41. RATIONALISM i.; Benn, History of rationalism (1906). See also histories of philosophy and theologyin the 19th century, and the valuable article sc by 0. Kim in Herzog http://20.1911encyclopedia.org/R/RA/RATIONALISM.htm

RATIONALISM RATIONALISM See Stndlin, Geschichte des Rationalismus (Gottingen, 1826); Hase, Theologische Streitschriften in Gesammelte Werke, viii. (1892); Ruckert, Der Rationalismus (1859); Tholuck, Vorgeschichte des Rat. (1853-1861) and Geschichte des Rat. (1865); Ritschl, Christ. RATIBOR LOUIS GUSTAVE FORTUNE RATISBONNE

42. SYLLABUS SPRING 1998 rationalism Empiricism philosophy 300*. California State University,Fullerton. Syllabus. Descartes Notes Most Recent Update 3/8/98. http://members.aol.com/LUFikeJr/re.html

California State University, Fullerton Syllabus Descartes Notes Most Recent Update: 3/8/98 "The Great Chain of Being" Instructor: Lawrence Udell Fike, Jr. Office: Education Classroom 479C Office Hours: W 11:00-11:50 F 11:00-11:50 F 12:00-12:50 Course Meeting Times: MW 13:00-14:15 Course Meeting Location: Education Classroom 124 Catalog Number: Cal State Fullerton Philosophy Club Link: Cal State University Fullerton Philosophy Club COURSE DESCRIPTION: in the thought of Descartes, Locke, Leibniz, Berkeley, and Hume. Some appreciation for the context in which these problems became central philosophical preoccupations will also be discussed. SHOULD YOU TAKE THIS COURSE? This is a reading- and discussion-intensive course that requires careful, patient analysis of sophisticated philosophical argumentation. The reading is intellectually demanding. I will attempt to moderate discussions sufficiently so that the material is accessible to those with minimal philosophical preparation, but will assume either a genuine interest in the problems and/or thinkers we are studying, or else at least one previous course in philosophy with an earned grade of A or B. See also the section titled, "Format" below. REQUIRED BOOKS (online links embedded in list): Rene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy

43. Environmental Philosophy And Ethics: Knowledge Of The Environment. Pion; Miller, D. (1994) Critical rationalism. Open Court. Cambridge UniversityPress. Redman, D. (1991) Economics and the philosophy of Science. http://ecospace.newport.ac.uk/philosophy/cssratis.html

Environmentalism, Rationalism and Ethics CRITICAL RATIONALISM: "It thus leads, almost by necessity, to the realisation that our attempts to see and to find the truth are not final, but open to improvement, our knowledge, our doctrine, is conjectural; that it consists of guesses, of hypothesis, rather than that of final and certain truths: and that criticism and critical discussion are our only means of getting nearer to the truth. It thus leads to the tradition of bold conjectures and of free criticism, the tradition that created the rational or scientific attitude, and with it our Western Civilisation, the only civilisation which is based upon science.................... Karl Popper (1958). The Beginnings of Rationalism. From A Pocket Popper. Edited by David Miller (1983). Fontana Press. p 29. Key characteristics of critical rationalism. It is a methodological approach involving: A consideration of the arguments of other people regardless of their status. It aims at equity and reduces domination by one particular group. An emphasis on testable statements, experimentation and refutation.

44. Environmental Philosophy And Ethics: Introduction And Rationale. In a broader sense, rationalism is a philosophy that upholds the theory whichstates that we can understand the outside world by the use of reason alone. http://ecospace.newport.ac.uk/philosophy/cssintro.htm

Written and designed by Malcolm McElhone. Course Introduction. Objectives. Ideologies. Philosophy. Critical rationalism. Science. Situational logic. Risk. ... Deep Ecology. Conservation. Birds Learning Resources. Schedule. References. Journal. Words. ... Questions. Student's views Inductivism. Quotes. Discussion. The shell of Nautilus pompilius. Environmentalism, Rationalism and Ethics 2.1 COURSE RATIONALE Karl Popper's idea of a rationalist is a person, who wishes to understand the world by a process of arguing with others, criticizing them, inviting their criticism and trying to learn from it. In a broader sense, rationalism is a philosophy that upholds the theory which states that we can understand the outside world by the use of reason alone. In other words, we have the power to think, judge and draw logical conclusions. This kind of intellectual inquiry is opposed to use of emotions, feelings, instincts or intuitions as a true guide to an understanding of the world outside us. Rationalists are convinced by logical or sensible arguments; they are bound by good reason. Rationalism has been and is a promising and fertile line of inquiry. In science, it is progressive, realist and useful. In technology, rationalism has presented us with problems more difficult than we have ever faced. Later in the course, it is argued that we should not relinquish the responsibility of solving these problems to experts alone as their judgments may be flawed. Much scientific knowledge, as judged by its power of explanation and prediction, is better than it was two thousand years ago, or so it is claimed. In the last two hundred years, scientific knowledge of the world has grown by staggering proportions and science's claim to approach certain truths about the world we live in is valid.

