81. An Apology Of Rationalism: A Review Of P.B. Medawar’s The Limits Of Scienc An Apology of rationalism A Review of PB Medawar’s The Limits of Science. by.Katrina Goldsby. The Examined Life OnLine philosophy Journal, Vol. 01 Issue 03. http://examinedlifejournal.com/articles/template.php?shorttitle=limits&authorid=

82. 20th WCP: Classic Philosophy And Some Negative Characteristics Of Contemporary C was played by a current of philosophy called existentialism. It emerged, as itis well known, as a reaction against the Cartesian rationalism, panlogism of http://web.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Meta/MetaMaza.htm

Metaphysics Classic Philosophy and some Negative Characteristics of Contemporary Culture Academy of Catholic Theology ABSTRACT: Issues concerning the relationship between philosophy and culture are of actual significance. The point is that, although philosophy is a component of culture, nevertheless, in view of its specific character, it is shaping it. Philosophy contributes to an outlook" of culture, but the culture exerts an influence on the philosophy. Today, the failures of contemporary culture are not only heard but experienced every day. Sometimes, to express the state of present day culture, it is said: "the present culture is ill". The origin of these shortcoming is seen in philosophy and its way of diffusion. For even if philosophy is not the only factor of the "outlook" of culture, it is still one of its major causes. These circumstances are enough, I think, to ask a reasonable question: "In what way could classic philosophy be useful to overcome shortcomings of the contemporary culture?" The Word "Culture"

83. Catholic Home Study Service - Age Of Rationalism (1648-1789) TERM which became current for a new philosophy of life that followed the ProtestantReformation. Its norm was Naturalism and its method rationalism, as opposed http://www.cin.org/kc29-7.html

Catholic Home Study Service Age of Rationalism (1648-1789) Sponsored by the Vincentian Community (Congregation of the Mission) and the Missouri Knights of Columbus. We offer free correspondence courses on the Catholic Faith, courses that are faithful to the magisterium. Reprinted with permission. On the Continent of Europe, the Thirty Years War (1618-48) left Germany ruined and much of Europe exhausted. That conflict, despite its numerous political ramifications, had supposedly been a war for religious supremacy. Yet in this respect it had decided nothing, for the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 basically upheld the fairly equal division into Catholic and Protestant states that had been made at the Peace of Augsburg in 1555. At the same time Westphalia recognized similar divisions in Switzerland and the Netherlands: modern Belgium and Holland. Many persons were now prone to draw the conclusion that religion was not worth fighting for. If penal laws remained in most countries, they were henceforth less often enforced. THE IDEA OF TOLERANCE Pope was an Englishman who had witnessed the Civil War, Commonwealth, and Restoration (1642-60) produce in Britain much the same effects as the Thirty Years War had brought about on the Continent. Toleration became politically expedient for several strong Protestant denominations in England, if not yet for the small Catholic minority. Meanwhile, in English America a practical solution was slowly worked out of "separation of Church and State," which would become the working basis of an American Republic, though it was not to be popular in Europe for some years to come.

84. ORIENTALIA | Encyclopedia | Cultural Studies: Philosophy And Psychology | Ration Some Basic Problems of philosophy by Joel Feinberg, Russ ShaferLandau 05 July,2001. 9. Books The Rebirth of Classical Political rationalism An Introduction http://www.orientalia.org/term25867.html

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85. The Philosophy Of René Descartes - Page 1 René Descartes (picture) is justly considered the father of modern philosophyand the founder of the rational method as applied to philosophical research. http://radicalacademy.com/phildescartes1.htm

Classic Philosophers The Great Thinkers of Western Philosophy Academy Resources Glossary of Philosophical Terms Philosophy Search Engine Timeline of Philosophy A Timeline of American Philosophy ... Books about Religion in The Radical Academy Bookstore Shop Amazon Stores in the Radical Academy Bookstore Magazine Outlet Music Store Video Store ... Baby Superstore TABLE OF CONTENTS I. II. III. IV. ... The Development of Cartesian Rationalism I. General Observations picture ) is justly considered the father of modern philosophy and the founder of the rational method as applied to philosophical research. In fact, he is the first philosopher to begin with the impressions which are in our intellect (intellectual phenomenalism) and lay down the laws which reason must follow in order to arrive at reasonably certain philosophical data. This phenomenalism does not find its full development in Descartes. Indeed, Descartes reaches metaphysical conclusions which are no different from those of Scholastic philosophy. He maintains the transcendency of God, upholds human liberty and Christian morality.

