81. Where Do Finns Come From? the coastal strip of Norway (1). scandinavia was conceivably much like greenland is today More recent archaeological evidence does not support this http://virtual.finland.fi/finfo/english/where_do.html

Mainpage NewsRoom Site Map Contact us About this site Search: Articles General information National symbols History International relations Way of life Famous Finns Picturebook Events in Finland Travel information Where do Finns come from? Written for Virtual Finland by Christian Carpelan, Licentiate in Archaeology and a researcher at the University of Helsinki. bioanthropology , the science concerning itself with the biology of human populations; philology , which examines linguistic evolution and its cultural origins; and my own field, archaeology , the study of ancient sites and the buried remains of past cultures. Bioanthropology: tracing our genetic roots We humans inherit the genetic material contained in the mitochondrion of our cell cytoplasm (mitochondrial DNA) from our mothers, as the DNA molecules in sperm appear to break down after fertilization. Since the 1980s, tests on mitochondrial DNA have enabled scientists to establish the biological links and origins of human populations by tracing their maternal lineage. DNA tests confirm that Homo sapiens originated in Africa roughly 150,000 years ago. From there modern man went forth and conquered new territory, eventually populating nearly all seven continents.

82. Last Boat From Hvalsey of the movement of peoples out of scandinavia during the of the modern Eskimoes of greenland arrived from Canada from 1200 AD and archaeological evidence shows http://www.johnmaton.demon.co.uk/index16.htm

Last boat from Hvalsey Whatever happened to those Norse Greenlanders ? 1. Introduction Icelandic chronicles record that in the year 1409 a wedding took place in the parish church of Hvalsey, one of the most important districts of the Norse (ie. Scandinavian) colony in Greenland. The wedding was witnessed by the crew of an Icelandic trading ship. The banns were read three times, the service was conducted by two priests, and many of the Norse Greenlanders were present as witnesses and guests. Shortly afterwards, the Icelanders returned home in their ship. Ruins of the Norse church at Hvalsey, Greenland. Built c 1300 This is the last record of the people of the Norse colony in Greenland. Possibly up to five hundred colonists were living there at the time of the wedding. These people all vanished. The crew of a German ship driven by storms from Iceland to the site of the colony in the 1540s wrote of abandoned farmsteads and silence. After five hundred years of Norse settlement, Greenland had been left to the sea, ice and eskimoes. What happened to these people? Why did their colony on the edge of the North Atlantic disappear just when a new dynamic of European exploration was beginning ? Below I will describe the history of the Norse Greenland colony, and look at explanations for the disappearance of the settlers.

83. Valtours Ltd: Icelandic Historical- And Archaeological Sites. so far anywhere in Iceland or elsewhere in scandinavia for that where a team of American archaeologists from the over the rough seas to greenland, after having http://www.valtours.is/textar/enskir/spestor3.htm

The Iceland History, Sagas and Archaeological Excavations Tour. L I n addition, a number of foreign archaeologists, universities and colleges have now suddenly shown a new (or more to the point renewed) interest in undertaking archaeological excavations in Iceland, with about half a dozen such independent excavations having been carried out during the summer of 2003 and with those added to the number of Icelandic excavations, the total came to almost 30 digs for that summer, a number which nobody could even have dreamt of achieving only a few years ago. T he main purpose of the Tour on offer here is to render it possible for the general public interested in Icelandic History in general and in Archaeology in particular to observe and take part in this new adventure, to become familiar with the historic places in question, and to observe the scientists at work and (with their kind permission which is usually easily obtained) ask questions and even see and be present when a "new" artifact comes to light for the first time after hundreds of years in the ground, an artifact which may even shed a new and unexpected light on the past history of Iceland. Day 1.

84. Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga - By William W. Fitzhugh (Editor), Fitzhugh Wa people exploded out of scandinavia and set and founding settlements in Iceland, greenland, and eastern scholars examine the growing archaeological evidence of http://www.bookfinder.us/review6/1560989955.html

Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga Greenland History Book Review AUTHOR: William W. Fitzhugh (Editor), Fitzhugh Ward, Elisabeth I. Ward (Editor) ISBN: 1560989955 Compare price for this book History Americas History Greenland History Editorial Review from Amazon Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga - Book Review, by William W. Fitzhugh (Editor), Fitzhugh Ward, Elisabeth I. Ward (Editor) Amazon.com In the early Middle Ages, driven by famine at home and the promise of wealth to be had in other lands, the Viking people exploded out of Scandinavia and set about conquering parts of England, Ireland, France, Russia, and even Turkey. Emboldened by their successes, the Vikings pushed ever farther outward, eventually crossing the North Atlantic and founding settlements in Iceland, Greenland, and eastern Canada. In The Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, some three dozen scholars examine the growing archaeological evidence of the Viking presence in the New Worldincluding such items as a Norse coin excavated in Maine, runic stones from the Canadian Arctic, and farming implements found in Newfoundland. The contributors consider the sometimes friendly, sometimes warlike history of Viking interactions with the native peoples of northeastern North America (whom the Norse called skraelings, or "screamers"); compare the archaeological record with contemporary sagas and other records of exploration; and argue for the need to better document the Viking contribution to New World history. "As an historical and cultural achievement," write the editors, "the Viking Age and its North American medieval extension stand out as one of the most remarkable periods in human history." This oversized, heavily illustrated volume celebrates that little-understood time. Gregory McNamee

85. Some Polar Websites covering the area from greenland in the west through northern scandinavia and Siberia, to Franklin Trail Homepage archaeological survey of evidence and http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~tull/polar/polar.htm

Some Polar Websites Compiled by Stephanie Bianchi WEB DIRECTORIES CURRENT EVENTS DATABASES PEOPLE ... JUST FOR FUN WEB DIRECTORIES Polar Web Websites arranged by subject. NEW Arctic/Northern Websites from About.com, listed by subject Polar Pointers Websites arranged by country of origin Polar Research and Cold Region Technology Arctic Roadmap Arctic Circle Arctic Circle Search Engine ... Low-Latitude Antarctic Gazetteer A listing of sites of Antarctic interest outside of the Antarctic Polar Resources Polar Links Page Arctic and Antarctic links classed by science subject area. Arctic and Antarctic Advice Agency Austria Lots of tourist information links and some gorgeous images. Glacier Links Arctic Cyber Anthropology Although titled an anthropology page, it is actually an index to all kinds of links to polar regions, including businesses, schools, government, personal webpages, and more. Links to Sea Ice, Worldwide from CANATEC WEB DIRECTORIES BY REGION Antarctic Science (ICAIR) Greenland Website is in Danish, but has extensive links. Guide for Project and Expedition Planners - Greenland Extensive information including maps, infrastructure, protected/restricted areas, pertinent authorities and legislation, and more.

86. ACL Contacts Database Fax, Interests, Middleage Viking Age archaeology in scandinavia and Ireland. http://acl.arts.usyd.edu.au/~scripts/contacts/edit.cgi?id=4843

87. Hugrunar - The World Of The Vikings seems to have led to a rise in population in scandinavia, and advances expanded into Russia, Britain and Ireland, the Atlantic islands, Iceland and greenland. http://www.ancientsites.com/aw/Group/30761

New! The Orient Rome Hellas Egypt ... Site Map Welcome Join the Group! Hugrunar - The World of the Vikings A group for the discussion of all aspects of the culture of the Vikings - their wars, voyages, art, literature, language and legacy. Hugrunar means 'Thought Runes' and encompasses discussion of the Viking Age from the Fifth to the Eleventh Centuries. This group currently has Members Jarl MerlintheMad Knudsson more... Culann Brigantes more... Styresmann - Editor Thiudareiks Gunthigg more... Gazesby Ordovices more... Hauldr - Group Author Yngvildr Scylding more... Bondi - Voter Harald Egilsson more... Hypatia Didius more... Londinius Romulus more... Freeman - Member Onions Hatshepsut more... Odin Knudsson more... AzureEyes Ramesses more... Joukahainen Karjalainen more... Regnar Sigurdsson more... Favonius Cornelius more... Amalasuntha Ostrogoth more... Oset Ramesses more... Sloveg Tveskjegg more... Quintillius Fabius more... Vortigern Aedui more... Desdemona Eurimedon more... Maria Marius more... Odhanan Baoisgne more...