45. Materialism in its reliance on scientific method, falsification, etc) than any other religionor philosophy. Scientistic Materialism is usually associated with rationalism. http://www.kheper.net/topics/worldviews/materialism.htm

Materialism note: the word Materialism is here used to indicate a particular philosophical position, rather than a hedonistic lifestyle. A less well-knwon but more precise term is Physicalism Materialism is the si mplest (or most simplistic) explanation of reality: the belief that all that exists is the physical; there are no higher realities; no psychic or spiritual truths independent of the physical world . Materialism itself is a meme , a specific, culturally determined way of thinking about reality A slightly longer definition: Philosophical materialism (physicalism) is the metaphysical view that there is only one substance in the universe and that substance is physical, empirical or material. Regarding the "big questions", the sceptical or Materialistic explanation of the universe is that everything is matter and energy, and there is nothing else. Spiritual substance is a delusion. Consciousness is explained simply as an emergent phenomenon of the physical brain . There can therefore be no such things as the "supernatural ", paranormal phenomena, post-mortem existence , or occult phenomena. These are either delusions or reducible to physical forces. Materialists are not necessarily atheists (as it is possible to identify God with the material universe, as in

46. Eastern And Western Philosophy philosophy OF FREETHINKER HUMANISM AND rationalism. The philosophyof rationalism by The Radical Academy. philosophy of Religion. http://www.uni-giessen.de/~gk1415/philosophy.htm

Philosophy is the noblest heritage of mankind, the eternal search for absolute truth. An effort free from emotion to assess the situation of mankind in the cosmos Philosophy Quick Index Reference Eastern Philosophy Western Philosophy Political Philosophy Net Resources: ... German Resources For a parallel to the lesson of atomic theory -.."we must turn to those" ... kinds of epistemological problems with which already thinkers like Buddha and Lao-Tzu have been confronted, when trying harmonise our position as spectators and actors in the great drama of existence Niels Bohr - Danish Physicist from " Atomic physics and Human knowledge" EASTERN PHILOSOPHY Believe nothing ! Belief is a confession of ignorance ! Therefore do not even believe what even I tell you ! All I can do is to teach you to enlighten yourselves. Your first duty is to abolish your ignorance, and only you yourselves can do this Buddha Indian Philosophy Indian Philosophy by David J Melling Indian philosophy before the Greeks by David J Melling Indian Philosophy and Religion maintainedGomu Wisdom of Emptiness History of Budhhism in India Sanskrit Manuscripts at the PENN Library Theravada Text Archives download Buddhist Studies BuddhaNet.

47. PHIL 3022001—MODERN PHILOSOPHY DR has come to be known as the Modern period in philosophy (despite the fact that convincingarguments have been made that the rationalism/empiricism distinction http://carbon.cudenver.edu/~cshelby/RationalismSyllabus.htm

RATIONALISM DR. CANDICE SHELBY M-W 11:30a.m. - 12:45p.m. OFFICE: ROOM: PL 131 PHONE: 556-3223 email: cshelby@carbon.cudenver.edu SYLLABUS Rationalism is one of the two great traditions characterizing what has come to be known as the Modern period in philosophy (despite the fact that convincing arguments have been made that the rationalism/empiricism distinction cannot coherently be made). This course undertakes the in-depth analysis of the work of three highly influential rationalist thinkers of 17 th century, attempting to elucidate several themes which not only characterize these writers as rationalists, but which continue to inspire philosophers and others who attempt to come to terms with the nature of the world and human existence. Through focusing our attention upon the writing of Renee Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, and Wilhelm Gottfried von Leibniz, we will consider such issues as the mind/body distinction, and the questions that distinction raises about the common experience of a unified “self”, as well as about the possibility and source(s) of our knowledge; the nature of causality and the implications of that notion for science; and finally, the possibility of human freedom.

