21. Islam And Islamic Philosophy they turned first to Greek science and then to Greek philosophy. According to KarenArmstrong they came to the conclusion that rationalism represented the most http://www.geocities.com/~n4bz/gsr5/gsr502.htm

ISLAM AND ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY As I mentioned before, the writings of Aristotle were lost to the west following the close of the Peripatetic school" (school of walking philosophers) that carried on his work after his death. While Boethius had translated a few of his logical texts, most of his works did not appear until much later. Even then they were in the hands of Islamic and Nestorian Christian Philosophers. To make matters worse some of the works attributed to Aristotle at the time were written by others and were more neoplatonist. Thus, the problem of the Moslem philosophers was to make this somewhat distorted view of Aristotelianism compatible with the Koran. When the arabs came into contact with Greek science and philosophy in the ninth century there emerged a new breed of Muslim dedicated to an ideal they called the Falsafah. The aim of the Fayllasufs (philosophers) was to live rationally in accordance with the laws that governed the universe. Since they believed the God of the Greek philosophers to be identical with Allah, they turned first to Greek science and then to Greek philosophy. According to Karen Armstrong they came to the conclusion that rationalism represented the most advanced form of religion, and that it had evolved a higher notion of God than what was revealed in the scriptures. They had no intention of abolishing religion, they wanted to purify it. It took a great courage

22. Links Michael Albert, Anti rationalism, philosophy or Criticism. Michael Albert,Population Problem?! Michael Albert, rationalism, philosophy or Criticism. http://zena.secureforum.com/Znet/zmag/authorlist.cfm?lname=Albert

23. Empiricism, Rationalism And Atheism Modern philosophy Rationalist The prejudice shared by rationalism and Empiricismis that man does not know things directly but grasps only their impressions http://atheism.about.com/cs/empiricismration/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Agnosticism / Atheism Home Essentials ... Evolution vs. Creationism zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Does God Exist? Ethics and Morality Islam and Muslims Religious Right ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About Agnosticism / Atheism newsletter. Search Agnosticism / Atheism Empiricism, Rationalism and Atheism Guide picks Rationalism and Empiricism are philosophical attitudes taken by many atheists when examining the world. Included are many links to and about texts by Kant, Hume and Descartes. British Empiricism "British Empiricism" refers to the 18th century philosophical movement in Great Britain which maintained that all knowledge comes from experience. False Hopes of Traditional Epistemology? General characteristics of an alternative epistemology suitable for empiricism. By Bas van Fraassen. Continental Rationalism The term "Continental Rationalism" traditionally refers to a 17th century philosophical movement begun by Descartes. After Descartes, several dozen scientists and philosophers continued his t eachings throughout continental Europe and, accordingly were titled "Cartesians." Critique of Practical Reason Kant's critique took away much of the philisophical underpinnings of Christian morality.

24. 20th Century Philosophy / Philosophy 20th Century / Overview PHILOSOPHY / Philos 20th century philosophy overview, recent philosophy of science scientific revolution,nietzsche, wittgenstein, existentialism, rationalism, frankfurter schule http://huizen.daxis.nl/~henkt/filosofy.html

25. Rationalism Defined Outside of the context of philosophy, rationalism is sometimes said to stand inopposition to romanticism, with its preference for emotion over reason, and http://progressiveliving.org/rationalism_defined.htm

The Progressive Living Glossary Definition:Rationalism Domain: Philosophy Context: World views, justification for our beliefs and values 'Rationalism' is the view that reason aided by observation should serve preeminently as the ground of all of our convictions. Outside of the context of philosophy, rationalism is sometimes said to stand in opposition to romanticism, with its preference for emotion over reason, and also in opposition to the notion of 'revelation' as an adequate ground for (usually religious) beliefs. However, perhaps most of all, and most justly, rationalism stands in contrast to authoritarianism, the view that convictions should be grounded in respect for the views of the powerful, influential, or charismatic. Rationalists accord their respect instead to logic and evidence, and are suspicious not only of would-be authorities, but also of 'visions', drug-induced revelations, and any form of mysticism that asserts the existence of what cannot be observed, or at least reasoned to from observation. To characterize rationalism in this way

26. Rationalism And Its Effects: Anti-Christian Philosophy Of The Eighteenth Century Lecky, History of the Rise and Influence of rationalism in Europe ,1913. WindlebandTufts, A History of philosophy , 1898. Uberweg http://catholicity.elcore.net/MacCaffrey/HCCRFR1_Chapter08a.html

