41. Roman Empire Encyclopedia : Maps - Weather - Travel - History - Economy - Govern The roman empire s influence on government, law, architecture, and many other aspects of life remains inescapable. See also roman culture. http://italy.asinah.net/en/wikipedia/r/ro/roman_empire.html

Hotel Reservations AmeriHost Aparthotel Barcelo ... [ SHOPPING ] italy.asinah.net Encyclopedia Switch Language Encyclopedia worldwide This article could be outdated : Visit our new Table of Contents Main Page Edit this page Roman Empire simple:Roman Empire The Roman Empire , successor of the Roman Republic , controlled the Mediterranean world and much of Northern Europe after 31 B.C The last Roman emperor in the western half of the empire was deposed in . The eastern part of the empire continued without interruption, but with gradually shrinking territory, until when Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks (See Byzantine Empire ). Successor states in the west (the Frankish kingdom and the Holy Roman Empire ) and the east (the Russian czars) used titles adopted from Roman practices well into the modern period. The Roman Empire's influence on government, law, architecture, and many other aspects of life remains inescapable. See also: Roman culture Table of contents 1 The rise of Augustus 2 The heirs of Augustus: the Julio-Claudian Line 2.1 Tiberius 2.2 Caligula ... 7 Modern histories of the Roman Empire The rise of Augustus As the Roman Republic 509 B.C

42. Tiberius Gracchus Late Republic Gallery Portrait Gallery, roman empire Childrens Section a change in the nature of roman politics to every sort of action by government, in effect http://www.roman-empire.net/republic/tib-gracchus.html

Roman Empire Home Page Late Republic Chapter Late Republic Portrait Gallery Roman Empire Children's Section Tiberius Gracchus (168-133 BC) Tiberius and his brother Gaius Gracchus were to be two men who should become famous, if not infamous, for their struggle for the lower classes of Rome. They themselves though originated from Rome's very elite. Their father was a consul and military commander and their mother was from the distinguished patrician familiy of the Scipios. - At the death of her husband she even turned down a marriage proposal by the king of Egypt. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus at first distinguished himself in the army (as an officer in the Third Punic was he is said to have been the first man over the wall at Carthage), after which he was elected quaestor. When in Numantia an entire army found itself in dire straits, it was Tiberius' negotiation skill, which managed to save the lives of 20'000 Roman soldiers and thousands more among the auxiliary units and camp followers. However, the senate disliked what they called a dishonourable treaty which saved lives, but admitted defeat. If the intervention by his brother-in-law Scipio Aemilianus saved at least the general staff (including Tiberius) from suffering any indignity at the hands of the senate, then the commander of the force, Hostilius Mancinus, was arrested, put in irons and handed over to the enemy. When Gracchus won the election to the tribunate in 133 BC he had probably no intention of starting a revolution. His aim was largely economic.

43. Early Roman Republic - History For Kids! a lot of power in the new government, if they from pretending that there was a law about something something new they made that city part of the roman empire. http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/romans/history/earlyrepublic.htm

China India West Asia Greece ... Religion The Web Just H4K H4K Lesson Plans for Teachers Parents' Corner H4K Crafts and Projects Early Roman Republic Around 500 BC , just as democracy was getting started in Athens , the Roman aristocrats (the rich people) decided they didn't want to be ruled by Etruscan kings anymore. The kings were doing okay for the poor people, but the aristocrats wanted more power for themselves. But the aristocrats couldn't get rid of the kings all by themselves. They needed the poor men to fight for them. So they promised the poor men that they could have a lot of power in the new government, if they would help get rid of the kings. The poor men agreed to help, and together the Romans threw out the Etruscan kings. But once the kings were out, the Roman aristocrats didn't want to give the poor men any power. They said no way! So the leaders of the poor men moved outside the city and went on strike. They refused to work any more unless they got some power. The Roman aristocrats had to give in, and they let the poor men (but not the women or slaves ) vote.

