21. NOVA Online/Einstein Revealed/Relativity (Lightman Essay) relativity and the Cosmos. by Alan Lightman. In November of 1919, at the age of 40, Albert Einstein became an overnight celebrity, thanks to a solar eclipse. theory of gravity, general relativity. general relativity was the first major What was general relativity? Einstein's earlier theory of time and space, Special relativity, proposed http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/einstein/relativity

Relativity and the Cosmos by Alan Lightman In November of 1919, at the age of 40, Albert Einstein became an overnight celebrity, thanks to a solar eclipse. An experiment had confirmed that light rays from distant stars were deflected by the gravity of the sun in just the amount he had predicted in his theory of gravity, General Relativity. General Relativity was the first major new theory of gravity since Isaac Newton's, more than two hundred and fifty years earlier. Einstein became a hero, and the myth building began. Headlines appeared in newspapers all over the world. On November 8, 1919, for example, the London Times had an article headlined: "The Revolution In Science/Einstein Versus Newton." Two days later, The New York Times' headlines read: "Lights All Askew In The Heavens/Men Of Science More Or Less Agog Over Results Of Eclipse Observations/Einstein Theory Triumphs." The planet was exhausted with World War I, eager for some sign of humankind's nobility, and suddenly here was a modest scientific genius, seemingly interested only in pure intellectual pursuits. What was General Relativity? Einstein's earlier theory of time and space, Special Relativity, proposed that distance and time are not absolute. The ticking rate of a clock depends on the motion of the observer of that clock; likewise for the length of a "yard stick." Published in 1915, General Relativity proposed that gravity, as well as motion, can affect the intervals of time and of space.

22. Modern Relativity Modernrelativity Special General Black Hole Mass Energy Einste For info on special relativity try our special relativity unit Unit I - Special relativity. general relativity Preface. Foundations For general relativity. http://www.geocities.com/zcphysicsms/

By David Waite Modern Relativity David Waite's Special Relativity Lecture Tape (2 hours) Message Board Chat Room These units explain general relativity only. We assume that the reader already has a full understanding of special relativity . For info on special relativity try our special relativity unit - Unit I - Special Relativity General Relativity Preface Unit II Foundations For General Relativity Chapter 4 Starting GR 4.1 - The Conceptual Premises For GR 4.2 - Tensors in GR 4.3 - The Metric and Invariants of GR ... 6.3 - Stress Energy of Matter and Einstein's Field Equations Unit III Using General Relativity Chapter 7 Electromagnetism in GR 7.1 - Maxwell's Equations 7.2 - Larmor Radiation and the Abraham-Lorentz Formulae Chapter 8 Robertson-Walker and the Big Bang ... 9.2 - Newtonian Limit Vs Gravitomagnetism Unit IV Black Holes Chapter 10 The Schwarzschild Black Hole 10.1 - The Schwarzschild Solution 10.2 - Hovering over a Schwarzschild Black Hole 10.3 - "Apparently" Lighter With Speed ... 11.2 - Hawking Radiation Unit V Fringe Physics in General Relativity Chapter 12 The New Frontiers 12.1 - Metric Engineering

23. General Relativity Simulation Contest The purpose of this Contest is to prove general relativity using a (simple) algorithm. http://users.pandora.be/nicvroom/contest.htm

General Relativity Simulation Contest Description of Contest The purpose of this Contest is to prove General Relativity. The Contest consist of the following task: Write one general purpose program (any programming language will do) which simulates the movement of n objects over a certain period of time. The simulation method used (algorithms), should be based on the Rules of General Relativity. The program should be able to simulate and demonstrate the following examples: Forward movement (perihelion shift) of the planet Mercury (43 arc sec angle) around the Sun. The bending of light around the Sun (1.75 sec). The movement of a binary star system. The stars should spiral together. A clock in a space ship around the Earth. Twin paradox (SR). i.e. at least two clocks should be included. The behaviour of black holes. The results of the simulation should match actual observations. For the rules of General Relativity see the following: General Relativity with John Baez For the most elaborate list of links for General Relativity see: Relativity on the World Wide Web by Chris Hillman , maintained by John Baez For a technical discussion about the problems with numerical simulations regarding General Relativity see: Numerical Relativity If you want more about celestial mechanics simulations informal newsletter

