61. Whatcom Salmon Recovery been developed to guide management of salmon harvest, hatcheries species is listedas either endangered ( in danger range ESA §36) or threatened ( likely to http://whatcomsalmon.wsu.edu/action-processes.html

Salmon Recovery Plan Endangered Species Act The Clean Water Act The Salmon Recovery Act ... Wild Salmonid Policy A variety of factors have caused salmon runs to decline or delay their recovery. Federal, state, and local governments have attempted to address these factors with laws and policies, which sometimes overlap and sometimes conflict. A number of public processes have been set up to implement or respond to these laws and policies. Specific policies have been developed to guide management of salmon harvest, hatcheries, and habitats. They are described on the specific pages for those issues. Endangered Species Act The federal Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) aims to reverse the trend of human-caused extinctions of animal and plant species. Once a species is listed as either endangered ("in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range" ESA §3[6]) or threatened ("likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range" ESA §3[19]) under the ESA, a variety of federal protections are triggered. These protections include a prohibition on "take," which according to the Act means to "harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect, or to attempt to engage in any such conduct" (§3[19]). Take may include damage to the habitat that the listed species requires to survive. One term that is often heard in discussions about ESA and take is " 4(d) rule " or " 4(d) coverage ." Both terms refer to Section 4(d) of the ESA, which states that either the National Marine Fisheries Service or the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (depending on what the species is and where it is found) shall issue regulations that are "necessary and advisable to provide for the conservation of the species." A 4(d) rule serves two functions: it provides a specific means for protecting a threatened species, and gives assurance, or coverage, to local governments (or other governmental or private entities) that the actions they authorize or perform are legally allowed under the ESA.

62. Salmon History The salmon in general, are a threatened species meaning there are enough salmonaround that they are not endangered of dying away, but there is definitely a http://academic.evergreen.edu/l/lafant30/html/intro_history.html

To look at the future of the salmon you have to take a look at the past. Man in his selfish destructive ways has created a disturbance between the balance of man and nature. This disturbance created by man has caused many species to become extinct. The salmon in general, are a threatened species meaning there are enough salmon around that they are not endangered of dying away, but there is definitely a threat. According to last reports of the TESS or The Endangered Species System, established by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Chinook and the Sockeye salmon is an endangered species in certain areas of the United States. The Chum and Coho salmon are listed as threatened species. There are many factors to which a species can be listed as endangered or threatened. Even location can be a determinate for this list, as with the cases with the Chinook and the Sockeye salmon. Another factor depends on the circumstance, different officials in the United States Government can add species to the list based on the situation.

63. FARM BUREAU URGES STATE NOT TO ‘LIST’ COHO SALMON - CFBF.com Evidence indicates that populations of coho salmon are recovering along California Commissionnot to list the fish as an endangered or threatened species. http://www.cfbf.com/release/2002/pr-072502.html

News Release Home 2002 News Releases Farm Bureau urges state not to 'list' coho salmon Date: July 25, 2002 Evidence indicates that populations of coho salmon are recovering along California’s North Coast, and the California Farm Bureau Federation urges the state Fish and Game Commission not to list the fish as an endangered or threatened species. In comments filed with the commission, the Farm Bureau said a state listing for coho salmon is not warranted. It disagrees with the state Department of Fish and Game, which has recommended listing coho salmon as threatened from the Oregon border south to Punta Gorda in Humboldt County, and as endangered from Punta Gorda south to San Francisco Bay. The Farm Bureau says the department’s status review acknowledges a lack of rigorous, qualitative and quantitative science about the coho salmon, yet recommends that the species be listed. "Listing of the coho as an endangered or threatened species will place additional regulatory burdens on landowners," the Farm Bureau said. "The scientific framework to support such a listing decision should be absolutely unquestionable prior to the placement of those burdens on the private citizens of our state." The comments say a state listing of coho salmon will greatly hamper the ability of farmers and ranchers to maintain economically viable and environmentally friendly operations.