48. Philosophical 'Isms' At Erratic Impact's Philosophy Research Base the Internet Encyclopedia of philosophy The term Continental rationalism traditionallyrefers to a 17th century philosophical movement begun by Descartes. http://www.erraticimpact.com/~topics/html/philosophical_isms_nz.htm

Major Topics Index New Book Search Used Book Search 20th Century Names ... Advertising Philosophical 'Isms' (Cont.) Online Resources Texts: Philosophical 'Isms' Texts: Philosophical 'Isms' Texts: Philosophical 'Isms' ... Know of a Resource? A Contrarian's Dictionary: 2000 Damnable Definitions For The Year 2000 by Murray L. Bob and Wilhelm Busch A 200 page dictionary containing 2,000 definitions for contrarians, sceptics and realists. The viewpoint is iconoclastic and the style is satiric. The goal is to "define" terms, names, and euphemisms in an amusing, pithy way. Many of the entries are topical and quotable. All (with the exception, perhaps, of half-a-dozen) are original. Most of the entries are one-, two-, and three-liners, although a few are longer. Inspired by Ambrose Bierce's classic, "Devil's Dictionary," this is a book that will make the reader think - and smile. Topics covered include: politics, economics, religion, psychology, film, the theater, literature, philosophy, New Age, management, media, personalities, and entertainment. Many of the definitions are accompanied by marvelous illustrations by the greatest cartoonist- caricaturist who ever lived, Wilhelm Busch.

49. Medieval Judaism: Rationalism And Philosophy Introduction to Judaism. Basic Concepts from. S. Daniel Breslauer, UnderstandingJudaism through History. Medieval Judaism. rationalism and philosophy. http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~elsegal/RelS369/B04b_MedievalRationalism.html

Notes for Religious Studies 369: Introduction to Judaism Basic Concepts from S. Daniel Breslauer, Understanding Judaism through History Medieval Judaism Rationalism and Philosophy Limited primarily to Sepharadic realm. Tendency towards systematic thought affects additional activities; e.g., codification of religious law. Rediscovery of Greek philsophical tradition by Muslim Arabs. Translation of Plato, Aristotle and others from Syriac to Arabic. Usefulness for arguing truth of monotheis, morality and other features of traditional revealed religions. Philosophers tend to be more universalistic in outlook, less emphasis on special status of Jewish people. Sa'adiah Ga'on: Book of Doctrines and Opinions Composed in Arabic, in style of Muslim Kalam literature. Presumes that philosophy/science and revealed religion lead to same conclusions. Raises question: Why is there need for two sources of truth? Problem of divine attributes: If multiple qualities apply to God, can he truly be "one"? Solution: Most attributes are mere metaphors directed to limitations of human mind. I God there is no real distinction. Anthropomorphism: All language that suggests that God is physical or human-like should be understood as figures of speech, and never literally.

50. Movements - Rationalism Huston Smith Religions Religion World Religions Religion Comparative Religion philosophy Movements - rationalism philosophy Spirituality http://topics.practical.org/browse/Movements_-_Rationalism

51. Rationalism Against Method. Against Method Paul Feyerabend Science philosophy Methodology rationalism philosophy Social Aspects Mind Body . http://topics.practical.org/browse/Rationalism

topics.practical.org Rationalism Reason and Responsibility: Readings in Some Basic Problems of Philosophy Joel Feinberg Russ Shafer-Landau Philosophy ... Philosophy

52. ThinkQuest : Library : Think: Philosophy School of Thought rationalism. rationalism rationalism is the philosophicalview that regards reason as the primary source and test of knowledge. http://library.thinkquest.org/C0110297/index.php?fuseaction=reference&type=schoo

53. PAUL STERN, SOCRATIC RATIONALISM AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY PAUL STERN, SOCRATIC rationalism AND POLITICAL philosophy. Stern, Paul. SOCRATICrationalism AND POLITICAL philosophy An Interpretation of Plato s Phaedo . http://webpages.ursinus.edu/rrichter/stern.html

PAUL STERN, SOCRATIC RATIONALISM AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY Stern, Paul. SOCRATIC RATIONALISM AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY: An Interpretation of Plato's Phaedo . Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1993. BIOGRAPHIC AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC Paul Stern is a member of the Politics Department at Ursinus College. His inspired teaching at Ursinus won him special recognition at the 1996 commencement. The book is based on Stern's dissertation at the University of Chicago. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction, p.1. The Issues of the Phaedo. Mode of Interpretation. II. The Defense of Socrates, p. 9. Overview. The Opening Scene. Socrates' Poetic Defense of Philosophy. Philosophy as Preparation for Death. III. The Proofs of Immortality, p. 49. Overview. Opposites. Recollection. Likeness. Objections. IV. Socrates' "Second Sailing", p. 91. Overview. Misology. Socrates' Reply to Simmias: Soul as Harmonia . Socrates' Reply to Cebes: The Second Sailing. V. Socrates' Final Teaching, p. 147. Overview. Immortality and Imperishability. The True Earth. The Death of Socrates. VI. Conclusion, p. 179.