44. DD Units - Guide Govt & Law - Ch 3 - Law & Rights but the judges are appointed by the government. The German invaders of the empire brought their own In some places they completely replaced roman law; in other http://www.curriculum.edu.au/democracy/ddunits/guide/g3a_lawrights.htm

Law and Rights How does democracy relate to law? In Athens the citizens were directly involved not only in the making of law but in running the courts. Their normal court consisted of 501 citizens, chosen at random. This was not an enormous jury; they were the judges and the jury. In our courts the jury decides what happened: did the accused commit the deed (the facts of the case)? The judge decides on the law: whether the law has been broken; what evidence can be given to establish the facts; what penalty the guilty should suffer. Athenian courts In the Athenian courts, the citizens decided on the facts and the law and did not worry much about the distinction. The courts heard the evidence and then voted on whether the accused was guilty or not. The number of citizens making up the court had to be an odd number so there would not be a tie. You could be found guilty by 251 votes to 250. There were no lawyers in the court. No experts of any sort. The citizens brought and defended their own cases against each other. The man who presided over the court was simply the chairman of the meeting. The accusing citizen spoke; the defending citizen spoke; they each had a right of reply and then the vote was taken. If the accused were found guilty, the court then decided the penalty. Elected judges Rome was never a democracy. It began as a small city-state like the Greek city-states. There were popular assemblies, but the controlling body was the Senate, made up of men from old noble families and new wealthy families. The Greek city-states stayed small and wanted to stay small. Rome expanded to include all of Italy and then countries all around the Mediterranean Sea.

45. DD Units - Guide Govt & Law - Ch 1 - Monarchy When the roman empire collapsed, the Christian church survived couldn’t keep the old roman administration going was a general statement about government and law http://www.curriculum.edu.au/democracy/ddunits/guide/g1b_monarchy.htm

Who Rules? Monarchy Australia combines democracy with monarchy Elected kings These tribespeople lived in northern Europe in the first and second centuries AD. They were outside the boundaries of the Roman Empire, but they frequently crossed into the Empire on raids and sometimes settled there. In the fifth and sixth centuries AD so many of them invaded the Empire and seized territory that the Empire itself collapsed. Quite unexpectedly the warrior kings found themselves in charge. They formed a number of different kingdoms in what is now France, England, Spain and Italy. Christian kings The Christian church taught that Christians should obey their rulers no matter whether they were Christian or not. The authority they exercised came from God and to disobey them was the same as disobeying God. This was the teaching of Saint Paul, the early Christian missionary. His words recorded in the Bible were: Every person must submit to the supreme authorities. There is no authority but by act of God, and the existing authorities are instituted by him; consequently anyone who rebels against authority is resisting a divine institution, and those who so resist have themselves to thank for the punishment they will receive. The feudal system At the heart of feudal society was a contract: barons would serve the king but only so long as he served them. When a baron made his oath of allegiance to the king, he knelt, but then he stood and baron and king kissed each other as equals. This was the survival of the bonds between warriors.

46. Roman Law to start a reconquest, the roman frontier remained attained peace and prosperity under the government of Augustus The empire was expensive in its demands of http://www.freeessays.cc/db/24/gqc157.shtml

Home Free Essays Listing Book Reports Search Paper Writing ... Top 25 Sites Our free essays, book reports and paper writing database is supported with a powerful search engine. American History Art Essays Book Reports Business Essays ... Home > Government > Roman Law Roman Law Browse essays using search option Access free essay links resource page Need help with paper writing services? var lnk = "http://www.freeessays.cc/"; var dsc = "FreeEssays.cc - free essays, paper writing, book reports"; var str = "Bookmark our site for future reference"; document.write(str) Bibliography Ancient Timeline. “100 BC- 100AD.” www.exouedate.com 99. Nov. 11. Tour Egypt. “The Roman Empire.” www.touregypr.net. 99. Nov. 11. “Ancient Rome.” Compton’s 96 Encyclopedia. 1996 ed. “Augustus Caesar.” Compton's 96 Encyclopedia. 1996 ed. “Civil Law.” Compton’s 99 Encyclopedia. 1999 ed. “Common Law.” Compton’s 99 Encyclopedia. 1999 ed. Words: 2520 Resources: Can`t Find Your Essay?

