1. The Fall Of Rome? Arther Ferrill, The Fall of the roman empire the military Explanation (LondonThames Hudson 1986). Return to the Greek and Roman History List. http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/fallrome.html

The Fall of the Roman Empire: Some (Sometimes Silly) Explanations Strategy and Tactics Magazine #39 (1973), p. 21 (characterizations added)] PLAGUES reduced the population, and the fertility of the survivors. [Medical archaeology] LEAD PIPES and utensils poisoned the aristocracy, lowering their birth-rate and intelligence level of this most important class (S. Colum Gilfillan) [Eugenics] The admission of INFERIOR RACES to the citizenship lowered the vigor of the Pure Roman Stock. [Racism] CHRISTIANITY made people less concerned with this world. (Edward Gibbon) [Religious Bigotry, Enlightenment] Augustus’ jury-rigged apparatus of state was unable to cope with certain types of crisis. [Systems Analysis] CIVIL WARS sapped the strength of the Empire. [The Military Theory] The People praciticed BIRTH CONTROL without restraint, thus causing a loss of population. [Medical/Religious] Failure to establish a workable CONSTITUTION. [Legal/Systems Analysis] ‘Bread and Circuses’: the people became LAZY. [The Welfare Argument] The ARMY got out of hand due to lowering of standards of discipline [Military Theory, Part II; moral] God turned his favor from Rome because of its sins [Religious Explanation, Old Testament, St. Augustine; Moral]

2. Gibbon - Historian - Part 2 New York Simon and Schuster. FERRILL, Arther 1983 The Fall of theroman empire the military Explanation. London Thames Hudson. http://www.alumni.caltech.edu/~zimm/gibho2.html

Edward Gibbon, Historian of the Roman Empire Part II: A Closer Look at the Decline and Fall by Eugene Y. C. Ho, Hong Kong Tragic News: Mr. Ho died in July 1997, at the age of 37, after an accident in his home. See his home page at the Karl Popper web site. The following is in Eugene's own words: Author's Note: Originally published in Issue 31 (Jul - Sep 1994) of the Hong Kong intellectual journal Intellectus, the following essay the first of a two-part instalment was written to commemorate the bicentennial of the death of Edward Gibbon (1737-1794), author of A History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Click here for the first instalment . Readers who wish to read some specimens of Gibbon's masterpiece may visit either Dr. Zimmermann's web page ( The "Best of" Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ) or mine ( Passages from Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Some Major Themes of the Decline and Fall As noted in the first part of this essay, Gibbon feels, thinks, and writes as a Republican Roman. When he praises or criticises someone or something, it is always from the standpoint of a contemporary Roman citizen. The following Table of Opposites will help us understand what Gibbon's likes and dislikes are: civilisation - barbarism vigour - enervation manliness - effeminacy simplicity - luxury (constitutional) liberty - despotic ruler/servile subjects Rome - Byzantium/Asia/the Orient sociability - unsociability moderation - fanaticism/zeal/enthusiasm reason/philosophy - religion/superstition

3. Bibliography Of Printed Sources For Classical Studies 373 The Lombards A. Ferrill. The Fall of the roman empire the military ExplanationW. Goffart. Rome s Fall and After. collection of his articles http://www.arts.uwaterloo.ca/~lneuru/courses/cl373bib.html

Bibliography for Classical Studies 373 The Fall of the Roman Empire Introduction: How to Use This Bibliography Primary Sources: The Greek and Latin Authors Sourcebooks Dictionaries, Encyclopedias and Reference Works ... Journals Introduction: How to Use This Bibliography This Bibliography is offered in support of Classical Studies 373, The Fall of the Roman Empire, an undergraduate course taught at the University of Waterloo both oncampus and in the distance mode. Not all books listed here will be available at the University of Waterloo Library; most will, but the list is meant to give a wide range of choices to those students using a variety of other libraries, and to those who are able to read this notice, a variety of online resources. Instructions on how to consult and use the University of Waterloo Library as a Distance Education student are addressed in the course packet and the Distance Education Calendar . If you wish you may consult the University of Waterloo Library online, and click on Watcat, the Online Catalogue to search for a particular title at Waterloo and you can also search library catalogues elsewhere in Canada. If you need more help at Waterloo you may consult Christine Jewell, the representative for Classical Studies. There is an increasing amount of material coming online which is not readily available elsewhere; hopefully those who can will take advantage of it. I discuss the Online Resources generally and for the individual lectures at