88. Nabo: Conferences & Workshops groups from US, UK, scandinavia worked on on land and resources in Iceland and greenland. sources (including seal bones from archaeological deposits), and http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/nabo/confer_nabo.html

Home Page Introduction NABO News Newsletters ... Data/Software Conferences Field Research Dating Publications Search ... NABONE Meeting and conferences are a vital part of NABO's activities. Over the years conferences and meetings have been held thoroughout the the North Atlantic Region and this page will provide details of future meetings and summaries of past ones. Conference and Workshop Timetable 1996 - 2001 NABO Meetings 1997 - Capsule Overviews Meeting Highlights Identified NABO Papers Presented at Other Regularly Scheduled Meetings Joint NABO and SILA Arctic Center Conference Joint NABO and SILA Arctic Center Conference - Dynamics of Northern Societies: Long term human interactions with environment and early inter-cultural interactions, drawing on the entire circumpolar zone for a wide ranging four day meeting involving zooarchaeology, archaeobotany, human osteology, geoarchaeology, history, ethnography, and archaeology. May 10-14th 2004, National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen.

89. Tephrabase: Tephra And Tephrochronology IN Proceedings of the Archaeological Sciences Conference 1989 a 1259 AD volcanic eruption to the greenland and Antarctic of peat deposits in scandinavia and on http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/tephra/tephrochron.html

Tephra and Tephrochronology Home Page Introduction Background Contributors Searches Introduction References Iceland/NW Europe Central Mexico ... Mapping Information Tephra Information WWW Links Contents Introduction Iceland and north-west Europe Central Mexico References ... Useful Information Introduction Tephra is a term used to describe all of the solid material produced from a volcano during an eruption (Thorarinsson, 19). The fine fraction of this material can travel great differences. Tephra from the 1259 AD eruption of El Chichon, Mexico, for example, has been found in both the Greenland and Antarctic ice caps (Palais et al (tephrochronology) was originally developed in Iceland and has since been applied to other volcanically active areas such as Alaska, New Zealand and Mexico. This technique allows isochronous marker horizons, formed by tephra layers, to be mapped across inter-continental scale distances. These can form a dating framework against which other dating techniques can be checked and validated. Iceland and north-west Europe et al ., 1984), the Faroes (Mangerud

90. Arnold Busck Antikvariat, Denmark We have a large general stock. Among our specialities are Arts and Crafts, Architecture, Humanities, archaeology and greenland. http://www.antikvar.dk/busck/home.html

ABOUT / OM ... CATALOGUES AND BOOK LISTS / KATALOGER OG BOGLISTER ORDERING INFORMATION / BESTILLINGSOPLYSNINGER ORDER FORM / BESTILLINGSFORMULAR ... SEARCH FUNCTION updated / opdateret 29-05-2004 ABOUT / OM ARNOLD BUSCK ANTIKVARIAT We have a large general stock. Among our specialities are Arts and Crafts, Architecture, Humanities, Archaeology and Greenland. Business hours: Monday-Thursday 9 am-5.30 pm, Friday 9 am-6 pm, Saturday 10 am-2 pm. CATALOGUES AND BOOK LISTS / KATALOGER OG BOGLISTER The lists contain a small selection of our stock. ~ Listerne viser kun et lille udvalg af vores lager. KATALOG 135, Maj 2001/ CATALOGUE 135, MAY 2001: Danske forfatter-debuter/Danish Authors' First Book CATALOGUE 139, Spring 2004: Varia FRA VORES LAGER/FROM OUR STOCK: Antikken/Antiquity Arkitektur/Architecture Baedeker Bogbind/Book bindings ... Greenland and arctica HISTORIE/HISTORY: Historiske kildeskrifter Fremmed historie/Foreign history Nordisk historie/Scandinavian history Humor/Humour ... Medicin/Medicine LITTERATUR/LITERATURE: H.C. Andersen Fremmedsproget litteratur/ Foreign literature Nordisk og oversat litteratur/ ... Tekstiler og mode/Fashion and textiles TOPOGRAFI/TOPOGRAPHY: Danmark/Denmark Norden/Scandinavia Transportmidler/Transports ORDERING INFORMATION / BESTILLING Titles can be ordered by letter, e-mail, phone or fax: please state the unique number listed in front of each title. All prices are in Danish kroner and include EU-regulated second-hand sales tax, which can not be deducted. Postage will be added. Approximate exchange rates: divide by 8,5 for US$; 12,1 for English pound; 3,8 for DM; 7,4 for Euro.