47. The Roman Empire examplehe nevertheless fundamentally transformed the government by taking everyone who lived in the roman empire was a citizen of the empire and subject to http://www.admin.northpark.edu/dkoeller/Classes/TI/Rome.N.html

Class Notes The Roman Empire I. Overview of Roman History Roman history is divided into three major periods. A. The Roman Republic. This is the period of greatest expansion. Political power was in the hands of the patrician classthe wealthy landownerswho governed through the Senate. B. The Roman Empire. The term "empire" here refers to the form of the government and not to the territory. The Roman Empire, in the sense of conquests, occurred during the Republican period, but, around the year 27 BC, the form of the government was changed to an empire. C. The Byzantine Empire. Around the year AD 300, the Roman Empire is divided into two halved to make governing easier. The emperor Constantine moves the capital of the Eastern half of the empire to the city of Byzantium, which he renames Constantinople. When the western half of the empire collapses after the barbarian migrations of the 5th century, the eastern half of the empire, which continues the cultural and political traditions of Rome, is called the Byzantine Empire. This empire lasts until 1453. II. The Empire under Augustus.

48. Modern History Sourcebook: The Decline Of The Holy Roman Empire And The Rise Of Head under the Title of the roman Emperor; which are Vassals of the Emperor and empire, nevertheless they as potent or rich Citizens in a government; for they http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/hre-prussia.html

Back to Modern History SourceBook Modern History Sourcebook: The Decline of the Holy Roman Empire and the Rise of Prussia, 1700-1786 Samuel Pufendorf: History of the Principal Kingdoms Count von Seckendorf: On Frederick William I Isaac Isaacsohn: History of the Prussian Civil Service Letters of Prince Frederick and Frederick William I Frederick II (1740-1786): Memoirs Frederick II (1740-1786): Essay on Froms of Government Samuel Pufendorf: History of the Principal Kingdoms, 1700 Pufendorf discusses the decline of central power in the Holy Roman Empire (a process which reached back to the 13 th century). Germany has its particular Form of Government, the like is not to be met withal in any Kingdom of Europe, except that the ancient Form of Government in France came pretty near it. Germany acknowledges but one Supreme Head under the Title of the Roman Emperor; which Title did at first imply no more than the Sovereignty over the City of Rome, and the Protection of the Church of Rome and her Patrimony. This Dignity was first annexed to the German Empire by Otto I. but it is long ago since the Popes have robbed the Kings of

49. Rome At Its Height Local government and local life throughout the empire was centered upon such communities, and a roman could move from the frontiers of http://www.ku.edu/kansas/medieval/108/lectures/roman_empire.html

Rome at its Height Dictionary and Thesaurus The Mediterranean in 200 AD In many ways, the Roman empire remains the ideal upon which Western civilization has shaped itself. One need only look at the Capitol in Washington to see how extensively the founders of the United States followed the Roman model in fashioning a new nation. Because so many Roman principles are embodied in modern institutions, people feel that it is important to know why the Roman empire fell. question The answer might, after all, reveal a flaw or weakness in the Roman tradition that was passed on to modern Western civilization and which could eventually lead to the end of the centuries in which Western civilization has been able to expand and to dominate the globe. Much our of high standard of living has been a result of our ability to take what we wanted from the rest of the world, and the loss of that ability would mean that our lives would become significantly less comfortable and luxurious. And so people are always interested in attempts to answer the question "Why did the Roman empire fall?" Every now and then, one sees a magazine or tabloid reporting the latest theory - all the Romans caught malaria and were sick most of the time; they were poisoned by the lead in the glaze of their cooking pots and went crazy; they started having orgies all the time and their moral fiber was weakened by their preoccupation with sex; their conversion to Christianity focused their attention on the next world rather than the present one; and so on. This question may or may not have an answer, but first we have to understand the nature of the Roman empire. You see, it was not so much a question of why it fell but what had kept it standing for so long. I'll state a proposition that will give you something to think about as you cover the next few lectures.

50. Holy Roman Empire, Page Two were becoming merged in the idea of a common empire. the working of the equalized and equalizing roman law, the even pressure of the government on all http://ragz-international.com/holy_roman_empire2.htm

Main Holy Roman Empire Page Page Two Page Three Page Four ... Life of Charlemagne Holy Roman Empire, The Book: Chapter II: The Roman Empire Before The Invasions Of The Barbarians. Author: Bryce, James Date: 1901 Page Two Chapter II: The Roman Empire Before The Invasions Of The Barbarians. That ostentation of humility which the subtle policy of Augustus had conceived, and the jealous hypocrisy of Tiberius maintained, was gradually dropped by their successors, till despotism became at last recognised in principle as the government of the Roman Empire. With an aristocracy decayed, a populace degraded, an army no longer recruited from Italy, the semblance of liberty that yet survived might be swept away with impunity. Republican forms had never been known in the provinces at all, and the aspect which the imperial administration had originally assumed there, soon reacted on its position in the capital. Earlier rulers had disguised their supremacy by making a slavish senate the instrument of their more cruel or arbitrary acts.