4. Roman Army Part I Covers the roman army from about 70BC to 30AD, includes descriptions of key officer ranks, formations and military buildings/fortifications. http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/romanarmy.html

The Roman Army in the Late Republic and Early Empire NB: Over the centuries, the Roman army changed and developed, and conditions often differed somewhat depending on the provinces where the troops were fighting and stationed. The following information is intended to give a generic picture of military organization, armor, weaponry, etc. during the late Republic and early Empire. LEGIONS legio The legion was the basic unit of Rome's standing army of career soldiers, the legionaries, who were all Roman citizens and fought primarily as foot-soldiers (infantry). The number of legions under arms varied in different time periods (there were, for example, 28 legions under Augustus in 25 BCE), and each legion had both a number and a title , though some numbers were duplicated (we know, for example, of III Augusta, III Cyrenaica, III Gallica, III Italica, III Parthica). Though the exact numbers of men in a legion varied, the basic pattern of organization remained the same. The smallest unit was the tent group contubernium ), composed of 8 men who shared a tent, a mule, and eating equipment. These were organized into a disciplinary unit called a

5. The Roman Empire Extensive site dedicated to ancient Rome. Biographies on emperors, timelines, interactive maps, and sections on roman society and the military. http://www.roman-empire.net/

E-mail Online Quiz Visitor Survey Leading Web-Resource on Rome over 70 megabytes online ! Interactive Maps ! Roman Italy The Empire The City of Rome Gift Shop This site is best viewed at 1024*768 or 800*600 pixels Latest Updates 01 Apr 04 - 2004 Events 16 Feb 04 - Reenactments Pics! Nov/Dec 03 - Server Change 01 Jun 03 - Army Pictures 29 May 03 - Thuburbo Maius 29 May 03 - Water at Carthage 30 Mar 03 - Hatra ruins in Iraq! 19 Mar 03 - 2003 Events The Roman Empire mailing list ! your e-mail : subscribe unsubscribe Main Chapters - Some chapters are very large and may take time to load. The Founding The Kings Early Republic Late Republic Early Emperors The High Point The Decline The Collapse Constantinople Religion Society The Army Bulletin Board Picture Index Kids’ Section Freq.Questions Links Map of Roman Empire AD 116 Due to requests there is now a format A2 map for sale. Cutout Roman Legionary Helmet A card cut-out Roman legionary helmet to wear ! Reenactors Photos of Soldiers, Gladiators, Cavalry in action ! Events 2004 Events Calendar. Site Search Engine Can't find what you're looking for. Check out the site's search engine. Postcards Roman themed e-postcards Visitors' Articles Visitors' contributions !

6. Roman Empire man of the state), which later became the official title of the roman emperors.His imperium, or military authority, extended throughout the empire and was http://www.crystalinks.com/romanempire.html

In 44 BC Gaius Julius Caesar, the Roman leader who ruled the Roman Republic as a dictator, was assassinated. Rome descended into more than ten years of civil war and political upheaval. After Caesar's heir Gaius Octavius (also known as Octavian) defeated his last rivals, the Senate in 27 BC proclaimed him Augustus, meaning the exalted or holy one. In this way Augustus established the monarchy that became known as the Roman Empire. The Roman Republic, which had lasted nearly 500 years, was dead, never to be revived. The empire would endure for another 500 years until AD 476 The Romans formed that synthesis during the longest continuous period of peaceful prosperity that the Mediterranean world has ever known. Even after a German invader in AD 476 deposed Romulus Augustulus, the last emperor residing in Rome, emperors who called themselves "Roman" (although they are known historically as Byzantine) continued to rule in Constantinople until AD 1453 (See  Byzantine Empire). The impact of the Roman people endures until the present day.

7. Tin Soldiers And Die-cast Miniatures. Napoleonics, Romans, Russians, Latvians... Producers of a collection of white metal historical military miniatures including Napoleon, roman empire, Russian Army, and American Civil War periods that come prepainted for collectors. http://www.gjuss.lv/

Tin soldiers and historical miniatures for collectors. 1/32 scale (54mm) HOME ABOUT US Shipment Policy Privacy ... How to Order Catalog: Napoleons Napoleon's Infantry Napoleon's Cavalry Peter army (Russian) ... LINKS Art. I. G. Ltd., 12-48 Bruninieku, Riga, LV1001 LATVIA Phone/Fax: S.V.M. SOLDATS de VITRINE et Miniatures 23, Rue Denfert-Rochereau 69 004 LYON. France FAX: 0033 472009234 svmsoldats@free.fr We sculpt a level of extreme detail into our figures. Our painting is very precise, too. The result is a matte-finished figure characterized by clean lines and copious, yet still subtle, detail. All figures are cast in white metal and painted by experts in Latvia. A welcome addition to any collection,study or cabinet. 50/6/C.

