61. Romaniabynet.com Columbus World Travel Guide Europe - romania - history and World Travel Guide - romania - history and Government - includes information on the constitution and politics. http://www.romaniabynet.com/Romania/History.asp?SnID=1422107397

62. Romania's History And Vehicle Index As of 1941 romania had 35 Czech R1 tankettes, 126 R-2, 73 French R-35 (some were obtained from the Polish 21st Armored Battalion who had fled to romania in http://www.wwiivehicles.com/html/romania/

Home WWII ASL Forums ... Photos General Ion Antonescu came to power in September 1940. He signed the Tripartite Pact in November 1940. As of 1941 Romania had 35 Czech R-1 tankettes, 126 R-2 , 73 French R-35 (some were obtained from the Polish 21st Armored Battalion who had fled to Romania in 1939), and 60 FT-17 s. The 1st Tank Regiment had the R-2s , the 2nd Tank Regiment had the R-35s , and the 1st Royal Cavalry had the R-1s. Due to the lack of spare parts the R-35 were not part of the attack on Russia in 1941. After the drive on Odessa and the Don campaigns of 1942 the tanks were worn out. In September of 1942 PzKpfw IIIs and IVs were purchased from Germany. After the disaster at Stalingrad the Germans provided 50 PzKpfw 38(t)s in March 1943 to the 1st Tank Regiment. From November 1943 PzKpfw IVs and StuG IIIs were supplied. The Brasov factory in 1942 started to convert the R-2s to self-propelled anti-tank mounts with captured ZiS-3 76 mm Soviet guns. The Germans later provided Soviet T-60 tanks that had the Soviet F-22 76 mm added. They were designated TACAM ( Tun autopropulsat cu afet mobile 76.2 mm) R-2 or T-60.

63. Window To Romania - Romanian History history (Adapted from history of Romanians Ion Calafeteanu). Books on Romanian history. The Books on Romanian history. Copyright http://windowtoromania.com/wtr/history.asp

12-Jun-2004 Beirut / Bucharest Time: 00:52 History Geography Demographics Language Touristic Sites ... RO-LB Flights Tell a Friend Vote for us History (Adapted from "History of Romanians" - Ion Calafeteanu) Books on Romanian History The Dacians Romania is situated in Central Europe, in the northern part of the Balkan peninsula and its territory is marked by the Carpathian Mountains, the Danube and the Black Sea. With its temperate climate and varied natural environment, which is favourable to life, the Romanian territory has been inhabited since time immemorial. The research done by Romanian archaeologists has led to the discovery of traces of human presence dating back as early as two million years BC. At the turn of the second millennium, when the Palaeolithic age made way for the Bronze age, the Thracian tribes of Indo-European origin settled alongside the population that already lived in the Carpathian-Balkan region. From the time of the Thracians on, the uninterrupted phenomenon of the Romanian people’s birth can be traced. The contact of the Geto-Dacians, a Thracian tribe ("the wisest and the most correct one" -Herodot) with the Greek world was made easy by the Greek colonies created on the present-day Romanian Black Sea shore: Istros (Histria), founded in the 7th century BC, Callatis (today: Mangalia) and Tomi (today: Constanta). Burebista the king (82 - around 44 BC), who succeeded to unite the Geto-Dacian tribes for the first time, founded a powerful kingdom that stretched, when the Dacian sovereign offered to support Pompey against Caesar (48 BC), from the Beskids (north), the Middle Danube (west), the Tyras river (the Dniester), and the Black Sea shore (east) to the Balkan Mountains (south).

64. Window To Romania - Books On Romania From Amazon A must read for all the nostalgics of the monarchy as well as for all who are interested in the Romanian history. Click here to learn more. or from AMAZON UK. http://windowtoromania.com/wtr/amazontype.asp?iType=4

65. Cultura.ro - Discover Romania - Romanian History Discover romania romanian history The romanian territory, having a temperate climate and a diversified natural environment, delimited by the Carpathian http://www.ministerulculturii.ro/engleza/descopera_romania/istoria.html

Home Adrian Nastase's Cabinet Subordinate institutions Achieved objectives ... Discover Romania Username: Password: Ion Irimescu Cultural agenda June 2004 D L M M J V S Theatres Bucharest theatres' repertoire Recommendation VILLAGE MUSEUM Nichita agenda Newsletter Subscribe Unsubscribe Discover Romania Romanian History Historical Provinces Photos Discover Romania Romanian History The Romanian territory, having a temperate climate and a diversified natural environment, delimited by the Carpathian Mountains, the Danube river and the Black Sea, has always been inhabited. Burebista (82-44 B.C.) succeeded in uniting the Geto-Dacian tribes and creating a powerful kingdom. The king Decebal (87-106 A.D.) succeeded in ruling over a glorious Dacia. After the two wars that were meant to kneel Dacia, in 102 A.D. and 105-106 A.D., the Roman emperor Trajan defeated Decebal, turning his kingdom into a Roman province.