51. Holy Roman Empire, Page One success, the political authority of the roman empire in the It was an empire in the loosest sense of the There was no central government, no unity of language http://ragz-international.com/holy_roman_empire.htm

Main Holy Roman Empire Page Page Two Page Three Page Four ... Life of Charlemagne Holy Roman Empire, The Book: Chapter I: Introductory. Author: Bryce, James Date: 1901 Page One From Christmas Day in AD Chapter I: Introductory. Of those who in August, 1806, read in the English newspapers that the Emperor Francis II had announced to the Diet his resignation of the imperial crown, there were probably few who reflected that the oldest political institution in the world had come to an end. Yet it was so. The Empire which a note issued by a diplomatist on the banks of the Danube extinguished, was the same which the crafty nephew of Julius had won for himself, against the powers of the East, beneath the cliffs of Actium; and which had preserved almost unaltered, through eighteen centuries of time, and through the greatest changes in extent, in power, in character, a title and pretensions from which all meaning had long since departed. Nothing else so directly linked the old

52. Roman Empire The roman empire s influence on government, law, architecture, and many other aspects of life remains inescapable. The Rise of Augustus http://artzia.com/History/Civilizations/Roman/Empire/

EncycloZine Arts Biography Business ... Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic Tom Holland The Emperor's Handbook: A New Translation of The Meditations Marcus Aurelius, C. Scot Hicks, David V. Hicks The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Edward Gibbon The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome Penguin USA Paper, Chris Scarre The Complete Roman Army Adrian Goldsworthy The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265-146Bc Adrian Goldsworthy The Romans: From Village to Empire Mary T. Boatwright, Daniel J. Gargola, Richard J. A. Talbert The Closing of the Western Mind: The Rise of Faith and the Fall of Reason Charles Freeman The Conquest of Gaul Julius Caesar The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Edward Gibbon, David Womersley Roman Empire About Us A - Z Site Map Top Pages ... Cell Phones See also: Roman Roman Republic History Artzia.com ... Empire Roman Soldiers Gene Gabelli Buy This Art Print At AllPosters.com The Roman Empire, successor of the Roman Republic , controlled the Mediterranean world and much of Northern Europe after 31 B.C. The last Roman emperor in the western half of the empire was deposed in 476. The eastern part of the empire continued without interruption, but with gradually shrinking territory, until 1453 when Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks (See Byzantine Empire). Successor states in the west (the Frankish kingdom and the Holy Roman Empire) and the east (the Russian czars) used titles adopted from Roman practices well into the modern period. The Roman Empire's influence on government, law, architecture, and many other aspects of life remains inescapable.

53. Rome Expands Abroad And Wars At Home: 200 To 79 BCE) he went on a tour of the empire in the had inspired a massacre of around 80,000 roman and Italian Believing in firm government by leaders of the upper classes http://www.fsmitha.com/h1/ch16.htm

THE ANCIENT WORLD home ancient world links and books previous ... next REPUBLICAN ROME AND EMPIRE, 200 TO 79 BCE Rome Intervenes in Macedonia, Greece and Asia Minor More Changes at Home Rome Annexes Macedonia, Conquers the Greeks and Destroys Carthage The Historian Polybius ... Marius, Sulla and Dictatorship Rome Intervenes in Macedonia, Greece and Asia Minor While India was being invaded from Bactria, and while China was at peace and growing in prosperity, Rome was sending armies across the Adriatic Sea to Greece and beyond. In Greece, popular movements had been raising the old demand that land be redistributed and debts be canceled, and men of wealth in Greece tradesmen, shipbuilders and landed aristocrats sought the help of Rome against the threat of reform or revolution. Some conservative Romans wished that their city avoid entanglements in Greece in order to avoid contacts with fancy philosophies they believed would corrupt their fellow Romans. Some Romans believed that rather than going to Greece it would be best to focus on recovery from the war against Hannibal and other problems in Italy and at home. Those with rival opinions spoke of Rome's destiny and of its triumphs yet to come. They had become hawkish during the war against Carthage, and they had a heightened concern with security. They wanted the city to use its power to serve what they described as its interests abroad. Among these Romans were a few who sought to advance or acquire military reputations. Some among them believed that Roman military strength backed by their virtues and the power of their gods could improve the world beyond Italy. They saw Rome as more blessed than others and more capable and wise, and they argued for selective intervention beyond Italy as a duty and service to mankind.