86. An Essay On Philosophy By Blupete. While he is taking an enlarged and rational view of the matter before him, he Donot charms fly, At the mere touch of cold philosophy? § philosophy will http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Essays/BluePete/Phil.htm

Philosophy. By Peter Landry. ". . . That is a narrow way of putting it [misery dissolved in thought]: there is no subject to which man can more fitly give his attention, for it deals with the greatest problems that confront his soul, value, God, immortality and the meaning of life." W. Somerset Maugham TOC A Short Note: Quotes: Glossary. [UP] A Short Note On Philosophy. Boswell describes, in his biography of the English lexicographer, where Dr. Johnson , after a forty year absence meets an old class-fellow, Oliver Edwards. They had met by chance in the street. Edwards was at the time of the meeting living on a little farm of about sixty acres, seemingly, quite happy, from season to season, to see his grass, his corn, and his trees growing. He addressed his illustrious friend: "You are a philosopher, Dr. Johnson. I have tried too, in my time, to be a philosopher; but, I don't know how, cheerfulness was always breaking in." Then there is the story of David Hume , who, when he began to be known in the world as a philosopher, was admonished by a Mr. White, a decent rich merchant of London: "I am surprised, Mr. Hume, that a man of your good sense should think of being a philosopher. Why, I did take it into my head to be a philosopher for some time, but tired of it most confoundedly, and very soon gave it up." "Pray, sir", said Mr. Hume, "in what branch of philosophy did you employ your researches? What books did you read? "Books?" said Mr. White; "nay sir, I read no books, but I used to sit whole forenoons a-yawning and poking the fire."

87. Timeline Of Western Philosophy [Internet Encyclopedia Of Philosophy] 17TH AND 18TH CENTURY philosophy. Continental RationalismDescartes, Spinoza, Malebranche Moral and Political philosophy Machiavelli, Pufendorf, Beccaria, Cudworth, Cumberland http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/westtime.htm

Timeline of Western Philosophy ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY The PreSocratics: Ionian: Thales Anaximander Diogenes of Apollonia Anaximenes ... Pythagoras Eleatic: Xenophanes Parmenides Zeno Pluralists: Empedocles Anaxagoras Atomists: Leucippus Democritus Sophists Protagoras ... Prodicus Socrates and Followers Megarians: Euclides Stilpo Cynics: Antisthenes, ... Aristippus Plato and Followers Academy Plato Arcesilaus Carneades Aristotle and Followers Aristotle (Overview) Aristotle (Motion) Aristotle (Metaphysics) Aristotle (Ethics) ... Theophrastus Hellenistic Philosophy Epicureanism: Epicurus Lucretius Stoicism: Stoicism (Overview) Stoicism (Philosophy of Mind) Stoicism (Ethics) Cleanthes ... Sextus Empiricus Late Hellenistic: Eclecticism Roman Philosophy Diogenes Laertius Polyhistor ... Plotinus MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY Early Middle Ages: Origen Pseudo-Dionysius Augustine High Middle Ages: Anselm Lombard Aquinas Late Middle Ages: Eckhart Ockham RENAISSANCE PHILOSOPHY Humanism ... Erasmus Reformation: Luther Scientific Revolution: Bacon Galileo Neostoicism Justus Lipsius 17TH AND 18TH CENTURY PHILOSOPHY Continental Rationalism: Descartes Spinoza Malebranche ... Hume (Essays) French: French Deism Encyclopedists Rousseau Diderot ... Helvetius German: Kant (Metaphysics) Kant (Aesthetics) Hamann British: Hobbes English Deism Herbert of Cherbury Butler ... Paley American: Paine Moral and Political Philosophy: Machiavelli Pufendorf Beccaria Cudworth ... Shaftesbury 19TH CENTURY PHILOSOPHY German: German Idealism Hegel (Social and Political) Jacobi Von Hartmann ... J.G. Fichte

88. Philosophy Definition / Sociology Definition / Philosophy And Sociology / Defini philosophy should concern itself only with surviving. Sociology should stick toits rational goal of making predictions from data (since Descartes called http://huizen.daxis.nl/~henkt/philosophy-sociology-definition.html

Definition of Philosophy and Sociology Sociology seen as Multiple Choice Philosophy / Evolution and human concept 'life' What became (the definition of) Philosophy? Somewhere in evolution man started to recognize itself, and to start using this property in the struggle for survival. This ever more subtle ability much later became to be known as philosophizing. Without getting into difficult discussions, and without vanity like placing humans in a special place towards evolution, one can say in general: In evolution the goal of Philosophy is constructing strategies (fantasies) to get into a more favorable position than natural human enemies. In fact it's about realizing your purpose of life. Succesful strategies get more and more complex, and finally become sciences. That way what started as counting the members of a hunted herd or of an attacking enemy, developed into the study mathematics. Philosophy is not to be considered only as a method to generate views, BUT (according to me) as a way of evolution to improve life. Only the study philosophy is human made. To follow evolution the goal of the study philosophy should be a returning to basics and this study should aim only at answering problems of life. It should become again 'mother of all sciences'. That means as well assisting infant sciences to grow up. For instance the young science Brain Neurology is urgently in need op help. In the meantime at many Western and also other universities the study philosophy seems degraded to writing and copying complex essays with difficult titles and a lot of references. Maybe such essays are meant for hitting enemies. Mind that there are still philosophers with eye for their purpose, but that is not the general impression that got stung.