54. The Philosophy Of Science to master the natural world. The two main philosophical points ofview were rationalism and empiricism. Then, at the end of the http://kosmoi.com/Science/Philosophy/

EncycloZine Astronomy Biology Chemistry ... The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Kuhn, Thomas S. Kuhn The Holographic Universe Michael Talbot Recommendation: The Demon-Haunted World: Science As a Candle in the Dark Carl Sagan Recommendation: The Tao of Physics: An Exploration of the Parallels Between Modern Physics and Eastern Mysticism Fritjof Capra Ideas and Opinions Albert Einstein Juan Enriquez Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time Michael Shermer Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea Charles Seife, Matt Zimet COMPLEXITY: THE EMERGING SCIENCE AT THE EDGE OF ORDER AND CHAOS M. Mitchell Waldrop The Privileged Planet: How Our Place in the Cosmos Is Designed for Discovery Guillermo Gonzalez, Jay Wesley Richards The Philosophy of Science About Us A - Z Site Map Top Pages ... Cell Phones See also: Philosophy Science Scientific Method Links ... Philosophy The philosophy of science seeks to clarify the objectives and means used by scientists, and what is the reliability of scientific theories. Science is popularly viewed as a cumulative and progressive activity. However this view has profound philosophical implications, and in fact the effort to define the nature of science is in itself part of the history of philosophy.

55. Article From PHILOSOPHY PATHWAYS Issue 48 rules. Since Descartes the influence of rationalism only grew. So allscience is pure reason, and therefore also is philosophy. For http://www.philosophos.com/philosophy_article_37.html

The Inevitability of Philosophy by Henk Tuten Philosophy is often called useless. Not seldom in circles of 'exact' science. This observation is completely opposite to my 'intuition'. Therefore I wrote this article. Splitting mental processes in understanding and reasoning is quite artificial, but for Kant this was necessary to distinguish knowledge based on experience, and judgements based on reason alone. In Kant's view: In science we try to understand, while reason gives us metaphysics. Or science was considered as objective mind-modeling of reality using concepts, and metaphysics seen subjectively as pure reasoning. The border between physics and metaphysics became common sense, but in fact it is nothing but a since long outdated concept. This border was quite useful in an ever more rational world, but it is merely a rational invention by thinkers like Descartes and Hume. Splitting presumed objective experiences from so called subjective thought fits perfectly in a 100 per cent rational view. It's like calling somebody a terrorist, when this person sees themself as fighting for life. Kant invented the suspect concept of a priori to fit the rational concept 'subjective' in his world of thought. Maybe Kant was the last of the really great non-rational thinkers. Yet he admired Hume, and tried to make the metaphysical world work according to rational rules.

56. Philosophy - AntiSpecies.com rationalism. rationalism is the philosophical view that truth can bederived from valid reasoning, without any experience to confirm it. http://www.antispecies.com/philosophy/rationalism.php

@import "/style.css"; Rationalism Rationalism is the philosophical view that truth can be derived from valid reasoning, without any experience to confirm it. Associated closely with rationalism is the concept of "innate" ideas and truths that, which is opposed to the concept of empiricism . Rational ideas are often expressed by religious philosophers to 'prove' the content of their faith. XAdvance Web Technologies, Inc About this Site Bibliography Link to Us Network: Mythology Philosophy at AntiSpecies Philosophy Cosmology ... Philosophical Texts

57. Philosophy Department 1900 (9 units) philosophy 290 History of philosophy Greek philosophy (3) philosophy300 History of philosophy rationalism and Empiricism (3) philosophy 301 http://www.fullerton.edu/catalog/academic_departments/phil.asp

Home Page Academic Departments : Philosophy Department Page Catalog Home Degree Listing Catalog Search Course Search ... Dept Homepage Department Chair Albert Flores Department Office Humanities 314 Department Website http://hss.fullerton.edu/philosophy/ Programs Offered Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy Concentration in Social, Moral, and Legal Philosophy for the Professions Minor in Philosophy Faculty Mitch Avila, Heather Battaly, Amy Coplan, Albert Flores, James R. Hofmann, Craig K. Ihara, Merrill Ring, J. Michael Russell, Shari Starrett Advisers For advisement about the major, minor, or concentration in philosophy, please contact the departmental undergraduate adviser. Introduction Top of page Philosophy began when people first questioned the accounts poets and priests had handed down about the structure of the world and the meaning of human life. Since then philosophers have helped create and explore virtually every aspect of our cultural life, including science, Awards in Philosophy The Paul C. Hayner Memorial Award, to the outstanding graduating senior in philosophy; the William H. Alamshah Memorial Prize, for the best undergraduate philosophy essay submitted; the Claire and Craig Ihara Award for contribution to the philosophical community.

