41. Birding In Westmoreland County, Southwestern Pennsylvania. If left unused wild bird seeds will produce caterpillars/moths attract rodents,so you might want to store Extinct Species, endangered threatened Species. http://www.westol.com/~towhee/sighting.htm

Screaminghawk's Birding in Westmoreland County, southwestern Pennsylvania hawk sound Sightings Places to bird Look for ... Home ] [Stuck in a frame? Break out Other Years Places to bird in Westmoreland County, PA Westmoreland County Parks : Cedar Creek, Nature Park, Mammoth, Northmoreland, Twin Lakes Keystone State Park Linn Run State Park Forbes State Forest Forbes State Forest Spruce Flats Bog Bushy Run Battlefield ... Conemaugh River Lake GORP Livermore and Virginia Farms, both part of the Conemaugh River Lake Loyalhanna Creek Lake Loyalhanna Creek Lake GORP Donegal Lake, PA Fish Commission Beaver Run Reservoir, Westmoreland County Municipal Authority Ethel Springs Lake, Derry Municipal Authority (see Municipal Authority Derry Latrobe Reservoir (Trout Run Dam, H.A.Stewart Res.), Latrobe Municipal Authority Duff Park, Townsend Park Roaring Run Natural Area Maps of Forbes State Forest See PA DCNR Recreation in Pennsylvania in Westmoreland County [ Nonframe version Top of Page Look for Rare Bird Alert reports for Western PA at National Birding Hotline (East) To submit bird reports email: grosbeaker@aol.com

42. Gale Schools - Environment - Endangered Species - Aplomado Falcon Behavior. Aplomado falcons are predatory and feed on birds, insects, rodents, smallsnakes, and lizards. 1990. endangered and threatened Species Recovery http://www.galeschools.com/environment/endangered/aplomado_falcon.htm

Catalog Press Room E-newsletters Sign Up Archives ... Timeline Northern Aplomado Falcon Falco femoralis septentrionalis Status: Endangered Listed: February 25, 1986 Family: Falconidae (Falcons) Description: Raptor with boldly marked head, gray back, and long, banded tail. Habitat: Open rangeland, savannah, and grassland. Food: Birds, insects, rodents, and other small animals. Reproduction: Clutch of two or three eggs. Threats: Habitat degradation and pesticides. Range: Arizona, New Mexico, Texas; Mexico. Description The northern aplomado falcon is a distinctive bird of prey; dull red underparts, a gray back, a long and banded tail, and a striking black and white facial pattern distinguish adults. The lower breast sports a broad, blackish band or cummerbund with small, whitish crossbars. Feet are bright yellow and the sexes are similar, with males noticeably smaller than females. The aplomado falcon ( Falco femoralis ) has been divided into three subspecies. The northern aplomado is the largest of the three, displaying a body length from 14.9-16.5 in (38-42 cm) and a wingspan from 40-48 in (102-122 cm). This is intermediate in size between the American kestrel and peregrine falcon. F. f. pichinchae

43. Science Shows Burrowing Owl Not Endangered from listing the species as either threatened or endangered, especially when lossfrom urban development, destruction of burrowing rodents, owl relocation http://www.cfbf.com/agalert/2003/10_01_03_b_aa.aspx

Ag Alert Home Ag Alert Ag Alert Archives: Science shows burrowing owl not endangered Issue Date: October 1, 2003 Christine Souza Assistant Editor Wildlife protection groups have requested that the Western burrowing owl, Athene cunicularia hypugaea , a species whose population in California is believed to be well over 9,200 breeding pairs, be listed as an endangered or threatened species under the California Endangered Species Act. That request is being questioned by state wildlife experts as well as California farmers and ranchers who live in harmony with the owls. "Listing the burrowing owl under the California ESA will not give the species any additional protections; it will only serve to limit voluntary participation and involvement of private landowners in mitigation efforts to protect the burrowing owl," said California Department of Food and Agriculture Deputy Secretary Daniel Webb. "The petitioners cite rodenticide use in California as being a primary factor for burrowing owl population and range decline and imply that rodenticides may have an adverse impact on burrowing owls without scientific evidence substantiating the claim. Petitioners cite erroneous information and present unjustified claims pertaining to rodenticide use." Also expressing concern over the request is Pam Giacomini, California Farm Bureau Federation Governmental Affairs director for natural resources and commodities, who said farmers are already operating in ways that benefit the burrowing owls and that listing the species under ESA would do more harm than good for the birds.