66. Alianta Romanilor Canadieni - Alliance Of Romanian Canadians - Www.ARCweb.ca romania A Brief history The ancient romanian history began in the 7th and 6th Centuries BC, when the Greeks founded a number of colonies on the Black Sea shore http://www.arcweb.ca/en/index.asp?pag=history

67. Romania - History history. romania Table of Contents EARLY history. Man first appeared in the lands that now constitute romania during the Pleistocene http://countrystudies.us/romania/3.htm

History Romania Table of Contents EARLY HISTORY Man first appeared in the lands that now constitute Romania during the Pleistocene Epoch, a period of advancing and receding glacial ice that began about 600,000 years ago. Once the glaciers had withdrawn completely, a humid climate prevailed in the area and thick forests covered the terrain. During the Neolithic Age, beginning about 5500 B.C., Indo-European people lived in the region. The Indo-Europeans gave way to Thracian tribes, who in later centuries inhabited the lands extending from the Carpathian Mountains southward to the Adriatic and Aegean Seas. Today's Romanians are in part descended from the Getae, a Thracian tribe that lived north of the Danube River. The Getae Originally polytheistic nature-worshippers, the Thraco-Getae developed a sun cult and decorated their artwork with sun symbols. Herodotus, a Greek historian, reports that the Getae worshipped a god named Zalmoxis, a healing thunder god who was master of the cloudy sky; however they did not depict Zalmoxis in any plastic form. The people offered agricultural products and animals as sacrifices and also cremated their dead, sealed the ashes in urns, and buried them. By about 300 B.C., the Lower Danube Getae had forged a state under the leadership of Basileus Dromichaites, who repulsed an attack by Lysimachus, one of Alexander the Great's successors. Thereafter, native Getian leaders protected the coastal urban centers, which had developed from Greek colonies. From 112 to 109 B.C. the Getae joined the Celts to invade Roman possessions in the western Balkans. Then in 72 B.C., the Romans launched a retaliatory strike across the Danube but withdrew because, one account reports, the soldiers were "frightened by the darkness of the forests." During the third and second centuries B.C., the Getae began mining local iron-ore deposits and iron metallurgy spread throughout the region. The ensuing development of iron plowshares and other implements led to expanded crop cultivation.

68. History Of Romania romania disappeared from recorded history for hundreds of years, to reemerge in the medieval period as the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. http://www.worldrover.com/history/romania_history.html

Search The Web! Search The Web! Search The Web! Search The Web! Free Travel Cheap Tickets Auction ... Make Money Romania HISTORY From about 200 B.C., when it was settled by the Dacians, a Thracian tribe, Romania has been on the path of a series of migrations and conquests. Under the emperor Trajan early in the second century A.D., Dacia was incorporated into the Roman empire, but was abandoned by a declining Rome less than two centuries later. Romania disappeared from recorded history for hundreds of years, to reemerge in the medieval period as the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Heavily taxed and badly administered under the Ottoman empire, the two Principalities were unified under a single native prince in 1859, and had their full independence ratified in the 1878 Treaty of Berlin. A German prince, Carol of Hohenzollern, was crowned first King of Romania in 1881. The new state, squeezed between the Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, and Russian empires, with Slav neighbors on three sides, looked to the West, particularly France, for its cultural, educational, and administrative models. Romania was an ally of the Entente and theU.S.in World War I, and was granted substantial territories with Romanian populations, notably Transylvania, Bessarabia, and Bukovina, after the war. Most of Romania's pre-World War II governments maintained the forms but not the substance of a liberal constitutional monarchy. The quasi-mystical, fascist Iron Guard movement, exploiting nationalism, fear of communism, and resentment of alleged foreign and Jewish domination of the economy, was a key factor in the creation of a dictatorship in 1938. In 1940-41, the authoritarian General Antonescu took control. Romania entered World War II on the side of the Axis Powers in June 1941, invading the Soviet Union to recover Bessarabia and Bukovina, which had been annexed in 1940.