8. Best Of Gibbon's DECLINE & FALL Fall of the roman empire. Chapter 1 The Extent and military Force of the empire in the Age are the materials of art. Under the roman empire, the labour of http://www.his.com/~z/gibbon.html

The "Best of" Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Contents and Index On Reading Gibbon Quotations Acknowledgments and Contact Info New Features! Gibbon-o-matic! - think of a question and click to see a random quote from Gibbon's Decline and Fall ... you may be surprised by its relevance ZhurnalWiki - an experiment in collaborative thought ^zhurnal! - meditations on mind, method, metaphor, and matters miscellaneous Two Part Invention in D Minor by the late Eugene Ho - duration ~1 minute, Mr. Ho playing his own composition, first performed at the Hong Kong Arts Centre on 9 September 1994 ... for 14.4 kb/s modem: ... for 56 kb/s (streaming): RealPlayer , or Microsoft Media Below are inspiring quotations, in context and cross-indexed, from the classic History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . Gibbon's work is superbly written and obviously apropos to life (and, alas, world events) today. I hope you enjoy my selection and arrangement of the excerpts here. My page designs try to be both aesthetic and useful on any browser. For another, independently chosen set of quotes, please consult Eugene Ho's

9. Roman Empire - 7 simple explanation for the collapse of the Western roman empire, but several interconnectedelements provide some answers. The demands of the military and the http://www.crystalinks.com/romanempire7.html

ROMAN EMPIRE - 7 Constantine the Great On his voluntary retirement in 305, Diocletian left two Augusti (assisted by two Caesars) to rule the empire, which was essentially divided into eastern and western portions. But the next year the death of the western Augustus, Constantius I, upset these careful plans. Constantius's son, Constantine, quickly moved to claim his father's throne, and his military success gradually caused Diocletian's system to collapse. In 312 Constantine invaded Italy, where he triumphed in the battle of the Milvian Bridge. In a dream Constantine saw a cross with the words, "In this sign you will be the victor." The vision inspired the emperor to emblazon Christian insignia on the shields of his soldiers, and his victory at the Milvian Bridge convinced him the Christians' militant god possessed great power. Constantine's military success also led him to proclaim the Edict of Milan, which established toleration of all religions, including Christianity.

10. The Impact Of The Military In The Fall Of The Roman Empire Examines the role the military played in the ultimate collapse of the roman empire. http://www.geocities.com/dragon_fly226

The Impact of the Military in the Fall of the Roman Empire Introduction The Roman military can be viewed as one of the greatest army ever. However, around the end of the Fourth and the beginning of the Fifth Century, the military began to deteriorate. Many things contributed to the military cause of the fall of the Roman Empire. These things include military problems within the army, military tactics and decisions, and barbarian attacks. Some of the military problems was the low funds for the army and problems in recruiting soldiers. A problem in the tactics and decisions was that the military often recruited barbarians for the Roman Army. These barbarians could not be trusted. The barbarian attacks helped deteriorate the army in which there were constant attacks on the Empire. In fact, the city of Rome was sacked many times! Below is an outline as to the military causes for the decline of the Roman Empire. Click here to go to the outline. Click on any of the subheadings to get more information about that area. Click

11. The Roman Empire a great opportunity to extend the empire either into the most important section ofthe roman Army, positioned He was a brilliant military leader and lead many http://www.iol.ie/~coolmine/typ/romans/romans6.html