24. Relativity PHYSICS & ASTRONOMY Forum devoted to discussing the Einstein's special and general theories of relativity. http://astronomyphysics.com/list.php?f=33

25. PhysicsWeb - A Quantum Leap For Cosmology A theory that unites quantum mechanics and general relativity claims that there was no first moment in time, but it still agrees with the predictions of classical cosmology. http://physicsweb.org/article/world/14/11/3

Advanced site search physics world January February March April May June July August September October November December Latest issue Subscribe to Physics World Media Information ... Editorial Staff quick search Search Physics World Previous Physics World November 2001 Next A quantum leap for cosmology Physics in Action: November 2001 A theory that unites quantum mechanics and general relativity claims that there was no first moment in time, but it still agrees with the predictions of classical cosmology. It's in the stars One of the most challenging problems in modern physics is the application of quantum theory to the universe as a whole. Progress in this area has been plagued by two types of problem: conceptual and technical. The conceptual problems arise from the old difficulties of interpreting quantum theory. The standard interpretations require that the measuring instruments and observers are outside the quantum system described by the wavefunction. In the late 1950s, however, Hugh Everett proposed an interpretation of quantum theory that might apply to systems that include the observers and measuring instruments, but the adequacy of such interpretations has remained controversial to this day. The technical problems are no less severe or fundamental. Ever since the pioneering work of Bryce DeWitt, Charles Misner and others in the 1960s, quantum cosmology has basically been studied by applying quantum theory to simple models of the universe. These models typically assume that the universe is completely homogeneous. As a result they only have a few degrees of freedom - the radius of the universe and the value of one or more matter fields. One then makes a quantum-cosmological model by quantizing these simple descriptions of the universe.

26. General Relativity Made Simple Advanced Physics Made Simple. general relativity. Where general relativity is needed is in the presence of heavy objects or large amounts of energy. http://www.geocities.com/autotheist/Physics/gr.htm

Advanced Physics Made Simple General Relativity Introduced by Albert Einstein in 1915, this theory was developed to generalize the theory of special relativity . Contrary to the stories told by many high school physics teachers, special relativity does cover accelerating objects, but the math is difficult. Where general relativity is needed is in the presence of heavy objects or large amounts of energy. The physics of general relativity is very simple: MASS AND ENERGY CURVE SPACE AND TIME and Einstein gave the equation which actually determines the relationship. The rest of general relativity is based on the mathematics of curved surfaces. Tests of General Relativity The most exciting test of general relativity is the PERIHELION OF MERCURY. Since the middle ages, it has been observed that the planet mercury travels along an ellipse (a squashed circle), and that the orbit shifts a little each year. The observed movement was a rotation of about 42 degrees per year. According to general relativity, the shift is 43 degrees per year, which convinced the world the general relativity was a correct theory. Another test is the GRAVITATIONAL REDSHIFT. According to general relativity, light will change color as it gets closer to the surface of the Earth. When researchers carefully measured light at the top and bottom of a tall building, they found exactly the same result! Unfortunately it was later shown that the same effect occurs in quantum mechanics without using general relativity.

27. [gr-qc/9911051] Complex Geometry Of Nature And General Relativity A paper by Giampiero Esposito attempting to give a selfcontained introduction to holomorphic ideas in general relativity. The main topics are complex manifolds, spinor and twistor methods, heaven spaces. http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9911051

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, abstract gr-qc/9911051 From: [ view email ] Date: Mon, 15 Nov 1999 11:06:50 GMT (124kb) Complex Geometry of Nature and General Relativity Author: Giampiero Esposito Comments: 229 pages, plain Tex Report-no: DSF preprint 99/38 An attempt is made of giving a self-contained introduction to holomorphic ideas in general relativity, following work over the last thirty years by several authors. The main topics are complex manifolds, spinor and twistor methods, heaven spaces. Full-text: PostScript PDF , or Other formats References and citations for this submission: SLAC-SPIRES HEP (refers to , cited by , arXiv reformatted); CiteBase (autonomous citation navigation and analysis) Which authors of this paper are endorsers? Links to: arXiv gr-qc find abs