69. Art History Romania- History Of Art Romania - Art History Romania In Ottoman Emp history of romania in Ottoman Times. The reign of Michael the Brave of Walachia (15931601) marked the high point of romanian autonomy in romanian history. http://www.easterncorner.com/Romania.htm

CHOOSE A CATEGORY Pillows Throws Tapestries Antique Kilims Bottles Hookahs Accessories Specials My Shopping Cart Customer Service About Us Search ... Site Map History of Romania in Ottoman Times Between the 14th and 18th centuries the Romanian principalities of Moldavia and Walachia evolved as part of the Eastern Orthodox religious and cultural world: their ecclesiastical allegiance was to the Patriarchate of Constantinople; their princes emulated the Byzantine emperors and drew their written law from Byzantine codes; their economy was agrarian and their society rural; and their art and literature followed Eastern religious and didactic patterns in Romanian History. Yet the Romanians also possessed qualities that set them apart from their neighbours and drew them westward: they spoke a language derived from Latin, and they recognized the Romans as their ancestors. Nearly four centuries of Ottoman Turkish domination between the 15th and 19th centuries reinforced the Romanians' attachment to the East in Romanian History. Hardly had the principalities achieved independence than they were forced to confront the relentless advance of Ottoman armies into southeastern Europe. By recognizing the suzerainty of the sultan and by paying him annual tribute, the Romanians avoided direct incorporation into the Ottoman Empire. In Romanian History , The Romanians thus preserved their political institutions, laws, and social structure, and they avoided a massive settlement of Muslims onto the land.

70. Now Romania - The Romanian Business Center Online Online business center and romanian web directory. Virtual journey to romania for information on business, travel, news, investment, weather, maps, history, taxes, and dictionary. http://www.now.ro

Search in Romanian Web start.ro starlinks.ro Romanian Stock Exchanges Bucharest Stock Exchange RASDAQ B.R.M. B.M.F.M.S. Moldavian Stock Exchange B.M.M.C. B.T. Currency Exchange Daily Rate 164 Currency Converter B.N.R. Bancpost Weather Maps History Laws ... The Information Centre of the European Commission e-Services from Romanian Online Business Center: Domain Registry Domain Hosting List Builder Site in Romanian ... Administration Property of MUNTENIA ADMINISTRATOR Developed by IT MEDIA

71. ROMANIA - Official Travel And Tourism Information. History history of romania. romania s history has not been as idyllically peaceful as its geography. Over the centuries, various migrating people invaded romania. http://www.romaniatourism.com/history.html

Home Site Map Links Maps ... News and Views History Romania's history has not been as idyllically peaceful as its geography. Over the centuries, various migrating people invaded Romania. Romania's historical provinces Wallachia and Moldova offered furious resistance to the invading Ottoman Turks. Transylvania was successively under Hapsburg, Ottoman or Wallachian rule, while remaining an autonomous province. Romania's post WWII history as a communist-block nation is more widely known, primarily due to the excesses of the former dictator Nicolae Ceausescu. In December 1989 a national uprising led to his overthrow. The 1991 Constitution established Romania as a republic with a multiparty system, market economy and individual rights of free speech, religion and private ownership. Recommended reading: Romania, An Illustrated History by Nicholas Klepper, - an insightful synthesis addressed to all those who want to learn about Romania's history, politics, culture, and society. To order the book please e-mail: orders@hippocrenebooks.com

72. Travel In Bucharest, Romania - History - WorldTravelGate.net® Bucharest history. Home. BUCHAREST, romania. Brief history. Bucharest began as a fort on the Dîmbovi ta River, but its location on http://www.eurotravelling.net/romania/bucharest/bucharest_history.htm

Bucharest - History BUCHAREST, Romania Brief History Bucharest began as a fort on the Dîmbovi ta River, but its location on the trade routes across the Walachian Plain between the Danube River and the Carpathian Mountains stimulated further growth. In the 17th century it became the capital of the state of Walachia. After the foundation of the state of Romania in 1859, it became the capital of the new country. Between that time and World War I, the city grew in size, but the most rapid period of expansion took place following the war. It was during this period that the city took on its present appearance. Romania sided with Germany during World War II, and Bucharest was damaged by Allied air raids. After the war the center of the city was rebuilt, and new industrial and residential districts were laid out. In 1947, when the Communists came to power, Bucharest became the capital of the new Socialist republic. A disastrous earthquake on March 4, 1977, destroyed many of the poorly constructed buildings in the center of the city and killed about 1,500 people. A major effort was made to reconstruct the damaged areas. After the fall of Romania's Communist government in February 1990, Bucharest became the capital of the new republic. Population (1989 estimate), 2,194,583. click to go back