89. Glossary Of Terms: Em knowledge. This is why, historically, Empiricism could not answer thecritique of rationalism and fell into scepticism. Experience http://www.marxists.org/glossary/terms/e/m.htm

MIA Encyclopedia of Marxism : Glossary of Terms Em Empiricism Doctrine that sense experience is the sole source of knowledge. Empiricism originated in England in the seventeenth century with Bacon Hobbes and Locke , when it was a materialist Rationalist critique of Empiricism, and particularly the idealist critique of Berkeley forced empiricism to the scepticism of Hume : experience was the only source of knowledge, but could not give us "certain knowledge". For example, we may know that the Sun has always risen in the East, and this may be good enough for practical purposes, but Hume explained that we cannot know for certain that the Sun will rise in the East tommorow. Empiricism is characterised, on the one hand, by an uncritical attitude towards the categories through which Experience is grasped, and on the other by rejection of the significance of Reason in acquiring knowledge. This is why, historically, Empiricism could not answer the critique of Rationalism and fell into scepticism . Experience does not by itself give necessary and universal knowledge. Experience must be supplemented by the activity of Reason. The chief defect of Empiricism is that it views experience passively , whereas in order to retain a consistent materialist understanding of experience it is necessary to recognise that it is the practical activity of people changing the world which is the condition and source of knowledge. Further, knowledge only arises in and through definite social relations, through which people produce the forms of activity under which experience can be grasped; but for Empricism, experience is not a social activity, but simply a passive, sensual process.

90. Untitled Document In philosophy, as is usually the case in everyday thinking, the question of whatcounts as rational usually arises in the context of dispute or disagreement. http://online.elcamino.edu/phil2/Lectures/PhilReason.htm

We all know that it's hard for people to agree on what is, or is not, moral. But it seems odd to say that we also might disagree on what is rational. After all, the very concept of rationality is understood in relation to a univeral human capacity - the exercise of the very reason which seems to unite us as a distinct species. We all possess the capacity to reason, so the thinking goes. And reason itself is a distinct capacity with its own defining characteristics (as opposed to, say, our capacity for musical expression, or for an emotional life). It seems to follow that "what is rational" should be fairly constant among people, and should be recognizable as such. Well and good; but here's some confounding observations: The idea of a common rationality has, indeed, been used to unite, as was the case during the Women's Suffrage Movement in America. However, it has also been used to divide and conquer, as was the case during the British Empire's colonial policies of ruling "the natives" until they were "capable of rational self-governance." The word, "rational," has a remarkably fluid meaning in everyday life. Sometimes, the words "rational" and "logical" are used interchangeably. Other times, we call something "rational" if, loosely speaking, it "makes sense" to us - and what makes sense might not be logical at all! More often than we might like to admit, we also call someone's behavior or thinking "rational" when, frankly, what we really mean to say is that we would do the same thing, or that we agree with the thinking, regardless of the objective virtues of that behavior or thinking.

91. Transhumanist Philosophy programming and posthumanity. Other Sites. Arkuat s meme workshop. PancriticalRationalism, memetics and philosophy links. Books. See also. http://www.aleph.se/Trans/Cultural/Philosophy/

Transhuman Page Cultural Sphere Philosophy Seek those who find your road agreeable, your personality and mind stimulating, your philosophy acceptable, and your experience helpful. Let whose who do not, seek their own kind. Henri Fabre Transhumanism is no dogmatic, rigid philosophy with a fixed system of thought or goals defined once and for all. Instead it is a conglomerate of different memes which fit rather well together and support each other without competing too much. This page makes an attempt to link to some of these memes, or to memes which transhumanists tend to support for various reasons. Sections Transhumanist Philosophy Introductions Definitions, Manifestos and Influential Texts Transhumanistic Ideas ... See Also Transhumanist Philosophy Introductions On Becoming Posthuman by Max More. Discusses the reasons to seek to transcend the current Human Condition to reach Posthumanity. Transhumanism by Greg Burch. A concise and readable introduction to the transhumanist way of thinking. Toward new ideologies by FM-2030.