44. Supreme Court Refuses Fairy Shrimp Appeal - CFBF.com the hundreds of species identified as threatened or endangered has the power to protectendangered wildlife in and this includes insects, rodents and crustaceans http://www.cfbf.com/agalert/2002/aa-012302a.htm

Ag Alert Home Ag Alert Ag Alert Archives: Supreme Court refuses fairy shrimp appeal Issue Date: January 23, 2002 By Kate Campbell Assistant Editor The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit earlier sided with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. But the court agreed with builders that the service should have circulated a study on the shrimp. The case is Building Industry Association of Superior California v. Norton. In filings with the court, Pacific Legal Foundation also said that when the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed the fairy shrimp as endangered or threatened, the service did not establish any connection whatsoever between the species and interstate commerce as required by law. Fairy shrimp are fly-sized freshwater crustaceans that live in rain-filled low spots, tire ruts, ditches and backhoe pits. The problem in California is that virtually the entire state is designated critical habitat for one or another of the hundreds of species identified as threatened or endangered. Currently about 36 million acres within the state are designated as critical habitat, with 24 million of those acres on non-federally owned land, according to a study recently completed by the California Farm Bureau Federation.

45. Bakersfield's Underground Newspaper | The Blackboard in the western and eastern United States from the endangered and threatened specieslist in turn enabled smaller animals such as foxes and rodents to rebound http://theblackboard2.home.att.net/jun03/articles5.html

THE BLACKBOARD VISIT US ONLINE! http://theblackboard.home.att.net Email: BakAlt@yahoo.com "IF IT'S WORTH DOING, IT'S IN THE BLACKBOARD" FRONT PAGE ARTICLES LETTERS TO THE EDITOR GREATEST UNDERGROUND FILM ... LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Stoneage man of B-Town By RAY HARWOOD, THE BLACKBOARD I sit down under the cool shade of pine, the mountain air clean and cleansing. My thoughts go back to a time and place where humans and nature were one, when humans made tools and a living from simple survival skills related closely to the earth. To be one with nature is to be fulfilled. Some local artisans have a hobby along these lines, bringing us back to that stone age time. The group meets on the southeast corner of Hart Part on the first Sunday of each month. The hobby, known as "flintknapping,” is the ancient art of chipping flint type stones into arrowheads, tomahawks and other ancient artifact replicas. As an art form, the image of flakes on stone has a strange attraction, a fascination perhaps, held over from our stone age ancestors. The arrowhead group sets up a barbecue, complete with a banjo player or occasionally a native drum, and commences to chip rocks at about 9:30 am until lunch, then again until the park closes at dusk. They chip glassy rocks to create fantastic stone knives and arrowheads. The group’s leader, Gary Picket, learned the stone age craft while living in Missouri, where flint Indian artifacts are common in the creeks and hollers. Picket experimented for many years before he mastered the craft.

46. Marco Island Sun Times fish ­ as well as the abundant rodents native to exclusively feeding on rare andendangered species. kites, all species on Florida s threatened or endangered http://www.zwire.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=11232620&BRD=2256&PAG=461&dept_id=5347

47. ThinkQuest : Library : Endangered New Jersey The most endangered is the Great Lakes breeding population Gulf coasts and are classifiedas threatened in their It eats mainly other small rodents like frogs http://library.thinkquest.org/5736/birds.htm

Index Life Science Endangered New Jersey Visit Site 1999 ThinkQuest USA Awards Gold Want to build a ThinkQuest site? The ThinkQuest site above is one of thousands of educational web sites built by students from around the world. Click here to learn how you can build a ThinkQuest site. Privacy Policy

48. Biosurf Unit 7 Vertebrates elephants, rabbits, sirenians. walrus, rodents, bats. Geographic region Extinct,endangered, or threatened? . http://www.phschool.com/science/biosurf/vertebrates/7link.html

You will use information on the World Wide Web to answer a series of questions. EXERCISE 1 CONVERGENT EVOLUTION AND MAMMAL DIVERSITY Convergent evolution has produced mammals on different continents that look similar and occupy similar niches, but are not closely related. Some of these similar-looking mammals were once grouped together. Closer examination of skeletal structures, as well as protein and DNA analysis, has led to better classification schemes. You will be using the Animal Diversity Web from the University of Michigan to answer the following questions about mammal classification and to investigate a mammal of your choosing. Print out the worksheet below and use the link above to answer the following questions. Name Link and Think: Convergent Evolution and Mammal Diversity Use the Animal Diversity Web to get descriptions of mammalian orders and profiles of specific species. You may access this information by conducting a quick search, or by browsing the mammal pages The pangolin, or scaly anteater, was once grouped with the armadillos and anteaters. It has now been reclassified in a new order called Pholidota. What order do the armadillo and anteater belong to? What other animal belongs to this order (it comes in two or three-toed varieties)?