28. Relativity: The Special And General Theory Albert Einstein Reference Archive. relativity. The Special and general Theory. Written 1916. Source relativity The Special and general Theory © 1920. Publisher Methuen Co Ltd. First Published http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/einstein/works/1910s/relative

Albert Einstein Reference Archive Relativity The Special and General Theory Written: Source: Publisher: First Published: December, 1916 Translated: Robert W. Lawson (Authorised translation) Transcription/Markup: Brian Basgen Copyleft: Einstein Reference Archive (marxists.org) 1999, 2002. Permission is granted to copy and/or distribute this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License Download HTML Download PDF Preface Part I: The Special Theory of Relativity Physical Meaning of Geometrical Propositions The System of Co-ordinates Space and Time in Classical Mechanics The Galileian System of Co-ordinates ... Minkowski's Four-dimensial Space Part II: The General Theory of Relativity Special and General Principle of Relativity The Gravitational Field The Equality of Inertial and Gravitational Mass as an Argument for the General Postulate of Relativity In What Respects are the Foundations of Classical Mechanics and of the Special Theory of Relativity Unsatisfactory? ... The Solution of the Problem of Gravitation on the Basis of the General Principle of Relativity Part III: Considerations on the Universe as a Whole Cosmological Difficulties of Newton's Theory The Possibility of a "Finite" and yet "Unbounded" Universe The Structure of Space According to the General Theory of Relativity Appendices: Simple Derivation of the Lorentz Transformation (sup. ch. 11)

29. Relativity On The World Wide Web The purpose of these pages is to promote the appreciation, understanding, and applications of special and general relativity. Here http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/relativity.html

Relativity on the World Wide Web Original by Chris Hillman; maintained by John Baez The evolving event horizon during the axisymmetric merger of two equal mass black holes (simulation by the Binary Black Hole Grand Challenge Alliance) Welcome! The purpose of these pages is to promote the appreciation and understanding of the special and general theories of relativity by providing links to on-line scientifically accurate educational resources aimed at a variety of audiences, including popular science sites (places to go if you don't want to see any scary math), visualization sites , (places to go if you just want to see some truly fabulous pictures with some genuine scientific content), web tutorials on relativity theory (just the thing if you're not yet sure you want to really buckle down and study this stuff), observational and experimental evidence bearing on relativity theory, including fantastically beautiful astronomical images, a discussion of some specific scientifically inaccurate claims about cosmology and general relativity, formal coursework, including full length lecture notes (

30. GEOMETRY AND PHYSICS OF BRANES The SIGRAV Graduate School in Contemporary relativity and Gravitational Physics is held annually at the Centre for Scientific Culture Alessandro Volta , Villa Olmo, Como. It is primarily addressed to PhD students and young researchers in Physics and Mathematics who are interested in general relativity, astrophysics, experimental gravity and the quantum theories of gravitation. http://www.sissa.it/~bruzzo/sagp2001/sagp2001.html

4th SIGRAV GRADUATE SCHOOL ON CONTEMPORARY RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS and 2001 SCHOOL ON ALGEBRAIC GEOMETRY AND PHYSICS (SAGP2001) VILLA OLMO (COMO), 7-11 MAY 2001 GEOMETRY AND PHYSICS OF BRANES Supported by: SIGRAV (Italian Society for Gravitational Physics), National Research Project "Singularities, Integrability, Symmetries", SISSA (Trieste), University of Insubria (Como-Varese), Departmente of Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics of the University of Insubria at Como, Physics Department of the University of Milan, Physics Department of the University of Turin, Physics Department of the University of Rome "La Sapienza", Physics Department of the University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Physics Department of the University of Pavia. Download the first circular (Latex file) See the programme (PDF) The SIGRAV Graduate School in Contemporary Relativity and Gravitational Physics is held annually at the Centre for Scientific Culture "Alessandro Volta", Villa Olmo, Como. It is primarily addressed to PhD students and young researchers in Physics and Mathematics who are interested in general relativity, astrophysics, experimental gravity and the quantum theories of gravitation. In 2001 the School will be a joint venture with the School on Algebraic Geometry and Physics organized by the Mathematical Physics Group of the International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) in Trieste. The School on Algebraic Geometry and Physics is part of a series of events that SISSA is organizing since 1996 aiming at fostering the interaction between mathematicians working in pure algebraic geometry and researchers who are interested in applications of algebraic geometry to physics, especially string theory and integrable systems. Information on the "Algebraic Geometry and Physics'' series is available from the web page