73. Travel In Constanta, Romania - History - WorldTravelGate.net® The history of the first years of our era came to the fore due to its name of Constanta and becomes residence of Constanta region, integrant part of romania. http://www.eurotravelling.net/romania/constanta/constanta_history.htm

Constanta - History In the middle of the 3rd century and the beginning of the 4th century considerable efforts were made in order to restore the town. It was then when remarkable monuments were built: the Roman building with the mosaic, thermae, residential districts with paved streets, portals and sewers, underground galleries, etc. The wall of the precincts was built in the same period and was subsequently restored several times, the last time in the 6th century AC. Between 4 - 6 century AC the fortress becomes an archiepiscopal headquarter. The inscriptions, the Christian monuments and the four huge basilicas illustrate this historical part. During the 6th and even at the beginning of the 7th century, Tomis was violently attacked by the Slavs and the Avars. In the 9th century the region is reorganized by the Byzantine Empire. click to go back

74. Romanian History - Gypsy Peoples In Romania Gypsy peoples. home romania history minority peoples gypsy. http://www.eliznik.org.uk/RomaniaHistory/gypsies.htm

Romania Costume Music Dance ... Photos Gypsy peoples home romania history in the world ... Migration migration map The Gypsy peoples originate from Sind region now in Pakistan. Their Rom language is close to the older forms of Indian languages. The three tribes of Rom Sinti , and Kale probably left India after a succession of campaigns in Sind through the C11, initially spending time in Armenia and Persia, then moving into the Byzantine Empire after the Seljuk Turk attacks on Armenia. Within the Byzantine Empire they dispersed into the Balkans reaching Wallachia (1385) and Moldavia (1370) ahead of this area falling to the Ottoman Turks. Other groups also moved through India to Gujarat and south of Delhi. Gypsy populations can still be found along all these migration routes. When entering west Europe they initially had letters of protection from the King of Hungary. This privileged situation did not last long as amazement at their way of life commonly led to hostilities. The Gypsy way of life still leads to hostilities from the people of their host nations. Europeans regard "private property" as sacrosanct, whereas gypsies do not have a word for "possess", which gives rise to two incompatible ways of life and a continual problem of gypsies being regarded as "thieves" from the European's view. In each host nation gypsies appear to take on the religion, names and language of their hosts, but within the

75. Romania's History romania s history. 514 BC, The Persian emperor Darius I attacks and defeats the GeticDacian tribes living on the present romanian http://www.globalbizgroup.com/history.shtm

Home About GBG Accounting Dept. Financial Dept. ... considerations Romania's History 514 BC The Persian emperor Darius I attacks and defeats the Getic-Dacian tribes living on the present Romanian territory, the ancient Greek historian Herodotus reported. According to Herodotus, the Getic-Dacians are "the bravest and most noble of the Thracians." 82 BC The Getic-Dacian tribes are reunited under the leadership of Dacian King Burebista. The king fights and plots against the looming danger coming from the Roman Empire. Over the next 38 years Dacia expands herself over a vast territory – the present Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, Bulgaria and parts of Serbia. However, in 44 BC Burebista's archenemy, Caesar, is assassinated. The Roman threat apparently gone for good, the need for a strong leader vanishes and Burebista is assassinated himself several months later. 87-106 AC A series of wars against the Roman emperors Domitianus and Trajan end by Dacia's transformation into a Roman province. As in any other province, Roman colonists settle into Dacia and mix with locals. Centuries IV-IX The so-called "dark millenium." Migratory tribes coming from Central Asia cross former Dacia in all directions. Visigoths are followed by Ostrogoths, Huns, Avars, Gepidae, Slavs, Bulgarians and Hungarians. Some of these tribes settle south of Danube (Slavs and Bulgarians), others in the Panonian Plain (Hungarians), while a sizable amount of Slavs mix with the locals, who are already speaking a Romance language. Hungarians fight against the first Romanian Statelets in Transylvania.

76. Romania - A Brief History And Geography, Including The Real Dracula Visit romania at The CatTea Corner© A brief history and geography (including the real Dracula), a photo-tour, current weather, currency exchange rates, and http://www.catteacorner.com/romania.htm

Visit Romania at The Cat-Tea Corner© A brief history and geography (including the real Dracula), a photo-tour, current weather, currency exchange rates, and delicious recipes too! ROMANIA at The Cat-Tea Corner© Romania Currency Exchange News and Weather Animals in Romania ... Shop for Glass Ware from Romania The Cat-Tea Corner© Tea Time Vegan for Life Romania Cats ... Home The music you're listening to is On The Beautiful Blue Danube. omania A brief history and geography (including the real Dracula) View our photos of Romania Thirteen pages of pictures from our yearly visits. We'll be adding more soon. After you've toured, don't forget to return here! (And maybe send a picture postcard from one of the places you've "visited.") An English translation of "Dragostea Din Tei" (by Haiducii): Click here "The last stage of Communism is surrealism." - Andrei Codrescu, poet, novelist, and Romanian ex-patriate