49. The Atlas Of Endangered Species - Earthscan Environmental Books Elephants and rhinos Bears rodents Bats Dolphins Part V endangered Birds Birds Birdsof prey Tables Protected ecosystems and biodiversity threatened species. http://www.earthscan.co.uk/asp/bookdetails.asp?key=3601

50. California S Endangered Animals s. One hundred six animal species are officially endangered or threatened. That isprobably why they are endangered. They also eat rodents and rarely eat fish. http://www.ehs.pvt.k12.ca.us/projects/9899/YosRpts/JessicaG

California's Endangered Animals by Jessica Gresham Go back to Yosemite Sixth Grade Page other Endangered Animal report by Caitlin Date An endangered animal is an animal that is not living well in its environment and habitat. Once endangered, the animal can become extinct. Some of the animals that are endangered are Mountain Beavers, Foxes, Mice, Rats, Bald Eagles, Peregrine Falcons, Geese, Owls, Pelicans, Sparrows, Lizards, Snakes, Coyotes, Tortoises, Turtles, Sierran Birds, and the California Condor. Animals become endangered for many reasons. Sometimes the land that they live on becomes cropland, or maybe the animals are very small and a lot of predators get to them; sometimes their habitat is destroyed as in flooding or cutting down trees, etc. But a lot of the time people either kill the animals or kick them out of their habitat, so that people can have farmland. This report is going to be about several different types of endangered animals and how humans have made these species more endangered. Here are some examples of remaining populations of different endangered animals. In all there are only 87 California Condors. Only three of them live in the wild, and 84 live in breeding facilities. Thirteen California Condors were reintroduced to the wild, but five of them have died, and another 5 were taken back to breeding facilities. Nobody knows what is making Sierran Birds have such a low population. Thirty-seven species of animals have become extinct since the 1880’s. One hundred six animal species are officially endangered or threatened. One third of the mammals are in danger because irrigation has changed their habitats. By the early 1920’s California’s gray wolves and Grizzly bears were extinct.

51. Animal Redlist Capricornis sumatraensis sumatraensis, endangered. Rodentia rodents. Hystrixbrachyura, Vulnerable. Hystrix crassispinis, Lower risk near threatened. http://www.nature-conservation.or.id/redlistm.html

IUCN MAMMAL RED LIST INDONESIA Scientific Name IUCN Category Monotremata - Egg-laying Mammals Zaglossus bruijnii Endangered Dasyuromorphia - Marsupial Carnivores Antechinus habbema Data deficient Antechinus naso Data deficient Antechinus wilhelmina Data deficient Dasyurus albopunctatus Vulnerable Dasyurus spartacus Vulnerable Phascolosorex doriae Data deficient Planigale novaeguineae Vulnerable Peramelemorphia - Bandicoots Echymipera clara Data deficient Microperoryctes murina Data deficient Rhynchomeles prattorum Data deficient Diprotodontia - Diprotodont Marsupials Ailurops ursinus Data deficient Phalanger alexandrae Data deficient Phalanger gymnotis Data deficient Phalanger rothschildi Vulnerable Phalanger vestitus Vulnerable Spilocuscus papuensis Data deficient Spilocuscus rufoniger Endangered Strigocuscus celebensis Data deficient Dendrolagus dorianus Vulnerable Dendrolagus goodfellowi Endangered Dendrolagus inustus Data deficient Dendrolagus mbaiso Vulnerable Dendrolagus ursinus Data deficient Thylogale brownii Vulnerable Thylogale brunii Vulnerable Pseudocheirus canescens Data deficient Pseudocheirus schlegeli Data deficient Pseudochirops albertisii Vulnerable Pseudochirops corinnae Vulnerable Pseudochirulus caroli Data deficient Dactylopsila megalura Vulnerable Pholidota - Pangolins Manis javanica Lower risk: near threatened Insectivora - Insectivores Hylomys parvus Critically endangered Chimarrogale sumatrana Critically endangered Crocidura beccarii Endangered Crocidura minuta Data deficient Crocidura orientalis Vulnerable Crocidura paradoxura Endangered