Gaius Julius Caesar ( warning this page contains an image over 110 kB in size ) was born in the year 100 BC into a patrian family who claimed decendancy from the kings of Alba Langa and through them, Aeneas of Troy whose mother was the goddess Venus. Caesar's name Julius comes from Iulius, the family name. This comes from Iulus, the name of Venus' son. At the time of his birth, Rome was still a republic and the empire was only really beginning. The senators ruled, motivated by the greed of power in the hope of becoming either a consul or a praetor, the two senior posts which carried imperium, the legal right to command an army. From these posts it was possible to, with the help of the army at your command, conquer new territories and so gain a triumph and the pleasure of knowing that your name would be remembered forever in statues and inscribed monuments, paid for by the spoils of the war. Caesar made his way to praetorship by 62 BC and many of the senate felt him a dangerous, ambitious man. Because of this, they deprived him of a triumph after his praetorian command in Spain (61-60 BC) and they also did their best to keep him out of consulship. He finally became consul in 59 BC. Much of the thanks for this achievement should be given to Gnaeus Pompeius (Pompey the Great) who had just come back from a campaign which had doubled the income of the Roman treasury and gained three new provinces to the empire. Because of this he had popular support and his voice carried great weight with the public at large. Because of Pompey, however, to become a leading person in Roman politics you had to have more then just an ordinary triumph.

12. UNRV History - Roman Empire Provides information about the roman empire, its governments, military, culture and economy. Archaeological news and discussions can be found in the online forum. http://www.unrv.com/

Home Forum Empire Government ... Contact Roman Empire   June 11, 2004 Archaeological News posted by Viggen PingBack (0) Some interesting archaeological news about the Roman Empire: Archaeologists Begin Dig On Roman Site Shipwrecks Cast New Light On The Dark Ages Priceless Byzantine Artifact Stolen   June 10, 2004 Pontifex Maximus posted by primuspilus PingBack (0) The head of the state religion of the Roman Empire was the Pontifex Maximus . The pax deorum, or the 'peace with the gods' was his responsibility along with interpreting omens, controlling and keeping the official calendar, and the oversight of funerals. One of the oldest still existing official offices in the world, the Roman Catholic Pope is still referred to as the Pontifex Maximus, nearly 3,000 years after is was instituted.   June 09, 2004 Tiberius Gracchus posted by primuspilus PingBack (0) Tiberius Gracchus was a champion of Plebeian rights in the Late Roman Republic . A member of the populares party, Tiberius' political tactics are considered one of the first major steps towards the fall of the Republic. Social discord led to his rise and his eventual assassination at the hands of the Senate.   June 08, 2004

13. Medieval Sourcebook: Gibbon: The Fall Of The Roman Empire roman empire. The clergy successfully preached the doctrines of patience and pusillanimity; the active virtues of society were discouraged; and the last remains of the military http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/gibbon-fall.html

Medieval Sourcebook: Edward Gibbon: General Observations on the Fall of the Roman Empire in the West from The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , Chapter 38 I II. III. Since the first discovery of the arts, war, commerce, and religious zeal have diffused, among the savages of the Old and New World, those inestimable gifts: they have been successively propagated; they can never be lost. We may therefore acquiesce in the pleasing conclusion that every age of the world has increased, and still increases, the real wealth, the happiness, the knowledge, and perhaps the virtue, of the human race.[15] NOTES [[2]] See the inestimable remains of the sixth book of Polybius, and many other parts of his general history, particularly a digression in the seventeenth [leg. eighteenth] book, in which he compares: the phalanx and the legion [c. 12-15]. [[3]] Sallust, de Bell. Jugurthin. c. 4. Such were the generous professions of P. Scipio and Q. Maximus. The Latin historian had read, and most probably transcribed, Polybius, their contemporary and friend. [[4]] While Carthage was in flames, Scipio repeated two lines of the Iliad, which express the destruction of Troy, acknowledging to Polybius, his friend and preceptor (Polyb. in Excerpt. de Virtut. et Vit. tom. ii. p. 1466-1465 [xxxix. 3]), that, while he recollected the vicissitudes of human affairs, he inwardly applied them to the future calamities of Rome (Appian. in Libycis, p. 136, edit. Toll. [Punica, c. 82]).

14. Roman Dress Cloaks and other overgarments helped protect the roman against bad weather. The lacernawas originally a military cloak, but during the empire it begun to http://www.roman-empire.net/society/soc-dress.html

Roman Empire Home Page Roman Empire Children's Section Roman Dress Dress of Rome Toga Stola and Palla Stola and Palla Priest's Toga The Palla Cloak Roman ingenuity of solving problems of all sorts was not only to apply itself to engineering and architecture, but also to the mundane matter of clothing. First and foremost clothes needed to be simple. As for possible materials there was only really one. Wool, although to some extent linen was also available. The needles of the day were coarse and unwieldy. Hence any stitching or sewing produced less than elegant garments. This of course also ruled out button holes, and meant that any kind of clothing was held together wither with knows or safety pins. As undergarments Romans would wear a simply loin cloth knotted on each side. This garment appeared to have several names. The most probable explanation for this is that they varied in shape. They were the subligar subligaculum campestre cinctus If in the early days the toga was worn directly on the naked body, then later a simple tunic was added, tied at the waist with a belt. There was some old families with ancient ancestry insisted on continuing the tradition of dressing without a tunic, but their fellow Romans understood them to be old fashioned relics of times by.