31. SIMULATING GENERAL RELATIVITY Some examples of the phenomena of general relativity are simulated. This provides a graphical sight on the main general relativity concepts. The simulations include solutions in 3D (XY +time) and 4D (XYZ+time) spaces. http://www.raczynski.com/pn/genrel.htm

SIMULATING GENERAL RELATIVITY Stanislaw Raczynski stanracz@prodigy.net.mx ABSTRACT Some examples of the phenomena of general relativity are simulated. This provides a graphical and quite illustrative sight on the main general relativity concepts. The simulations include solutions in 3D (XY +time) and 4D (XYZ+time) spaces. The solutions are more general than those which can be obtained analytically. For example, the approach to the black hole is simulated not only as a radial particle movement, but as an arbitrary trajectory in the 3D space. The distortion of images of far objects seen through a neighborhood of a black hole is simulated using photon trajectories in 4D space. Also the entrance of an arbitrary trajectory into the horizon of the black hole is simulated both with the coordinate time (seen by the static observer) and with the proper time (clock) of the moving body. Time distortion at the neighborhood of the black hole is shown as a 3D “space-distortion” plot. Interesting simulation experiments are also shown for the rotating black hole. Click here to download the complete article Consult also: http://www.raczynski.com/pn/pn.htm

32. ASTR 103: Relativity - General Theory ASTR 103 Astronomy. relativity - general Theory. Latest Modification December 8, 1997. Geometry of Curved Spaces. 1826, Karl Friedrich Gauss, German mathematician. Mathematics of curved surfaces http://www.physics.gmu.edu/classinfo/astr103/CourseNotes/rlt_genl.htm

ASTR 103 - Astronomy Relativity - General Theory Latest Modification: December 8, 1997 Geometry of Curved Spaces 1826, Karl Friedrich Gauss, German mathematician Mathematics of curved surfaces Showed that non-Euclidean spaces exist whose geometries do not conform to parallel postulate of Euclidean space Infinite number of lines can be drawn through given point parallel to given line 1854, Bernhard Riemann, German mathematician Showed than non-Euclidean spaces exist whose geometries also do not admit parallel postulate No lines can be drawn through given point parallel to given line Riemann foresaw intimate relationship between geometry and physics Albert Einstein "Only the genius of Riemann, solitary and uncomprehended, had won its way by the middle of the last century to a new concept of science." 1885, William Clifford, English mathematician Argued geometry and physics are interconnected "We may conceive our space to have everywhere a nearly uniform curvature, but that slight variations of curvature may occur from point to point, and themselves to vary with time. These variations of the curvature with time may produce effects which we not unnaturally attribute to physical causes independent of the geometry of our space. We might even go so far as to assign to this variation of the curvature of space 'what really happens to that phenomenon which we term the motion of matter." Predicted curvature waves (gravity waves) stating, "this property of being curved or distorted is continually being passed on from one region of space to another after the manner of a wave."