58. Continental Rationalism Syllabus Course syllabus for Continental rationalism. Part of the OhioLINK history of philosophyinstructional website, developed by the Department of philosophy at http://karn.ohiolink.edu/philosophy/31003/br_f96_syl.html

OhioLINK History of Philosophy Website Philosophy 31003/001 Continental Rationalism 8:50-9:40 a.m. M/W/F 203 Bowman Hall Fall 1996 Professor Brian Rosmaita 320-N Bowman Hall Office Hours: 10:00 a.m-12:00 p.m. M/W/F and by appointment. The aim of our studies should be to direct the mind with a view to forming true and sound judgements about whatever comes before it. Rules for the Direction of the Mind , Rule One Contents Aim of the Course Texts Requirements grading ... Academic Complaints Aim of the Course The subject of this course is a European philosophical movement of the 17th and early 18th centuries which maintains the adequacy of a priori reason as a means of obtaining substantial truths about the world. Rationalism takes the term 'world' in a broad sense, holding that unaided reason can settle all issues in metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics, in addition to being the proper approach to developing the natural sciences. Our study of continental rationalism will be organized around a "figure" approach, as we carefully examine the writings of Descartes, Leibniz, and Spinoza. Not only are these philosophers interesting in themselves, but they have exerted enormous influence upon subsequent developments in Western philosophy. The first half of the semester will be devoted entirely to Descartes. Among the works we will read (and approximately in this order) are the

59. Continental Rationalism Homepage Continental rationalism homepage. Part of the OhioLINK history of philosophy instructionalwebsite, developed by the Department of philosophy at Kent State http://karn.ohiolink.edu/philosophy/31003/

OhioLINK History of Philosophy Website Continental Rationalism This is the homepage for our course on Continental Rationalism. Follow the hyperlinks on this page to course syllabi, their associated writing exercises, and information about the design of writing intensive courses in the Department of Philosophy at Kent State University. Professor Brian J. Rosmaita (Fall 1996) Writing-Intensive Course Guidelines Research Assistance Easy SearchTool for Continental Rationalism About the Easy SearchTool Additional Search Terms About the Additional Search Terms T his page is part of the OhioLINK History of Philosophy Instructional Website designed and developed by the Department of Philosophy at Kent State University. We are interested in any comments you may have concerning this project. Send e-mail to the KSU Department of Philosophy Instructional Website Development Team Return to the OhioLINK History of Philosophy Homepage This page was last modified Fri 9 Jul 1999 at 21:52:17 EDT.

60. Overview Of Russian Philosophy Russian philosophy laid a foundation for the criticism of rationalism, objectification,and essentialism the metaphysics of general laws which was http://www.emory.edu/INTELNET/rus_thought_overview.html

Mikhail Epstein. AN OVERVIEW OF RUSSIAN PHILOSOPHY "The Karamazovs are not scoundrels but philosophers, because all real Russian people are philosophers..." Dmitry Karamazov, in Fyodor Dostoevsky. The Brothers Karamazov It is a property of the Russian people to indulge in philosophy. ...The fate of the philosopher in Russia is painful and tragic. Nikolai Berdyaev. The Russian Idea Introduction What is philosophy? There is no simple and universal definition and many thinkers consider the task of such a definition to be impossible. The most credible attempt is a nominalistic reference: philosophy is what Plato and Aristotle, Kant and Hegel were occupied with. Perhaps, the single most famous and broadly citedif slightly eccentricdefinition belongs to A. N. Whitehead: philosophy is a series of footnotes to Plato. If this is true, then Russian philosophy must be viewed as an indispensable part of the Western intellectual tradition since it provides perhaps the most elaborated footnotes to the most mature and comprehensive dialogues of Plato: The Republic and The Laws . Questions of social ethics and political philosophy, of an individual's relationship to a State, of adequate knowledge and virtuous behavior, of wisdom and power, of religious and aesthetic values, of ideas and ideals as guidelines for human life all of these are central to Russian philosophy and exemplify its continuing relevance vis-a-vis Plato's legacy and the Western tradition in its broadest sense. Moreover, the very status of ideas in Russian philosophy mirrors Plato's vision of them as ontological entities, "laws", or ideal principlesas opposed to mere epistemological units. In discussing Russian philosophy, especially that of its Soviet period, we are bound to consider the practical fate of such Platonic conceptions as we explore the final outcome of an ideocratic utopia, wherein philosophy was designated to rule the republic.

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