15. The Roman Army Describes roman military organisation from the early Republican period through to the late Byzantine period. http://www.roman-empire.net/army/army.html

Home Page Army Picture Page Children's Section E-mail The Roman Army Army Picture Page Choose which paragraph to jump to and press "Go!": Paragraphs of this Chapter in Sequence: The early Legion (4th century BC) Scipio's Reforms of the Army The Roman Legion (2nd century BC) Marius' Reforms of the Army The Army of Augustus - the 'classic' legion Battle Order The Roman Army AD 250-378 The Roman Army AD 378-565 The Byzantine Army AD 565-ca.900 Decline of the Byzantine Army AD 1071-1203 Legionary Equipment Army Camp Layout Tactics Legion Names The Roman Standards The Mark of the Legion The Auxilia The Ala (Cavalry) Infantry Cohorts (Auxiliary Infantry) Cohortes Equitatae (Mixed Units) Auxiliary Equipment Numeri and Cunei Praetorian Guard Imperial Horseguard German Bodyguard The Palatini The Varangian Guard City Cohorts The Vigiles Allied Troops Soldier's Pay Length of Service Becoming a Soldier Army Career Army Training The Military Oath Army Discipline Army Decorations Army Supplies The Fleet Siege Warfare Engineering Police Duties Nowhere does the Roman talent for organization show itself so clearly as in its army. The story of the Roman army is an extensive one, demonstrated in part by the scale of this chapter. The first part of this chapter considers the history of the Roman army (concentrating on the legions), trying to explain as much background as possible. The later part of the chapter seeks to explain specific points such as various different units, the workings of the army, etc.

16. The Holy Roman Empire The Holy roman empire. Contents. Introduction. The Official Name of the empire commitment to share in the financial and military burdens of the empire (by being entered into the http://www.heraldica.org/topics/national/hre.htm

The Holy Roman Empire Contents Introduction The Official Name of the Empire The Emperor Qualifications beginning and end of reign successors and replacements Household High officers of the empire Powers and Rights Jura Reservata Styles and Titles The Reichstag The States of the Empire ... The Courts of the Empire High Courts Reichskammergericht Reichshofrat Lower Courts Structure of the Empire Geographical External Boundaries Internal Units ... References Introduction The Holy Roman Empire (official name: sacrum romanum imperium, more details below ) designates a political entity that covered a large portion of Europe, centered on Germany, from 962 to 1806. Origin and Evolution The Holy Roman Empire originates in the eastern half of Charlemagne's empire, divided after his death. In 800, Charlemagne had received from the pope the title of Emperor ( Imperator Augustus ), reminiscent of the title held by Roman emperors, both in the Rome of old and in the Byzantium of the time. By 911 eastern and western Franconia, as the area was known, had completely separated, the latter continuing as the kingdom of the Franks, or France; the latter continuing as the kingdom of Germany. In 962 Otto I the Great reclaimed the imperial dignity which had lost all prestige and was conferred by popes on bit players in Italian politics. This is usually taken to be the founding date of the Holy Roman Empire. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE ) never achieved the political unification that France did; a prolonged attempt at centralizing authority starting with Maximilian I (1493-1519) was wrecked by the Reformation and the ensuing wars, culminating with the Thirty Years War (1618-48) and the Treaty of Westphalia (1648). The latter formalized the relationship between the Emperor and his vassals, who thereby achieved all but complete sovereignty. As a result, the HRE was still composed at the end of the 18th century of around 360 distinct entities, differing widely in size, rank and power. Some were kings and princes, other were counts; some were clerics, other were secular rulers.