54. Bibliography Of Printed Sources For Classical Studies 373 government and Law. FF Abbott and AC Johnson. Municipal Administration in the roman empire WT Arnold. Studies in roman government and Law W. Kunkel. http://www.arts.uwaterloo.ca/~lneuru/courses/cl373bib.html

Bibliography for Classical Studies 373 The Fall of the Roman Empire Introduction: How to Use This Bibliography Primary Sources: The Greek and Latin Authors Sourcebooks Dictionaries, Encyclopedias and Reference Works ... Journals Introduction: How to Use This Bibliography This Bibliography is offered in support of Classical Studies 373, The Fall of the Roman Empire, an undergraduate course taught at the University of Waterloo both oncampus and in the distance mode. Not all books listed here will be available at the University of Waterloo Library; most will, but the list is meant to give a wide range of choices to those students using a variety of other libraries, and to those who are able to read this notice, a variety of online resources. Instructions on how to consult and use the University of Waterloo Library as a Distance Education student are addressed in the course packet and the Distance Education Calendar . If you wish you may consult the University of Waterloo Library online, and click on Watcat, the Online Catalogue to search for a particular title at Waterloo and you can also search library catalogues elsewhere in Canada. If you need more help at Waterloo you may consult Christine Jewell, the representative for Classical Studies. There is an increasing amount of material coming online which is not readily available elsewhere; hopefully those who can will take advantage of it. I discuss the Online Resources generally and for the individual lectures at

55. Regents Prep Global History & Geography: Multiple-Choice Question Archive Rise Fall of Great Empires Question 6 of 24. A major contribution of the roman Republic to Western European culture was the concept of government by laws. http://regentsprep.org/Regents/core/questions/questions.cfm?Course=GLOB&TopicCod

56. [Regents Prep Global History] Justice & Law: Classical Civiliatons to grow in importance, becoming known as the Byzantine empire, after the of medieval law, and was even used by the roman Catholic Church. citizen in government. http://regentsprep.org/Regents/global/themes/justice/classical.cfm

Regents Prep Global History Classical Civilizations Greece The physical geography of a place can cause some interesting things to happen. The high, rugged mountains in Greece led to the isolation of its people. What developed as a result, were many small city-states ; meaning a city and all of the land it could control. That means very little cultural diffusion happened. In other words, very few ideas were making their way around the country. In turn, all that isolation led to the adoption of very different social, cultural and political laws and traditions. Athens, for example, tried several forms of government before settling on a limited form of direct democracy . Under this system, only eligible citizens were able to participate in government. Athenian justice has sometimes been criticized as harsh and/or un democratic because so many people were excluded from voting. Women

57. The Story Of Mankind - THE ROMAN EMPIRE He permitted ``foreigners to exercise influence upon the government. The Republic had become an empire, but the average roman was hardly aware of the fact http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/youth/history/TheStoryofMankind/cha

The Story of Mankind by Hendrik Van Loon Terms Contents PREFACE FORWARD ... READING LIST THE ROMAN EMPIRE How the Republic of Rome After Centuries of Unrest and Revolution Became an Empire HEN the Roman armies returned from these many victorious campaigns, they were received with great jubilation. Alas and alack! this sudden glory did not make the country any happier. On the contrary. The endless campaigns had ruined the farmers who had been obliged to do the hard work of Empire making. It had placed too much power in the hands of the successful generals (and their private friends) who had used the war as an excuse for wholesale robbery. The old Roman Republic had been proud of the simplicity which had characterised the lives of her famous men. The new Republic felt ashamed of the shabby coats and the high principles which had been fashionable in the days of its grandfathers. It became a land of rich people ruled by rich people for the benefit of rich people. As such it was doomed to disastrous failure, as I shall now tell you. Within less than a century and a half. Rome had become the mistress of practically all the land around the Mediterranean. In those early days of history a prisoner of war lost his freedom and became a slave. The Roman regarded war as a very serious business and he showed no mercy to a conquered foe. After the fall of Carthage, the Carthaginian women and children were sold into bondage together with their own slaves. And a like fate awaited the obstinate inhabitants of Greece and Macedonia and Spain and Syria when they dared to revolt against the Roman power.