64. State Commission Lists Coho As Endangered/threatened threatened species under the federal endangered species Act, the commission foundthere was sufficient information to warrant consideration of the coho salmon http://www.cfbf.com/agalert/2002/091102_c_aa.html

Ag Alert Home Ag Alert Ag Alert Archives: State commission lists coho as endangered/threatened Issue Date: September 11, 2002 By Christine Souza Assistant Editor "There are seven counties involved in these potential listings. It certainly could have a bad effect one way or another on all of the people in those counties and the people that use the resources of those counties," said Farm Bureau member and rancher Jim Wilson of Yreka. "All of us would agree, 'let's restore the numbers of the fish,' but we would prefer to do it through voluntary, cooperative efforts that did not belabor us with rules and regulations that make it impossible for us to function in our everyday lives." The state Fish and Game Commission met in Oakland on Aug. 30 to make a decision regarding the status of the coho salmon in two areas of Northern California, in the south from San Francisco to Punta Gorda in Humboldt County, and north from Punta Gorda to the Oregon state line. Commissioners agreed to delay "implementation" of the listing for 90 days so Fish and Game can work with affected parties to develop interim measures package that fit all needs while a recovery plan is developed. Following the 90-day period, Fish and Game is expected to adopt the listing decision, and spend the following year working with all affected parties to put the recovery plan in place. The Department of Fish and Game would then bring the recovery plan before the commission for its approval or denial.

65. Nat'l Academies Press: Endangered And Threatened Fishes In The Klamath River Bas sucker, as endangered under the federal endangered species Act (ESA). Oregon Northerncoastal California (SONCC) coho salmon as a threatened species to the http://books.nap.edu/catalog/10838.html

Read more than 3,000 books online FREE! More than 900 PDFs now available for sale HOME ABOUT NAP CONTACT NAP HELP ... ORDERING INFO Items in cart [0] TRY OUR SPECIAL DISCOVERY ENGINE Questions? Call 800-624-6242 Read it Online - FREE! SEARCH THIS BOOK Endangered and Threatened Fishes in the Klamath River Basin: Causes of Decline and Strategies for Recovery Committee on Endangered and Threatened Fishes in the Klamath River Basin, National Research Council 424 pages, 6 x 9, 2004, ISBN Purchase Options Web prices are provided only for orders placed online Online Orders 10% Off HARDBACK Reg: Web: NEW! Purchase PDFs HARDBACK + PDF BEST VALUE PDF BOOK PDF CHAPTERS $4.80 ea. Show All Editions About PDF Download Sample PDF International Price Related Links: Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology (BEST) More Titles from BEST Earth and Life Studies (DELS) Related Titles ... Press Release Description In 1988 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed two endemic fishes of the upper Klamath River basin of Oregon and California, the sucker and the Lost River sucker, as endangered under the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA). In 1997, the National Marine Fisheries Service added the Southern Oregon Northern coastal California (SONCC) coho salmon as a threatened species to the list. The leading factors attributed to the decline of these species were overfishing, blockage of migration, entrainment by water management structures, habitat degradation, nonnative species, and poor water quality. Endangered and Threatened Fishes of the Klamath River Basin

66. NAIOP - Government Affairs: How-To Papers - Endangered Species Act Part 1 agencies responsible for the preservation of threatened species and endangered speciesto rescue Jim McDermott (DWA) introduced the salmon Planning Act (HR http://www.naiop.org/governmentaffairs/esa.cfm

Choose one of the following Register for a conference Find a NAIOP Chapter Find a NAIOP member Join NAIOP Buy a book or CD Review a legislative issue Write to my legislator Review Job Listings Research a topic Read Development magazine Ask an industry question Join a National Forum Endangered Species Act Updated: January 13, 2004 Last Federal or State Activity: July 27, 2003 The Issue NAIOP Position Federal Activity ... Resources The Issue Faced with the possible extinction of various species of animal and plant life, Congress passed the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in 1973. The Act established a process to designate a plant or animal as being in danger of extinction, protecting that species from further decline and devising a strategy for its recovery. Unfortunately, the ESA, though well intentioned, has been largely unsuccessful in conserving the species it was meant to protect. In addition, its enforcement has, at times, resulted in dire economic consequences for the communities and landowners who have been affected by it. NAIOP Position NAIOP believes that the endangered species listing process threatens economic growth and is in great need of reform. Listing should be based upon more focused scientific data that has been field tested or peer reviewed. Economic consequences should also be taken into consideration. We also support efforts to conserve species more effectively while providing more assurance and fairness to individuals, communities and businesses that need government approvals involving endangered or threatened species and species habitat. The process should also compensate property owners when they are substantially deprived of the economically viable use of their property because of ESA restrictions. The value of human life versus that of plant and wildlife must be put into perspective.

