arab disease. The sickle cell disorders are found in people of African, Mediterranean, Indian, and Middle Eastern heritage. In the United States, these disorders are most commonly observed in African Americans and Hispanics from the Caribbean, Central America, and parts of South America. In contrast to these diseases is sickle cell trait. Individuals with sickle cell trait (Hb AS) have a normal beta globin gene (bA) and a bS globin gene, resulting in the production of both normal hemoglobin A and hemoglobin S, with a predominance of Hb A. Their red blood cells sickle only under unusual circumstances such as marked hypoxia and the hyperosmolar environment of the renal medulla (resulting in hyposthenuria).

33. Sickle Cell Anemia body. In sickle cell anemia, the shape of hemoglobin is altered, and the red blood cells can become rigid, pointy, and sticky. They http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/sickle.html

TESTS Test not listed? A/G Ratio ACE ACT ACTH AFB Culture AFP Maternal AFP Tumor Marker Albumin Aldosterone Allergies ALP Alpha-1 Antitrypsin ALT Amylase ANA Antibody Tests Apo A Apo B ApoE Genotyping aPTT AST Autoantibodies Bilirubin Blood Culture Blood Gases Blood Smear BMP BNP Bone Markers BRCA BUN C-peptide CA-125 CA 15-3 CA 19-9 Calcium Cardiac Risk CBC CEA Celiac Disease Tests CF Gene Mutation Chlamydia Chloride Cholesterol CK CK-MB CMP CMV Coagulation Factors Complement Levels Cortisol Creatinine Creatinine Clearance CRP CRP, high-sensitivity Cystatin C D-dimer DHEAS Differential DLDL EGFR Electrolytes Electrophoresis ESR Estrogen Estrogen Receptors Factor V Leiden Fecal Occult Blood Ferritin fFN Fibrinogen Flu Tests Folate Fructosamine FSH Genotypic Resistance GFR GGT Glucose Gonorrhea Gram Stain Growth Hormone H-pylori hCG HDL Hematocrit Hemoglobin Hemoglobin Variants Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Her-2/neu Herpes HIV Antibody HLA-B27 Home Tests Homocysteine HPV hs-CRP IGF-1

34. Hematopathology This is sickle cell anemia in sickle cell crisis. The abnormal hemoglobin SS is prone to crystallization when oxygen tension is http://medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HEMEHTML/HEME015.html

This is sickle cell anemia in sickle cell crisis. The abnormal hemoglobin SS is prone to crystallization when oxygen tension is low, and the RBC's change shape to long, thin sickle forms that sludge in capillaries, further decreasing blood flow and oxygen tension. Persons with sickle cell trait (Hemoglobin AS) are much less likely to have this happen.

35. Sickle Cell Anemia: Bone Manifestations sickle cell anemia bone manifestations. 813% of blacks carry sickling factor; symptoms chronic ulcers, pain crises, many infections, priapism. http://chorus.rad.mcw.edu/doc/01069.html

CHORUS Collaborative Hypertext of Radiology Musculoskeletal system Feedback Search sickle cell anemia: bone manifestations 8-13% of blacks carry sickling factor symptoms: chronic ulcers, pain crises, many infections, priapism xray findings: deossification due to marrow hyperplasia decreased bone density in skull with widened diploic space "H-shaped vertebrae" or "fish vertebrae" rib notching thrombosis and infarction AVN , esp. femoral head periosteal rxn (" bone within bone secondary osteomyelitis Staph. aureus Salmonella dactylitis = hand foot syndrome growth effects bone shortening secondary to diminished blood supply death Brian Funaki, MD - 6 February 1995 Last updated 26 May 2004 Medical College of Wisconsin

36. Evolution: Library: A Mutation Story Africa. Although helpful in preventing malaria, this mutation can also lead to sickle cell anemia. This is sickle cell anemia. But http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/2/l_012_02.html