52. FOR-46: Snakes: Information For Kentucky Homeowners The state lists several other species as endangered, threatened, or rare. by removingthe snake’s shelter (hiding places) and its food source (rodents). http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/for/for46/for46.htm

Online Publications FOR-46 Snakes: Information for Kentucky Homeowners Thomas G. Barnes, Extension Wildlife Specialist Snakes are perhaps the most feared and hated animals in Kentucky. These irrational feelings toward snakes are caused by a lack of understanding and the superstitions handed down from one generation to another. Most people shudder at the very thought of a snake because they do not understand the unknown. Snakes are not mysterious at all, and their colorful, fascinating life histories don’t justify the anxiety many people feel about them. Of the 33 snake species found in Kentucky, only four are poisonous. These are the Northern copperhead, Western cottonmouth (water moccasin), timber rattlesnake, and pygmy rattlesnake. While venomous snakes should be respected and approached with caution, most snakes a homeowner encounters in an urban environment are harmless and beneficial because they eat mice and other rodents. This publication seeks to dispel much of the misinformation about snakes and to help homeowners effectively reduce opportunities for accidental encounters with these legless reptiles. Snake Biology Snakes are ectotherms, meaning that a snake regulates its body temperature by taking heat from or giving off heat to the environment. Because their body temperature is affected by environmental temperatures and varies with surrounding conditions, snakes become inactive during very hot seasons (aestivation) and very cold seasons (hibernation). Snakes may go for several weeks without eating because of frequent periods of inactivity.

53. WE HAVE MORE AND FEWER RABBITS THAN WE THINK rather than the single pair characteristic of rats, mice, beavers, and other rodents. statusof at least eight is considered to be endangered or threatened. http://www.uga.edu/srel/ecoview11-28-99.htm

ECOVIEWS WE HAVE MORE AND FEWER RABBITS THAN WE THINK By Whit Gibbons Saying that a species "breeds like rabbits" implies a high reproductive rate. But do not assume that all rabbits and hares of the world are replacing their numbers as fast as they are being depleted. According to Andrew T. Smith in the newsletter of the Species Survival Commission of IUCNthe World Conservation Unionalmost one-fourth of the lagomorphs in the world are threatened globally. Lagomorphs, which include more than 80 living species of rabbits, hares, and pikas, are not rodents. Look at a rabbit's front teeth closely, and you will see two pair of incisors, one behind the other, rather than the single pair characteristic of rats, mice, beavers, and other rodents. Everyone is familiar with rabbits, both wild and domesticated. Pikas are furry little creatures that are generally smaller than rabbits and lack tails. Most hares are larger than rabbits and usually have black ear tips. The jackrabbit of the western United States is actually a hare. Of the many species that still exist in the rabbit family, some are in serious trouble as a result of human activities. IUCN specialist groups are made up of scientific advisors who examine the conservation status of particular plants or animals on a global scale. The Lagomorph Specialist Group recently reported on some of their activities related to the rabbits, hares, and pikas of the world. The report makes it readily apparent that environmental conditions are less than healthy for many species.

54. EEK! - Critter Corner - Snakes!! They eat lots of rodents and other small pests. the bounty was lifted and the massasaugawas placed on the Wisconsin endangered and threatened Species List http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/caer/ce/eek/critter/reptile/snakes.htm

SSSSSSSSnakes Did you know that there are as many as 21 kinds of snakes in Wisconsin? Wow, that’s a lot! Only two of these snakes are poisonous, the timber rattlesnake and the eastern massasauga (mas-a-sa-gwa) rattlesnake. They are found only in specific habitats in the the southwestern part of the state. A few of Wisconsin’s snakes are endangered including: the massasauga rattlesnake, queen snake, western ribbon snake and the northern ribbon snake. Some snakes are the "protected wild animal" category which means that it is illegal to hunt or possess them. Wisconsin Snake Check List: (Check the ones you’ve seen) Black rat snake or pilot snake (Protected Wild Animal) Blue racer or yellow-bellied racer (Protected Wild Animal) Brown snake or DeKay's snake Bullsnake (Protected Wild Animal) Butler’s garter snake (Threatened) Common garter snake Eastern plains garter snake Eastern hognose snake Eastern milk snake ... Eastern massasauga rattler (Endangered) Northern redbelly snake Northern ribbon snake Northern ringneck snake Northern water snake ... Timber rattler snake (Protected Wild Animal) Western fox snake (sometimes called "pine" snake) Western ribbon snake Fun Facts About Snakes Snakes are ectothermic. Can you guess what that means? It means that they must rely on their surroundings to control their body temperature. So, in the heat of the summer, where do you suppose they go? They head underground or crawl into cool spaces or into areas with lots of vegetation. This keeps them cool in the heat of they day. On a cool day in the spring or fall, you might see a snake "sunning" itself out in the open where the sun can warm it up.