67. Coho Salmon conservation groups, the Northern Californina/Southern Oregon coho salmon populationhas finally been listed as threatened under the endangered species Act. http://www.wildcalifornia.org/pages/page-31

Key Programs Industrial Logging Reform National Forest Conservation Humboldt Bay Initiative ... Northwestern Pacific Railroad Contact Us P. O. Box 397 Garberville, CA 95542 ph: (707) 923-2931 fax: (707) 923-4210 email: general information web site suggestions Home Current Projects ... Biodiversity Protection Coho Salmon Coho (silver) salmon are anadromous fish that are born and live in fresh water as juveniles and then migrate to the ocean as adults before returning to their natal streams to spawn. The historical range of coho salmon on the West Coast includes coastal rivers and streams from Alaska to Northern California. In California, the naturally spawned adult coho salmon population has been reduced to approximately one percent of its historic size, which was approximately 200,000 to 500,000 in the 1940s. The coho salmon is joining the marbled murrelet and the Northern spotted owl as a grim reminder of the ongoing destruction of our coastal forest ecosystem. Activists are uniting across the Pacific Northwest to protect and restore the forest habitat which once supported magnificent runs of salmon. One hundred years of managing strictly for resource extraction has failed the coho. This failure to protect salmon habitat has been an economic disaster. As recently as the 1970s, California's coho fishery produced over 70 million dollars a year in direct income. Since 1994, the commercial fishing seasons have been completely shut down. Coho are dependent on cool, clear, sustained flows and the stable structural elements of streams in old-growth forests. More than 106 native Pacific salmon stocks are now extinct, and 214 more are at risk of extinction. The causes for the decline in coastal coho population include degradation of habitat due to loss of stream-side vegetation, filling of wetlands, decline in water quality of small streams, adverse competition from hatchery-grown coho salmon, and inadequate regulatory mechanisms.

68. Watershed Stewards Project Bulletin; Endangered Species Act And The Coho Salmon be in trouble can be listed as threatened, defined as portion of its range, or endangered, which is In the coho salmon investigation, freshwater physical http://www.northcoast.com/~fishhelp/news_f/spr97/coho.html

Endangered Species Act and the Coho Salmon Proposed West Coast Coho Salmon Evolutionarily Significant Units Source: Status Review of Coho Salmon from Washington, Oregon and California. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFSS-NWFFC-24. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic Atmospheric Association, National Marine Fisheries Service: September 1995. C oho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) is a species of Pacific salmon occurring in several river systems around the northern Pacific rim. On the west coast of North America, coho salmon are found from the San Lorenzo River near Santa Cruz, CA., to British Columbia. In October of 1993, in response to three petitions seeking protection for coho salmon under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) began a status review of coho salmon in Washington, Oregon, and California. T he Endangered Species Act of 1973 allows for the designation of distinct population segments of a species as Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs). Determinate factors may include: genetics, life history, bio-geography, geology, and other environmental components. Once an ESU is identified, a variety of factors related to population abundance are considered to determine whether a listing is warranted. A ny petitioned ESU found to be in trouble can be listed as "threatened," defined as any species which is likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range, or "endangered," which is defined as any species in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

69. Selected List Of Federal Register Items Of Interest To The Department Of The Int endangered and threatened species Anadromous fish take Nez Perce Indian Tribe,OR; Imnaha River basin population of Snake River spring/summer chinook salmon, http://library.doi.gov/fedreg/1157.html