17. Roman Empire roman military institutions, like roman political organization and economy, underwentprogressive decay after the second century AD The roman empire in the http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/spqr.htm

Home Military Introduction Roman Empire Legions Praetorian Guard "There was no corner of the known world where some interest was not alleged to be in danger or under actual attack. If the interests were not Roman, they were those of Rome's allies; and if Rome had no allies, the allies would be invented. When it was utterly impossible to contrive such an interest why, then it was the national honor that had been insulted. The fight was always invested with an aura of legality. Rome was always being attacked by evil-minded neighbours...The whole world was pervaded by a host of enemies, it was manifestly Rome's duty to guard against their indubitably aggressive designs." Joseph Schumpteter, Imperialism and Social Classes References By Lt. Col. S.G. Brady [1947 The Military Service Publishing Company] The Military Institutions of the Romans (De Re Militari) By Flavius Vegetius Renatus, Translated from the Latin by Lieutenant John Clarke [Text written in 390 A.D. British translation published in 1767]. Links Roman Empire Delights from the Garden Of Eden A Cookbook and a History of the Iraqi Cuisine In the fourth century BC, Alexander the Great of Macedonia brought all these empires and dominions, in fact most of civilization known to the Western World, under his suzerainty in a series of rapid military conquests. In so doing, he carried to the highest point of development the art of war as it was practiced in the Greek city-states. He utilized the phalanx— a solid mass infantry formation using pikes as its cutting edge—as the Greeks had long done, but put far greater emphasis on heavy cavalry and contingents of archers and slingers to increase the maneuverability of his armies.

18. The End Of The Roman Empire Revisited the shadow of two monumental works Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the roman empire ( 1787) and M foederati were to serve as military auxiliaries to ensure order and stability http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/journals/EH/EH37/Goldberg.html

Volume Thirty-Seven Essays in History Published by the Corcoran Department of History at the University of Virginia. The Fall of the Roman Empire Revisited: Sidonius Apollinaris and His Crisis of Identity By Eric J. Goldberg Scholars of Late Antiquity (the period roughly from A.D. 300-600) have long labored under the shadow of two monumental works: Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1787) and M. I. Rostovtzeff's Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire (1926). Though Gibbon, an intellectual of the Enlightenment, and Rostovtzeff, a Russian Marxist, approached their topic from very different viewpoints, they both agreed that the "transformation" of Western civilization from the Roman Empire to the Middle Ages was a story of decline and decay. While Gibbon favored a moral and cultural explanation, Rostovtzeff not surprisingly emphasized economic and social factors. The last generation of scholars, however, has begun to revise this earlier scholarship. With the publication of A. H. M. Jones's The Later Roman Empire, 284-602. A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey

19. The Globalist | Global Politics -- Is America The New Roman Empire? the United States have begun making comparisons between the United States and theRoman empire. are as eager as many conservatives to use US military force in http://www.theglobalist.com/DBWeb/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=2526

20. Rome: Map Resources Maps of the roman empire. Map of the roman empire (about 120 A.D Greek and roman warfare courtesy of The Department of History at the United States military Academy http://www.dalton.org/groups/rome/RMAPS.html

Maps of the Roman Empire Map of the Roman Empire (about 120 A.D.) Clickable by Province By clicking on any province, you can view a list of related resources. Map of Trade Routes and Great Empires of the First Century A.D. Trading Products in the Roman Empire Courtesy of ArtsEdNET Trade in the Roman Empire Trade in the Roman World, ca. A.D. 200 Excerpted from Mosaic: Perspectives on Western Civilization. Trade between the Empires of Asia and Rome Courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum. Trade between Arabia and the Empires of Asia and Rome Courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum. Atlas of the Greek and Roman World The APA Classical Atlas Project homepage. 98 maps plus links to other sites of interest. " L'Antiquité tardive est la période de l'Histoire couvrant la fin des Empires romain et sassanide, la formation des royaumes barbares en Occident, la transformation de l'Empire romain d'Orient en Empire byzantin et la première expansion musulmane. C'est la fin de l'Antiquité et le début du haut Moyen Âge. Jadis méconnue, elle fait aujourd'hui l'objet d'une attention particulière. Ce site a pour but d'offrir des repères utiles à la compréhension de la géopolitique complexe de cette époque." "This project was designed to provide a corpus of material for use by faculty in many fields and on many campuses within the OSSHE system to enhance the learning experience for students. Developed cooperatively between the University of Oregon Department of History, UO New Media Center and Department of Geography InfoGraphics Lab. All of the atlas resources contained in this site are original materials produced for this project."

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