91. VNLND By Author: G of Vikings in North America and greenland, constituted of based on both saga and archaeological evidence in in Pulsiano, Medieval scandinavia An Encyclopedia http://www.vnlnd.net/author/authg.htm

G - by author, year, title (anonymous entries listed by title) Gad, Finn. Vinlandskortet. Historisk Tidsskrift (Copenhagen) 2/1 (1966): 57-90. Revised article on . English summary. Gad, Finn. A History of Greenland, I. To 1700 . London: C. Hurst, 1970. 350 pages. Cited in Enterline (1972) , Quinn (1977) Gaffarel, Paul. . Paris: E. Thorin, 1869. 346 pages. Pages 225-260 [Les Northmans]: Heavily documented account of the Norse voyages; Vinland was Massachusetts. [ Sorenson ] Cited in Sorenson . Gaffarel, Paul, 1843-1920 Gaffarel, Paul. Le Vinland et la Norombega . Dijon: Darantiere, 1890. 64 pages. Gaffarel, Paul, 1843-1920 Gaffarel, Paul. . Paris: A. Rousseau, 1892. Phoenicians voyaged via the Azores to America, as shown by evidences from tradition, customs, metallurgy, and monuments such as Dighton Rock, Grave Creek stone, and the Parahyba stone. But neither the Greeks nor Romans knew America. [ Sorenson ] Cited in Sorenson . Gaffarel, Paul, 1843-1920 dighton rock Gagnon, Charles Alphonse Nathanael. Le Vinland—sa localisation probable . Washington, DC, 1917. 479-484. Concludes that, aside from a few awkward details in the sagas, the data show Vinland to have been in Rhode Island and Massachusetts. [

92. Plurabelle - Scandinavia Bain, R Nisbet scandinavia A Political History of Denmark, Norway Corey et al War Below Zero The Battle for greenland. Swedish Archaeological Bibliography http://www.plurabelle.co.uk/catalog/skand.html

The Kitchen Brew your own catalogue via our multiple subject search! The Catalogues Eighteenth Century Twentieth Century Africa American Studies ... Christmas Lists updated 02 June 2004 Scandinavia 148 books in list (last updated 02 June 2004) Ibsen, Henrik: Three Plays: The Pillars of the Community; The Wild Duck; Hedda Gabler. A New Translation by Una Ellis - Fermor. Penguin 1950. 368p paperback with white cover panel, dj a little scuffed along the edges, little use, first publisher's edition, pages clean, VG PKM 74338 Strinberg, August: Six Plays of Strinberg: The Father, Miss Julie, The Stronger, Easter, A Dream Play, The Ghost Sonata. In a New Translation by Elizabeth Sprigge. Doubleday Anchor 1955. 304p paperback with illustrated cover, a little dusty but hardly used first publisher's edition, pages clean, VG PKM 74337 Ibsen, Henrik: The Master Builder, Rosmersholm, Little Eyolf, John Gabriel Borkman. Translated by Una Ellis - Fermor. Penguin 1969. (Penguin Classics) 376p black paperback with green illustration to cover, hardly used, pages clean, VG PKM 74288 Bremer, Frederika:

93. NABO Scientific Management Center research centers in North America, EU, and scandinavia, and has proxy climate data of the greenland ice cores with historical and archaeological data, in http://www.svs.is/english/nabo/

Home About Us Conferences, Workshops, Seminars and Lectures ... Icelandic Version NABO Science Management Center North Atlantic Biocultural Organization (NABO) NABO is an internationally recognized non-governmental regional research cooperative with over 450 members in 14 countries. NABO includes 28 major northern research centers in North America, EU, and Scandinavia, and has received support from European, Canadian, and US funding sources.NABO scholars have led in combining the high-resolution proxy climate data of the Greenland ice cores with historical and archaeological data, in providing a regional archaeological dating program, in combining zooarchaeology with landuse and erosion studies, in working to improve comparability of basic data sets, and in promoting international archaeological education in the North Atlantic. NABO has developed expertise in the study of: Human Impacts on terrestrial and marine ecosystems Effects of Climate Change on cultural and natural landscapes and seascapes Inter-cultural interactions and global impacts in the North Atlantic.