55. Wildlife Habitat And Other Values Taxon, Number of endangered species, Number of threatened species, Percent With theirravenous appetite and high reproduction rate, these rodents can have http://www.pfmt.org/environment/wetlands/wildlife_habitat.htm

Wildlife Habitat And Other Values Photo 10: Wetlands provide excellent habitat for many wildlife species including birds, fishes, mammals, and invertebrates. Wetlands are excellent habitat for numerous wildlife species. Studies show that in the U.S. some 150 species of birds and 200 species of fishes are dependent upon wetland habitats for survival (Flynn, 1996).Other groups of animals that inhabit these "biological supermarkets" are mammals (white-tailed deer, beaver, raccoon) and invertebrates (earthworms, aquatic insects, fairy shrimp) (Flynn, 1996). When managing wetland areas it is important that the hydrologic cycles of the wetland not be interrupted, because these cycles greatly influence the health and maintenance of the system (Mitsch and Gosselink, 1993). Landowners should consider that altering the hydrology of a wetland might reduce its productivity, which may be especially important in waterfowl management where areas may be flooded or otherwise manipulated (Mitsch and Gosselink, 1993). Important mast producing tree species are typically located in or around wetland areas. Some of the preferable mast producing species are oaks, beech, and persimmon. The presence of these species in and around a wetland area will attract wildlife, especially deer and turkey.

56. Environmental Law - Lieberman - IRED.Com Farmers originally imported the rodents for their furs. Fish and Wildlife Service,42 percent of the species on our endangered and threatened species lists http://www.ired.com/news/lieberman/000305.htm

Stuart Lieberman, Esq. *NJ Deputy Attorney General assigned to the State Department of Environmental Protection from 1986 - 1990. *Lectures for the N.J. Institute for Continuing Legal Education (ICLE), and is available for other speaking engagements through the year. The Environment Lieberman Archives Current US Environmental Protection Agency Directories Int'l Realty US Realty THE ENVIRONMENT ALIEN INVASIONS OF BIOLOGICAL SPECIES Stuart Lieberman, Esq., We think of diversity in human terms. People are from diverse cultures and traditions, and we are all culturally enriched by the blending of these backgrounds. The melting pot theory is premised on the proposition that people should cherish individualism, while they also grow from the rich multi-cultural experience associated with our large cities. Diversity can be most enriching when it is people that we are talking about. But, in the case of plants and animal species, tremendous harm can result from reckless transplantation of alien species. We are seeing the problem, and its negative consequences, with increasing frequency both here in the United States and though out the world. Largely, it is the jet age that is to blame. When we didn't step foot out of our village, alien species had few opportunities to invade our borders. But now that we all go everywhere, these species follow in empty shoes, bald tires, suit cases, cargo boxes, and every other imaginable trans-global crevice.

57. Rodents Not Endangered Species rodents Not endangered Species. and does not deserve protection under the endangeredSpecies Act FWS) to have Preble s removed from the threatened and endangered http://www.citizenreviewonline.org/jan2004/rodents.htm

Rodents Not Endangered Species Liberty Matters News Service Extensive studies conducted by researchers at the Denver Museum of Nature and History have shown that the Preble meadow jumping mouse is not a distinct species from other common mice and does not deserve protection under the Endangered Species Act. The scientists concluded, through painstaking DNA trials, that Prebel's (Zapus hudsonius preblei) is genetically indistinguishable from another mouse (Zapus hudsonius camPESTris) that infests wide areas of Wyoming, Montana, the Dakotas and Canada. The FWS, however, has refused to remove the mouse from the list, saying the "available science doesn't justify yanking federal protections " according to Ralph Morgenweck, director of the Service's regional office in Lakewood, CO. Governor Freudenthal said FWS should "direct its scarce resources to an animal that actually needs protection and recovery." In another development, Senate Minority Leader, Tom Daschle (D-SD), sent a letter to FWS director Steven A. Williams, urging the agency to drop consideration of prairie dogs for protection under the ESA. "The notion that the prairie dog is threatened defies logic," the Senator wrote. [A] multi-state study of prairie dog populations recently concluded that the species was biologically viable and therefore did not meet the definition of an endangered species" he continued.