33. Hyperspace GR Hypertext The general relativity News Archives. general relativity and Quantum Cosmology Preprints. These are at the preprint database at LANL. http://axion.physics.ubc.ca/hyperspace/

Welcome to HyperSpace , a set of hypertext based services for general relativity research provided by the UBC general relativity and cosmology group. We have the following: Information on the UBC GR group Software for finding GR mail addresses GR News Archives Preprint searches ... Other GR groups The UBC GR group We're part of the theoretical physics group located in the physics department of the beautiful UBC campus in Vancouver, BC, and are working in pretty much all areas of gravity research. Here you can find out who we are, and a little bit about what we're doing: Faculty Members Research Associates, Postdocs and Visitors Address searches Here we have a nifty forms-based program, GR, that searches a list of e-mail and snail mail addresses important to the GR community. The list and software comes from QMW , but the software was originally developed at UBC . It has many personas that cross-reference each other in an intelligent way so that searching is made easy. It also gives links to various preprint databases. We have the following: GR the full forms-based program or you can access a simple version of each persona if you do not have forms support: GR/people Finds the e-mail and snail mail addresses of people in the GR community.

34. Seven Dimensional (and Up) Einsteinian Hyperspherical Universe Updated material from the archived Cosmology Review site written in cooperation with UNC. A conceptualization in plain English of an eternal, dual, periodic universe model according to Special and general relativity. http://www.fm/7-sphere/

Seven Dimensional (and up) Einsteinian Hyperspherical Universe In Plain English (Auto translate via AltaVista by Samuel A. Cox, BS; MSEd. Where are those one or two orders of magnitude of mass necessary to give us the universe we observe? Why is the universe accelerating outward? Why is the early universe observed to be dominated by Black Holes? How is order created, conserved and preserved in the cosmos? Why can matter only exist on a microscopic singular foundation? These and many, many other observations and questions are answered by this quasi-static "Geometric Universe" model, in which the dimensional parameters of cosmology are logically adjusted to better fit the mathematical dualism of General Relativity. This site consists of descriptive material and informal, non technical discussion of the profound implications of Singularity, Duality and Periodicity in a General Relativity Cosmology Model based on ... hyperspherical space with seven large dimensions; two/ sphere, Schwarzschild geometry and a single process but periodic time dimension. The model features a discrete, massive quantum Planck Realm, dual 3-space "hemispheres" with submicroscopic, and macroscopic, (astronomical) singular/photonic antipodes, inverse mapping with cosmological time separation, a photon based frame of reference system- and "time reversal" without an inverse process! Palikir, Pohnpei; November 25, 1999; Site Constructed August 2, 2000

35. Gerard ’t Hooft Undergraduate lecture notes The lecture notes Introduction to general relativity (in English) click here. These notes now also http://www.phys.uu.nl/~thooft/

Name: t Hooft, Gerard Postal address: Spinoza Instituut , Leuvenlaan 4 Postbus 80.195 3508 TD Utrecht. Voorts verbonden aan: Institute for Theoretical Physics Universiteit Utrecht Leuvenlaan 4, 3584 CC Utrecht Tel.: +31 30 253 5928 Tel.: +31 30 253 1863 Fax: +31 30 253 5937 e-mail: g.thooft@phys.uu.nl Professor Theoretical Physics Lectures: Course NS-TP526: String Theory (for 4th and 5th year students), Lecture courses: Tuesdays, BBL 105 B, and Working classes: Thursdays, BBL 105 B. Undergraduate lecture notes: The lecture notes Introduction to General Relativity (in English) click here. These notes now also appeared as a book: Introduction to General Relativity , Rinton Press, Inc., Princeton NJ, ISBN 1-58949-000-2. There is a small ERRATUM referring to an equation in the end of these lectures (both in the book and in the notes of before Jan. 24,2001.) The lecture notes "Liegroepen" (in Dutch) can be clicked here. There are also exercises (in Dutch) . Solutions can be obtained from us but only after handing in motivated requests. A short compilation of the most common Special Functions and Polynomials and their properties, emphasizing the most important features that they all have in common.