A Mutation Story This segment tells the story of a genetic mutation affecting the population of West Africa. Although helpful in preventing malaria , this mutation can also lead to sickle cell anemia . Sickle cell specialist Dr. Ronald Nagel stresses the genetic diversity required for the survival of a species. Credits: View in: QuickTime RealPlayer Resource Type: Video Format: QuickTime or RealPlayer Length: 4 min, 50 sec Topics Covered: Adaptation and Natural Selection Backgrounder A Mutation Story: A gene known as HbS was the center of a medical and evolutionary detective story that began in the middle 1940s in Africa. Doctors noticed that patients who had sickle cell anemia , a serious hereditary blood disease, were more likely to survive malaria , a disease which kills some 1.2 million people every year. What was puzzling was why sickle cell anemia was so prevalent in some African populations. How could a "bad" gene the mutation that causes the sometimes lethal sickle cell disease also be beneficial? On the other hand, if it didn't provide some survival advantage, why had the sickle gene persisted in such a high frequency in the populations that had it? The sickle cell mutation is a like a typographical error in the DNA code of the gene that tells the body how to make a form of hemoglobin (Hb), the oxygen-carrying molecule in our blood. Every person has two copies of the hemoglobin gene. Usually, both genes make a normal hemoglobin protein. When someone inherits two mutant copies of the hemoglobin gene, the abnormal form of the hemoglobin protein causes the red blood cells to lose oxygen and warp into a sickle shape during periods of high activity. These sickled cells become stuck in small blood vessels, causing a "crisis" of pain, fever, swelling, and tissue damage that can lead to death. This is sickle cell anemia.

37. Sickle Cell - Health And Medical Information: Diseases And Conditions, Medical D result. This condition is referred to as sickle cell anemia. The state. Sickle cell trait does not cause sickle cell anemia. Persons http://www.medicinenet.com/Sickle_Cell/article.htm

Click Here MedicineNet Home > Sickle Cell Advanced Search Printer-Friendly Format Add to Favorites Email to a Friend ... Next page Sickle Cell Disease Medical Author: William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR What is sickle cell disease? How is sickle cell disease inherited? What conditions promote the sickling (distortion) of the red blood cells in sickle cell anemia? ... Sickle Cell Disease At A Glance What is sickle cell disease? Sickle cell disease is a disorder of the blood caused by an inherited abnormal hemoglobin (an oxygen-carrying protein within the red blood cells). The abnormal hemoglobin causes distorted (sickled) red blood cells. The sickled red blood cells are fragile and prone to rupture. When the number of red blood cells decreases from rupture (hemolysis), anemia is the result. This condition is referred to as sickle cell anemia. The irregular sickled cells can also block blood vessels causing tissue and organ damage and pain. Sickle cell disease is one of the most common inherited blood diseases. The disease primarily affects black Africans and Americans. It is estimated that in the United States, some 50,000 blacks are afflicted with the most severe form of sickle cell anemia. Overall, current estimates are that one in 1,875 U.S. blacks is affected with sickle cell disease. How is sickle cell disease inherited?

38. Sickle Cell Anemia Note All links within content go to MayoClinic.com. Diseases and Conditions. sickle cell anemia. sickle cell anemia is a lifelong, inherited blood disease. http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/library/DS/00324.html

International Edition MEMBER SERVICES BREAKING NEWS Jury deadlocks in Oklahoma City bombing conspirator Terry Nichols' trial, taking death penalty off the table. Details soon. The Web CNN.com Home Page World U.S. Weather ... Special Reports SERVICES Video E-mail Services CNNtoGO Contact Us SEARCH Web CNN.com In association with: Anemia Anemia Aplastic anemia Iron deficiency anemia Sickle cell anemia ... Vitamin deficiency anemia INFORMATION CENTERS: Pick a category Health Centers Family Health Men's Health Women's Health Children's Health Seniors' Health Working Life Pain Management Condition Centers Immune System Allergy Alzheimer's Arthritis Respiratory System Cancer Endocrine System Digestive System Heart and Blood Infectious Disease Mental Health Note: All links within content go to MayoClinic.com Diseases and Conditions Sickle cell anemia From MayoClinic.com Special to CNN.com Overview Sickle cell anemia is a lifelong, inherited blood disease. People who have the disease usually receive the diagnosis as infants. The disease causes red blood cells to change from healthy, round red blood cells to sickly and crescent-shaped ones. The disorder causes anemia and pain, among other problems. Sickle cell anemia affects mainly blacks, though people of South American, Southern European or Middle Eastern descent also are at risk. About one in 500 black newborns, and one out of every 1,000 to 1,400 Hispanic babies are diagnosed with sickle cell anemia each year in the United States. A baby born with sickle cell anemia inherits a gene for the disorder from each parent. Some people inherit only one gene for the disease. This is referred to as having the sickle cell trait. People who have the sickle cell trait don't develop the disease, but they can pass the gene on to their children. Almost 10 percent of black Americans carry the sickle cell gene.