Issue No.1157 June 30 - July 4, 2003 JUNE 30, 2003 RULES Architectural works; technical amendments, 38630-38631 Engineers Corps NOTICES Environmental statements; availability, etc.: Raritan Bay and Sandy Hook Bay, NY; combined flood control and shore protection project, 38692-38693 Environmental Protection Agency RULES Air quality implementation plans; approval and promulgation; various States: Colorado, 38633-38635 North Carolina, 38631-38633 PROPOSED RULES Air quality implementation plans; approval and promulgation; various States: Colorado, 38660-38661 North Carolina, 38660 Federal Emergency Management Agency NOTICES Agency information collection activities; proposals, submissions, and approvals, 38717-38718 Disaster and emergency areas: Arkansas, 38718 Kentucky, 38718-38719 Maine, 38719 West Virginia, 38719-38720 Forest Service NOTICES Environmental statements; notice of intent: Carson National Forest, NM, 38670-38672 General Services Administration PROPOSED RULES Federal travel: eTravel Service, 38661-38665

70. Your Planet Earth Glossary 1.0.1 to warrant proposal for threatened or endangered on YPE New endangered species protectioncontinues EPA over protection of endangered salmon from pesticides http://www.yourplanetearth.org/terms/details.php3?term=Endangered Species Act

71. YPE: Search 2002 @1235PM 24 11,167 species threatened globally according Judge rules EPA mustprotect salmon from pesticides Puget Sound orcas denied endangered status by http://www.yourplanetearth.org/search.pl?topic=10

72. ESA--Thriving, Threatened, Or Extinct? complete an evaluation of whether endangered Pacific salmon and steelhead continuedexistence of species listed as endangered and threatened or adversely http://www.pesticidesafety.uiuc.edu/newsletter/html/200402a.html

Vol. 17, No.2 March, 2004 ESAThriving, Threatened, or Extinct? As you may have read in the popular press and in various newsletters, the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) has received considerable attention lately. Federal agencies have proposed changes in how they exchange information and expertise with one another regarding endangered species and pesticides. More recently, a U.S. District Court judge on the West Coast responded to an ESA-based lawsuit by prohibiting the use of certain pesticides adjacent to salmon-supporting waters. For the pesticide industry and individual applicators, these actions should be viewed as clear signals that the ESA itself is not extinct. An ESA Primer The state of Illinois also has an Endangered Species Act. As of 1999, 478 species were listed by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources' (IDNR) Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board (ESPB) as either endangered or threatened (3). The ESPB revises the list of protected species every 5 years, and thus the 2004 revision will soon be available online ( http://dnr.state.il.us/espb

73. Protect Endangered Species From Harmful Pesticides! protections for endangered and threatened species at risk anniversary year of theendangered species Act (ESA are weakening protections for salmon and other http://actionnetwork.org/alert-description.tcl?alert_id=2345800

74. Scientific Evaluations Of Biological Opinions On Endangered And Threatened Fishe to protect short nose and Lost River suckers, two fish species listed as endangeredin 1988, as well as coho salmon, which were designated as threatened in 1997 http://www4.nationalacademies.org/news.nsf/isbn/0309083249?OpenDocument

75. Atlantic Salmon In The Gulf Of Maine Part 17 RIN 1018AF80 endangered and threatened species; Proposed endangered Statusfor a Distinct Population Segment of Anadromous Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar http://www.aquanic.org/news/1999/endspe.htm

Atlantic Salmon in the Gulf of Maine Subject: Atlantic Salmon in the Gulf of Maine - NMFS and FWS Announce Completion of a Status Review of U.S. Atlantic salmon populations and have determined that a distinct population segment (DPS) of Atlantic salmon in the Gulf of Maine is in danger of extinction. [Federal Register: November 17, 1999 (Volume 64, Number 221)] [Proposed Rules] [Page 62627-62641] DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 50 CFR Part 224 [Docket No. 991108299-9299-01; I.D. 102299A] RIN 0648-XA39 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 RIN 1018-AF80 Endangered and Threatened Species; Proposed Endangered Status for a Distinct Population Segment of Anadromous Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) in the Gulf of Maine AGENCIES: National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Commerce; Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), Interior. ACTION: Proposed Rule, notice of public hearing. DATES: Comments on this proposal and on the July 1999 Status Review announced in the October 19, 1999, Federal Register (64 FR 56297) must be received by February 15, 2000. A public hearing will be held at 6:00 pm on January 19, 2000.