94. Time Among The Maya Blending archaeology, history, ethnology, and journalism, Wright creates a fascinating profile of these People of Time, and he employs their famously http://www.globecorner.com/t/t34/17484.php

ADVANCED SEARCH Go to Mexico Central America Belize , or Guatemala Browse other Travel Writing Time Among the Maya: Travels in Belize, Guatemala, and Mexico by Ronald Wright The Maya of Central America have been called the Greeks of the New World. In the first millennium A.D. they created the most intellectually and artistically advanced civilization native to the Americas, and in ensuing centuries, as neighboring empires fell in warfare and to the Spanish invasion, the Maya endured, shaken but never destroyed. Ronald Wright's journey through time and space in Central America explores not only the lands of the ancient Maya, but also the heritage of the five million people who preserve a Mayan identity today. His circular travels begin in tiny Belize, take him through the Guatemalan jungle and into the blood-stained highlands of that sinister republic, and end in Mexico, where the Maya are afflicted by massive development. Blending archaeology, history, ethnology, and journalism, Wright creates a fascinating profile of these "People of Time," and he employs their famously sophisticated calendar in the narrative of his own journey. Wright's exploration of the region and its peoples is a perceptive and entertaining chronicle. Time Among the Maya is travel writing at its broadest and best, and confirms Wright's reputation as a master-craftsman of the genre.

95. Chronicle Of The Maya Kings And Queens Simon Martin is currently an Honorary Research Fellow at the Institute of archaeology, University College London. Nikolai Grube http://www.globecorner.com/t/t34/17455.php

ADVANCED SEARCH Go to Mexico , or Central America Browse other History Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya by Simon Martin A selection of Book-of-the-Month Club, History Book Club, and Natural Science Book Club For a thousand years the dense rain forests of Central America concealed the ruins of one of the world's great civilizations, that of the ancient Maya. Early explorers found themselves in cities dominated by steep temple pyramids and fallen idols covered in unfathomable hieroglyphs. Since the mid-nineteenth century, scholars have tried to understand the mysterious people who produced one of the greatest flowerings of art and culture in the New World. Behind the ruined Maya cities and their abandoned artworks - the superb sculptures of Copan, the fine vase painting of Naranjo, the mighty pyramids of Tikal and Calakmul - lie the turbulent stories of their ruling dynasties. The recent tremendous progress in reading Maya hieroglyphs is now bringing this story into focus. Here is the first book to bring together and examine the greatest Maya dynasties in a single volume. Two of the world's leading experts in Maya hieroglyphic decipherment reveal the latest thinking on the nature of Maya divine kingship, statehood, and political authority, and describe the most recent readings and archaeological finds, including their own discoveries. Key features of the book include:

96. Binghamton University Eng112G "Viking Sagas" Class Web Page THE VIKING SAGAS CLASS WEB PAGE. http://members.aol.com/jdowl33910/mine.html

THE VIKING SAGAS CLASS WEB PAGE WHY THIS PAGE IS HERE, AND WHAT YOU WILL FIND ON IT RHONDA KNIGHT'S INTRODUCTION: WHAT THE CLASS HAS ENCOUNTERED AND THE PURPOSE OF THE CLASS BOOKS AND SAGAS THIS CLASS HAS READ LINKS TO OTHER VIKING SITES ... FOLLOW THESE LINKS TO THE PAPERS STUDENTS HAVE WRITTEN FOR THIS CLASS WHY THIS PAGE IS HERE, AND WHAT YOU WILL FIND ON IT As a college freshman, one of my classes is called Viking Sagas , taught by Rhonda Knight. A class of 24 students, including myself, started this class at Binghamton University in NY in the spring of 1997 for different reasons. Some of us took it to fulfill requirements, others because it was expected to be an easy class and even others because the topic interested them. I believe I can speak for most of the class in saying that this class has proven to be not only interesting, but enlightening. And those of us who thought the class would be easy have found that there was certainly work involved. There have been several books the class has read, which you can find listed below. Also, a few of the Viking Sagas are available on the internet, and if myself or Rhonda finds this page, a link will be placed below for your reading pleasure. While outside research has not been the focus of this class, two six to eight page papers were completed by each of the students, as well as a final project, which were to be based upon our own knowledge, information we picked out of the discussions and lectures in class, but most especially on the books we read. The first paper was due after only one saga was read -

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