77. Romania This has placed romania in the path of many migrations and invasions throughout its history yet it has been the cultural imprint of one of the earliest invaders http://scic.cec.eu.int/Main/enlargement/lan_pres/rom_03.htm

SCIC AND THE ENLARGEMENT Romania Romanian History Romanian History Introduction Due to its geographical position , Romania is one of the easiest passable land routes between the Balkans, Moldova and the Ukraine. This has placed Romania in the path of many migrations and invasions throughout its history yet it has been the cultural imprint of one of the earliest invaders, the Romans, which has endured to the present day. The perpetuation of this cultural identity is even more interesting given the Romanian people have rarely been isolated from their Slavic and Finno-Ugric neighbours, particularly the Hungarians. The Dacians The Dacians, a Thracian tribe, were the first migrants in 200BC to what is present day Romania. Under King Burebista (82-44BC) the Dacians flourished and came to rule over the entire Thracian-Geto-Dacian world, extending from the Balkans to the Carpathian Mountains, to the ancient Dnestr River and the Tisza . With the fall of Burebista, the power of the Dacian state weakened until the rule of

78. Romania - History Of Romania Liebig Trade Cards history OF romania LIEBIG TRADE CARDS SERIES OF 6 CARDS. http://www.tkinter.smig.net/Romania/LiebigCards/HistoryOfRomania/

H ISTORY OF R OMANIA L IEBIG T RADE C ARDS SERIES OF 6 CARDS

79. Romania - History Of Liebig Trade Cards history OF LIEBIG TRADE CARDS. history OF MEAT S EXTRACT. Written by Oscar and Orlando SANGUINETTI. ADVERTISING TRADE CARDS history. Paris, 186572. http://www.tkinter.smig.net/Romania/LiebigCards/info.htm

H ISTORY OF L IEBIG T RADE C ARDS H ISTORY OF M EAT'S E XTRACT Written by Oscar and Orlando SANGUINETTI Meat extract has been conceived by German chemist Justus von Liebig, it was a method to preserve meat with all its nutrients while reducing its size. An English firm, who owned large cattle’s farms in South America (in Frey Bentos in Uruguay) liked the concept very much and found it financially appealing. This represented an easier and cheaper way to transport meat from America to Europe. The company decided to start the production of the meat extract and named it after its inventor. New marketing strategies were to be devised to publicise the new product which at the time was perceived as revolutionary (1850), most importantly the housewives had to be convinced to use it in place of fresh meat. ADVERTISING TRADE CARDS' HISTORY Paris, 1865-72. Magazines, radios and televisions did not exist, so how was a product publicised? Mr Boucicaut, the owner of a department store in Paris, had a brilliant idea, that of giving as a present an illustrated card to every kid and mum in the shop. Every Thursday new cards were distributed so to keep the kids interested in going back regularly to the store. Liebig cards collection is still very appreciated today for their high quality of printing and design which was never really matched by any other company. Another phenomenon took place in Italy in 1935 with the Perugina cards (among the rarest is the one of "Il feroce Saladino"). Unfortunately the collection did not have a long and as successful following mainly because the collector had to return the completed album of cards to receive gifts from the company.

80. Russian And East European Institute Six Indiana University faculty members are native or fluent speakers of romanian and focus on romania s history, language, and literature as their areas of http://www.indiana.edu/~reeiweb/index/romania.html

Home Staff Members REEI Office Information Summer Intensive Language Study (SWSEEL) ... Lending Policy Search REEI: Advanced Search E-mail REEI Quick Links Calendar of Events REEIfication Newsletter Summer Workshop (SWSEEL) FLAS Information ... Home Romanian Studies Romanian Studies at Indiana University Study of the history, language, and culture of Romania has been part of the Indiana University curriculum for East European studies since the early 1950s. In its Russian and East European Institute (REEI) and Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, IU offers: one of the largest concentrations of Romanian studies specialists in the United States; three years of language instruction during the academic year and a summer intensive language program; library resources sufficient to support advanced research in Romanian studies; and strong relationships with Romanian institutions of higher learning. Faculty Six Indiana University faculty members are native or fluent speakers of Romanian and focus on Romania's history, language, and literature as their areas of specialization.

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