76. Endangered And Threatened Species In The Platte River Basin Project Title endangered and threatened species in the and Wildlife Service forendangered riparian birds. Management, Instream Flows and salmon Survival in http://www4.nas.edu/webcr.nsf/CommitteeDisplay/BEST-K-03-01-A?OpenDocument

77. Grist | Do Good | Animals & Plants move the manatee from the endangered to threatened list even Save sea otters Oncean endangered species success story and harm their health, the salmon they eat http://www.gristmagazine.com/dogood/species.asp

archives gristmill about grist support grist ... grist by email search grist: Take action, speak out, be heard Main Dish Daily Grist Muckraker Powers That Be ... Counter Culture Commentary The Gist Soapbox InterActivist Dispatches ... Books Unbound Etc. Letters Book review Once more into the drink , by Michael Levitin. Dispatches from an international dialogue on science and sustainability. Electoral Collage . A special edition on elections and the environment. Power shift . Looking for leadership on climate change. Something is rotten in the state of Denmark . A skeptical look at The Skeptical Environmentalist. What now? One month after Sept. 11, it's a whole new environment. Hard-hitting news, thought-provoking features, and inspiring profiles Top environmental news from around the globe The dirt on environmental politics and policy The renewable energy scene Flabbergast your friends with these fun facts and figures Words from the editors Hurray, harrumph, and other points of view First-hand accounts from the field A cartoon by Suzy Becker Astute advice on all things environmental Hints for green buying and living Newly published works of an environmental bent Grist readers talk back Take action, speak out, be heard

78. Puget Sound Shorelines: Species - Salmon: Estuary Use Listed as a threatened species in 1999, the Anadromous fish species that inhabitthe Pacific endangered salmon species Fact Sheets, National Marine Fisheries http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/sea/pugetsound/species/salmon_est.html

Salmon Surf Smelt Sand Lance Kelp ... Harbor Seal Some salmon species use estuaries and nearshore areas longer than others. More Use ocean type chinook chum ocean type coho pink Less Use stream type chinook stream type coho sockeye Some salmon species pass through nearshore waters quickly on their way to sea. Others may spend months in estuaries, feeding, growing, and adjusting to salt water. A lot depends on the size of the salmon when it reaches the estuary. In general, larger salmon such as sockeye, coho and chinook yearlings are less dependent on estuaries and may pass through relatively rapidly. Smaller salmon such as chum, pink, and chinook fry and fingerlings may use estuaries and nearshore waters for up to 180 days. Pacific Salmon Species Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha The "ocean-type" chinook generally spends a brief time in freshwater streams. It then migrates to estuary waters, where it may stay for an extended time before heading out to sea. The "stream-type" chinook lives one or more years in freshwater streams and typically passes through estuaries quickly before moving out to sea. Of all Pacific salmon species, "ocean-type" (fall) chinook rely most on estuaries and nearshore waters along Puget Sound - some stay as long as 189 days. Chinook fry and fingerlings move downstream to estuaries at a young age. Here they adapt to saltwater, hide from predators, and grow rapidly feeding on planktonic animals.

79. Endangered Species Information, U.S. Fish And Wildlife Service Division of endangered species, threatened and endangered Wildlife and Plants Federal list of endangered and threatened wildlife and plants its range. A threatened species is one that is http://endangered.fws.gov/wildlife.html

Endangered Florida panther Search Species Information Laws, Policies and Federal Register Notices Candidate Conservation ... Read the official Species Information Threatened and Endangered Animals and Plants Before a plant or animal species can receive protection under the Endangered Species Act , it must first be placed on the Federal list of endangered and threatened wildlife and plants Our listing program follows a strict legal process candidates or proposed for possible addition , are announced through the Federal Register (Please note: To view PDF documents, you may need to download and install the Adobe Acrobat Reader, free from Adobe, Inc. Get the regulatory profile for a listed species using its common or scientific name: How many, and which, species... are listed in the U.S. as threatened or endangered? are listed in each State? are listed in other countries? are listed and are under the primary responsibility of the NOAA Fisheries (U.S. Department of Commerce)? were the first species to be listed?

80. DOE Document - Biodiversity And The Recovery Of Threatened And The stated purpose of the endangered species Act is to provide a means whereby the ecosystem upon which endangered species and threatened species depend may be conserved.^Conservation of the http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.bib

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