92. Questia Online Library - New Search 55, 2002. Subjects DialecticPhilosophy, Moses ben MaimonPhilosophy, PhilosophyLiterature,RationalismPhilosophy, ContradictionPhilosophy. 3. http://www.questia.com/SM.qst?act=search&subjects=Rationalism&subjectsSearchType

93. The Renaissance And 17th Century Rationalism: Routledge History Of Philosophy Vo The Renaissance and 17th Century rationalism Routledge History ofPhilosophy Volume 4. The Renaissance and 17th Century rationalism http://www.phil-books.com/The_Renaissance_and_17th_Century_Rationalism_Routledge

The Renaissance and 17th Century Rationalism: Routledge History of Philosophy Volume 4 The Renaissance and 17th Century Rationalism: Routledge History of Philosophy Volume 4 by Authors: G. H. R. Parkinson Released: 01 May, 2003 ISBN: 0415308763 Paperback Sales Rank: List price: Our price: You save: Book > The Renaissance and 17th Century Rationalism: Routledge History of Philosophy Volume 4 > Customer Reviews: The Renaissance and 17th Century Rationalism: Routledge History of Philosophy Volume 4 > Related Products phil - books

94. >UC Davis Philosophy 175 (Mattey) Lecture Notes, Leibnizian Rationalism Previous Lecture. Critique of Pure Reason. Lecture Notes, January 11, 1995 LeibnizianRationalism. GJ Mattey. Next Lecture. Leibniz. philosophy 175 Home Page. http://hume.ucdavis.edu/kant/LEIBLEC2.HTM

Previous Lecture Critique of Pure Reason Lecture Notes, January 11, 1995: Leibnizian Rationalism G. J. Mattey The realm of possible worlds is in the mind of God; only the actual world has any existence on its own, according to Leibniz. Creation is the result of God's decree, and this decree flows from God's nature. God is free in this respect: that the other worlds are options which were available for God to choose. The constituents of each possible world are distinct from those of any other world. In contemporary terms, there is no "cross-world" or "trans-world" identity. Although different worlds could contain an individual meeting the description "the first man," only one world, ours, contains Adam. In the other worlds, the first man is someone else. What makes an individual possible is that its concept contains no contradiction. For Leibniz, an individual is fully described by an individual concept; anyone grasping the concept in its entirety would know everything there is to know about that individual, save whether it exists. To put it another way, the representation of the individual is "given" through its individual concept. A contradiction is harbored by a concept just in case the analysis of that concept yields a property and its negation. For example, the concept of a square circle contains the concepts "having angles" and "not having angles," A and not-A. Thus a contradictory concept C is one which upon analysis can be found to have a property and the absence of that property. There is no guarantee that a concept is not contradictory, unless it can be analyzed into its simplest components.

95. Library: Books In Realistic rationalism , Jerrold J. Katz develops a new philosophicalposition integrating realism and rationalism. Realism here http://cognet.mit.edu/library/books/view?isbn=0262112299

96. Popper's Critical Rationalism Critical rationalism (CR) is the name given to a strand of philosophythat considers the nature of problems and their solutions. http://www.wisewords.demon.co.uk/popper/

Updated: 27 November 2002 Critical Rationalism: a personal account Introduction Main article Other articles The Karl Popper Web ... Criticise I hold that orthodoxy is the death of knowledge, since the growth of knowledge depends entirely on the existence of disagreement. Admittedly, disagreement may lead to strife, and even to violence. And this, I think, is very bad indeed, for I abhor violence. Yet disagreement may also lead to discussion, to argument and to mutual criticism. And these, I think, are of paramount importance, I suggest that the greatest step towards a better and more peaceful world was taken when the war of swords was first supported, and later sometimes even replaced, by a war of words. This is why my topic is of some practical significance. - Karl Popper

97. Japanese Philosophy : Routledge Encyclopedia Of Philosophy Online It criticized the neoConfucian and Western philosophical tendencies toward rationalismand positivism, even while accepting many ideas from those traditions. http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/G100/

HOME HELP Article Bibliography ... 9 Postwar developments THOMAS P. KASULIS Japanese philosophy The most distinctive characteristic of Japanese philosophy is how it has assimilated and adapted foreign philosophies to its native worldview. As an isolated island nation, Japan successfully resisted foreign invasion until 1945 and, although it borrowed ideas freely throughout its history, was able to do so without the imposition of a foreign military or colonial presence. Japanese philosophy thus bears the imprint of a variety of foreign traditions, but there is always a distinctively Japanese cultural context. In order to understand the dynamics of Japanese thought, therefore, it is necessary to examine both the influence of various foreign philosophies through Japanese history and the underlying or continuing cultural orientation that set the stage for which ideas would be assimilated and in what way. The major philosophical traditions to influence Japan from abroad have been Confucianism, Buddhism, neo-Confucianism and Western philosophy. Daoism also had an impact, but more in the areas of alchemy, prognostication and folk medicine than in philosophy. Although these traditions often overlapped, each also had distinctive influences. In its literary forms, Japanese philosophy began about fourteen centuries ago. Confucian thought entered Japan around the fifth century

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