39. CNN.com - Health - Devastation Of Sickle Cell Disease Chronicled - February 22, ATLANTA, Georgia (CNN) Although research continues, sickle cell anemia remains an orphan disease attracting little notice despite its harvest of pain and http://www.cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/conditions/02/22/sickle.cell.anemia/

MAIN PAGE WORLD U.S. WEATHER ... ABOUT US CNN TV what's on show transcripts CNN Headline News CNN International ... askCNN EDITIONS CNN.com Asia CNN.com Europe set your edition Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Danish Japanese Korean Arabic Time, Inc. Time.com People Fortune EW Devastation of sickle cell disease chronicled Film documentary scheduled February 28 February 22, 2001 Web posted at: 10:11 a.m. EST (1511 GMT) In this story: Asking questions Treatments studied RELATED STORIES, SITES By Michele Dula Baum CNN.com Health Writer ATLANTA, Georgia (CNN) - Although research continues, sickle cell anemia remains an "orphan disease" attracting little notice despite its harvest of pain and early death. But a new film documentary may help to educate viewers about the disease, which affects about 80,000 people in the United States and millions worldwide. Called "Sickle Cell: The Forgotten Disease," the film will air at 10 p.m. EST on the Discovery Health Channel. It is being co-produced by the Dr. Spock Company. "It's hard to get funding or people interested in trials," said Dr. James Eckman, director of the Georgia Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center at Grady Health System. "But because this is a lifelong, chronic problem, it has a greater impact." CONDITION CLINIC Sickle Cell disease A genetic disorder, sickle cell disease attacks red blood cells, making them rigid and distorting their normally round shape into crescents and points. These misshapen cells can easily clog tiny blood vessels and deprive organs and tissues of vital oxygen, causing intractable pain crises. In addition, children with sickle cell are more prone to stroke, pneumonia, infection and other long-term complications.

40. Sickle Cell Anaemia - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (Redirected from Sicklecell anemia). This is achieved by reactivating fetal hemoglobin production in place of the hemoglobin S that causes sickle cell anemia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle-cell_anemia

Sickle cell anaemia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Sickle-cell anemia Sickle-shaped red blood cells Sickle cell anaemia SCA ) is a common genetic disease which causes the red blood cells of a sufferer to be shaped like sickles , instead of the normal rounded shape. This causes the cells to become stuck in capillaries which deprives the body of oxygen and causes inflammation . The disease usually occurs in periodic painful attacks, eventually leading to damage of some internal organs, stroke , or anaemia , and usually resulting in early death. edit Treatment The first approved drug for the treatment of sickle cell anaemia, hydroxyurea , was shown to decrease the number and severeness of attacks in a study in 1995 and shown to increase survival time in a study in 2003. This is achieved by reactivating fetal hemoglobin production in place of the hemoglobin S that causes sickle cell anemia. Hydroxyurea had previously been used as a cancer drug, and there is some concern that long-term use may be harmful, but it is likely that the benefits outweigh the risks. edit Detailed description and genetics The gene allele responsible for sickle cell anaemia is incompletely recessive . A person who receives the defective gene from both father and mother develops the disease; a person who receives one defective and one healthy allele remains healthy, but can pass on the disease and is known as a

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