58. PS&P - Environment project, bulldoze those rare rodents out of existence and ignore a federal law passedin 1973 that s supposed to protect threatened and endangered plants and http://www.bizsites.com/1999/JJ99/environment.html

banner(1); banner(2); BIZSITES.COM Home What's New Toolkit Regional Reviews ... Biz Links ARCHIVES Article by Issue Departments SERVICES Free! Subscription Free! Newsletter Free! Information Advertising Info. 2004 Edit Calendar User Survey ... Search Bizsites halfsky(1); SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTIONS New York growing jobs Michigan technology times three North Carolina a powerful economic engine Enterprise Zones custom-built for profits Virginia acting locally for a global impact Texas Two Step Ohio a high-tech frontier BioTexas Foreign Trade Zones From magazine, June/July 1999 Wild Thing Finding Solutions to Habitat Challenges By Stuart Englert A herd of elk at Atlantic Richfield Co.'s Black Thunder Mine in Powder River Basin, Wyo., illustrates that

59. NWRC - Holistic Management Of Rodents Holistic Management of rodents and Other Introduced Vertebrate Pests in Hawaii. ofRats to Protect Wildlife Resources and threatened and endangered Species. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ws/nwrc/research/holistic/highlights.html

Home About NWRC Field Stations History ... Advanced Search JavaScript is Disabled Home Research Programs Mammal Research Holistic Management of Pest Species Holistic Management of Rodents and Other Introduced Vertebrate Pests in Hawaii Highlights Control of Introduced Tree Frogs During the past year, Hawaii field station scientists have focused their research efforts on the control of 2 Caribbean frog species that have recently invaded the Hawaiian Islands, Eleuthrodactylus coqui and E. planirostris . Control of the frogs is a priority for Hawaiian agriculture, the Wildlife Services operational program, and conservation agencies. In response to this management need, NWRC researchers developed caffeine and citric acid as frog pesticides. In addition, biologists examined the diet of the frogs in natural and agricultural areas to determine the degree of diet overlap with native birds. Efficacy of various frog capture techniques was also evaluated. In support of product registration efforts, NWRC staff evaluated the effect of these frog pesticides on nontarget organisms. This information will assist Wildlife Services operational program efforts in developing environmental assessment documents required by the National Environmental Policy Act . Effects of these frog pesticides on plants was also evaluated in efforts to to assist Hawaiian agriculture.

60. Photo Album adapted to catching young rabbits and small rodents weighing 200 g to the followingfederally and state listed endangered and threatened species including http://www.fiu.edu/~clarkea/students/castillo/informationguide.htm

The intent of this information guide is to provide a response, based on the scientific literature and results from my thesis, to the assertions made by proponents of managed cat colonies and to provide advice to park managers faced with domestic cat populations within parks managed as natural areas. Arguments Made by Proponents of Managed Cat Colonies Cats with a regular food source are less likely to hunt. There is no credible scientific evidence to support this claim. To the contrary, even well-fed cats will hunt (Fitzgerald 1988; Fitzgerald and Turner 2000) and neutered cats have been known to prey successfully on native birds and mammals (Churcher and Lawton 1987). Liberg (1984) observed that although the house cats in his study were all well-fed, they still hunted natural prey in all seasons. Leyhausen (1979) showed that play, catching, and killing progressed in the same sequence for hungry and satiated cats. A study on the interaction of hunger and preying in domestic cats by Adamec (1976) showed that killing was independent of hunger. Biben (1979) argued that hunger alone was an insufficient factor to explain the occurrence of either predatory or play behavior in cats. Biben (1979) observed that the cats in his study would continue to kill, even if satiated, if the prey was easy to catch, and if given the opportunity to play with the prey before having to kill it. Even though my study did not focus on predation, I saw cats kill a juvenile common yellowthroat (

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