36. General Relativity And Quantum Cosmology Preprints general relativity and Quantum Cosmology preprints general relativity and Quantum Cosmology preprints on the xxx.lanl.gov server (since 7/92). U.S. National Science Foundation ; Los Alamos http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://xxx.lanl.gov/archive/gr-qc&y=02DFD15

37. A Unified Field Theory A mathematical description of nature based on the geometry of SpaceTime. general relativity,Energy-Stress tensor, a set of current densities and Quantum mechanics for Spin 1 Bosons. Space-Time dimensions calculated and not put in by hand. http://homepage.ntlworld.com/peter.hickman1/

38. RELATIVITY: Bookmarks and Quanta (Brewer) MAGIC through two MILLENNIA Special relativity (U. Toronto) MAGIC throught two MILLENNIA - general relativity (U. Toronto) Homework http://physics.syr.edu/research/relativity/RELATIVITY.html

RELATIVITY: bookmarks RELATIVITY This is a collection of MUCH TOO MANY bookmarks that I don't really have time to update or maintain. Many links are probably dead. I do not necessarily endorse the content of any of these bookmarked sites. (new) Relativity Einstein Archives Online FJE Enterprises Home Page Modern Physics (Wijekumar - IUP) Fields and Spacetime (Schumacher - Kenyon) ... Hisaaki Shinkai's Links United States NSF Gravitational Physics NRC Committee on Gravitational Physics Grand Challenge Alliance Directory (via NCSA) A-R Austin College Boston U. (Einstein Papers Project) Brandeis U. Caltech TAPIR (Theoretical Astrophysics and Relativity) ... Saint Louis U. (Math) S-Z Syracuse U. Syracuse U. / NPAC Texas AM (Math-Phy) Truman State U. (Math) ... Washington U. - St. Louis Canada U. Alberta - CIAR Cosmology U. British Columbia U. Calgary (Hobill) U. Guelph ... U. Windsor Mexico Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP - Mexico) UNAM-ICN (Mexico) CINVESTAV (Mexico) SOUTH AMERICA U. Nacional de Cordoba UERJ (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) U. Buenos Aires (Quantum Theory and Gravitation) Instituto de Fisica (Montevideo, Uruguay) EUROPE / United Kingdom Austria U. Vienna

39. Hyperspace GR Hypertext A set of hypertext based services for general relativity research provided by the QMW relativity group. http://www.maths.qmw.ac.uk/hyperspace/

Welcome to HyperSpace! This service is sponsored by the International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation Welcome to the HyperSpace service at QMW, a set of hypertext based services for general relativity research provided by the QMW Relativity group, based on a similar service at the University of British Columbia. Software is by Steve Braham We have the following: Software for finding GR (e)mail addresses GR News Archive Our GR related FTP archives Preprint searches in the LANL archives ... Services of interest Address searches Here we have a nifty forms-based program, GR, that searches a list of e-mail and snail mail addresses important to the GR community. It has many personas that cross-reference each other in an intelligent way so that searching is made easy. It also gives links to various preprint databases. We have the following: GR the full forms-based program or you can access a simple version of each persona if you do not have forms support: GR/people Finds the e-mail and snail mail addresses of people in the GR community. GR/journal Finds the e-mail and snail mail addresses of journals and GR research groups.

40. Personal Page For Scott Watson A list of FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) regarding Cosmology, String theory, relativity and general Physics http://www.het.brown.edu/people/watson/pages/resources.htm

Home Research Teaching Resources ... Email Resources Below you will find links and suggested reading on various topics and at the beginning of each section a list of FAQ's (Frequently Asked Questions) that I have either received from others or that I have pondered at some point myself. If you would like to submit a question please do so [ here Topics Suggestions welcome General Physics Superstring Theory Cosmology ... General Relativity General Physics FAQs Can Theoretical Physics explain paranormal phenomena? Answer courtesy: Nobel Laureate Gerald t'Hooft What if all things can't be explained using physics? This is certainly a possibility, however, if physics and mathematics is inadequate to describe reality, that only leaves a realm that would be useless for us to know anyway. Besides "to know" means to apply a logical system to describe something, if mathematics (logic) is not applicable what else would one use? Faith is not an alternative to logic, for it is based on logic. One could define faith as the group of prejudices established by one to avoid reason. What is theoretical physics?

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