58. Late Empire 2 autocratic influences of the rediscovery of roman law in Western the area ruled by Imperial government in the referred to as the Eastern roman empire and is http://www.ualberta.ca/~csmackay/CLASS_110/Late.Emp.2.html

Late Empire 2 Germanic Invasions In the West, disaster breaks out immediately under Theodosius' son Honorius came to the throne in 395: huge waves of German tribes invaded Roman territory. The Roman army was very disorganized, and various Germanic forces served as foederati (allies). The German commanders of these troops became important officials in the Imperial government. The invading German tribes set up kingdoms on Roman territory, came to terms with the Latin speaking natives, including the landowning aristocracy. Italy generally remained under Imperial administration, but there was quite varying control in other territories. Emperors themselves had become largely irrelevant, served as figureheads for German generals who have various German mercenary troops under own command, bribe various tribes to help the Imperial forces. A traumatic event was the sack of Rome in 410 by the Visigoths. Everyone was horrified. When Rome was sacked again in 455 (this time by the Vandals), no one much cared, as Rome signified little. The last Emperor was called Romulus Augustulus, and he was merely the pawn of a German general Odoacer, who in 476 disposed of him and ruled Italy himself as king under authorization of the eastern emperor. Ignominious end of Roman Imperial rule. Why Did the Empire Fall?

59. CLASS 110: Late Eastern Roman Empire The Christian population of the roman territories preferred Moslem rule to the persecution of the Orthodox government in Constaninople Byzantine empire. http://www.ualberta.ca/~csmackay/CLASS_379/Late.East.html

Late Eastern Roman Empire Leo Eastern Roman Empire It is at this point that the temporal parameters of this course are least satisfactory. While the dates of 476/480 mark a legal if not a substantive termination of Imperial rule in the West, these dates have no significance for the east. There the Roman Imperial government goes on, with all the administrative apparatus set up first by Augustus and then greatly modified by Diocletian and Constantine intact. Hence, the eastern government is known as the Eastern Roman Empire during period from the time of the permanent division of the Empire at the death of Theodosius I. This is not a particularly tidy term, since for a good 80 years after that division, the East still operates to some extent in tandem with the West, but nonetheless clear differences between the two halves become increasingly noticeable. Justinian Slavs, Persians, Arabs In the sixth century, the Slavs launched a massive invasion of the Balkan peninsula, overwhelming the Latin speaking population that had provided the Empire with so many and soldiers and, since the third century, emperors. The Latin speakers were driven into the mountains and became a migratory shepherding population for several centuries until they came down to occupy the plains of modern Romania. This onslaught on the part of the Slavs greatly reduced the Latin speaking element in the Eastern Empire, which soon came to be predominantly Greek speaking (the Codex of Justinian was promptly translated into Greek to make it usable in the East).

60. Hist1107 - The Roman Empire From Augustus To Theodosius empire , JRS 66 (1976), 10631 JF Matthews The tax-law of Palmyra 82 (1992), 1-31 RP Duncan-Jones Money and government in the roman empire, Cambridge, 1994 http://rubens.anu.edu.au/raid5/teaching.backups.2003/teach/romanart/bibliographi

1 course unit On-line resources for Ancient History UCL Centre for the Classical World Contact Course Tutor 7. GOVERNMENT OF THE EMPIRE Texts Edict of Ti. Iulius Alexander Gnomon of the Idios Logos Tabula Alimentaria of Veleia Generally: B.M. Levick, The Government of the Roman Empire: a sourcebook , 2nd ed., London 2000 General Problems The Roman Empire , esp Part II C. Ando Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire , Berkeley 2000 J. Lendon Empire of Honour: The Art of Government in the Roman World , Oxford 1997 *W Eck Part II: Government and Civil Administration' in CAH XI 2 (2000), chs 4-7 M.I. Rostovtzeff Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire , 2nd ed., Oxford 1957, chs 6-8 M.I. Finley The Ancient Economy , London 1973; (see review by M. Frederiksen, JRS J.H. d'Arms Commerce and Social Standing in Ancient Rome G.E.M. de Ste Croix

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