ELCore.Net Catholicity MacCaffrey H ISTORY OF THE C ATHOLIC C HURCH From the Renaissance to the French Revolution Rev. James MacCaffrey, S.J., 1914 V OLUME I, C HAPTER VIII R ATIONALISM AND ITS E FFECTS (a) Anti-Christian Philosophy of the Eighteenth Century. litterateurs , until in a short time Deism and Naturalism became quite fashionable in the higher circles of French society. In France the religious wars between the Catholics and Calvinists, the controversies that were waged by the Jansenists and Gallicans, the extravagances of the Convulsionnaires , the flagrant immorality of the court during the rule of the Duke of Orleans and of Louis XV., and the enslavement of the Church, leading as it did to a decline of zeal and learning amongst the higher clergy, tended inevitably to foster religious indifference amongst the masses. In the higher circles of society Rationalism was looked upon as a sign of good breeding, while those who held fast by their dogmatic beliefs were regarded as vulgar and unprogressive. Leading society ladies such as Ninon de Lenclos (1615-1706) gathered around them groups of learned admirers, who under the guise of zeal for the triumph of literary and artistic ideals sought to popularise everything that was obscene and irreligious. Amongst some of the principal writers who contributed largely to the success of the anti-Christian campaign in France might be mentioned Peter Bayle (1647-1706), whose Dictionnaire historique et critique Encyclopedie , as he termed Christianity, and whose writings had done so much to accomplish that result in the land of his birth. The reception given to Voltaire in Paris affords the most striking proof of the religious and moral corruption of all classes in France at this period. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was born at Geneva and reared as a Calvinist. Later on he embraced the Catholic religion, from which he relapsed once more into Calvinism, if indeed in his later years he was troubled by any dogmatic beliefs. His private life was in perfect harmony with the moral tone of most of his works. He had neither the wit nor the literary genius of Voltaire, but in many respects his works, especially

27. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Rationalism composed these movements, rationalism has degenerated. It has become connected inthe popular mind with the shallow and misleading philosophy frequently put http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12652a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... R > Rationalism A B C D ... Z Rationalism (Latin, ratio reason, the faculty of the mind which forms the ground of calculation, i. e. discursive reason. See APOLOGETICS: ATHEISM ; BIBLE; DEISM; EMPIRICISM; ETHICS; BIBLICAL EXEGESIS; FAITH; MATERIALISM; MIRACLE ; REVELATION). The term is used: (1) in an exact sense, to designate a particular moment in the development of Protestant thought in Germany; (2) in a broader, and more usual, sense to cover the view (in relation to which many schools may he classed as rationalistic) that the human reason, or understanding, is the sole source and final test of all truth. It has further: (3) occasionally been applied to the method of treating revealed truth theologically, by casting it into a reasoned form, and employing philosophical Categories in its elaboration. These three uses of the term will be discussed in the present article. The German school of theological Rationalism formed a part of the more general movement of the eighteenth-century "Enlightenment". It may be said to owe its immediate origin to the philosophical system of Christian Wolff (1679-1754), which was a modification, with Aristotelean Lutherans miracles recorded in, and the authenticity of the Holy Scriptures. Nevertheless, the distinction between Rationalism and Naturalism still obtained. The great Biblical critic Semler (1725-91), who is one of the principal representatives of the school, was a strong opponent of the latter; in company with Teller (1734-1804) and others he endeavoured to show that the records of the Bible have no more than a local and temporary character, thus attempting to safeguard the deeper revelation, while sacrificing to the critics its superficial vehicle. He makes the distinction between theology and religion (by which he signifies ethics).

28. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Philosophy Of Immanuel Kant extending from 1747 to 1781, Kant, as has been said, taught the philosophy then prevalentin Germany, which was Wolff s modified form of dogmatic rationalism. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08603a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... K > Philosophy of Immanuel Kant A B C D ... Z Philosophy of Immanuel Kant Kant's philosophy is generally designated as a system of transcendental criticism tending towards Agnosticism in theology, and favouring the view that Christianity is a non-dogmatic religion. Privatdozent It is usual to distinguish two periods of Kant's literary activity. The first, the pre-critical period, extends from 1747 to 1781, the date of the epoch-making "Kritik der reinen Vernunft"; the second, the critical period, extends from 1781 to 1794. THE PRE-CRITICAL PERIOD Privatdozent . Besides these, in which he expounded and defended the current philosophy of Wolff, he published other treatises in which he applied that philosophy to problems of mathematics and physics. In 1770 appeared the work "De Mundi Sensibilis atque Intelligibilis Formis et Principiis" (On the Forms and Principles of the Sensible and Intelligible World), in which he shows for the first time a tendency to adopt an independent system of philosophy. The years from 1770 to 1780 were spent, as Kant himself tells us, in the preparation of the "Critique of Pure Reason". THE CRITICAL PERIOD It will be found most convenient to divide the study of Kant's critical philosophy into three portions, corresponding to the doctrines contained in his three "Critiques". We shall, therefore, take up successively (1) the doctrines of the "Critique of Pure Reason"; (2) the doctrines of the "Critique of Practical Reason"; (3) the doctrines of the "Critique of the Faculty of Judgment".

29. Marcuse: From Philosophy To Social Theory The representative philosophers of the middle class (particularly Leibniz, Kant,and Fichte) reconciled their philosophical rationalism with the flagrant http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/marcuse/works/reason/marcuse2.htm

Herbert Marcuse INTRODUCTION From Philosophy to Social Theory By the middle of the nineteenth century, the influence of Hegelianism was almost dead. It got its rebirth in the last decades of the century in British Hegelianism (Green, Bradley, Bosanquet) and, later still, gained a new political impetus in Italy, where the interpretation of Hegel was used as a preparation for Fascism. Before we attempt to show how the inner workings of Western philosophy necessitated the transition to the critical theory of society, we must indicate the way in which the historical efforts that distinguish the modern era entered into and shaped the philosophic interest. The social forces at work in this historical surge used philosophy in its predominantly rationalistic form, and the idea of reason might well serve again as the starting point for our discussion. Beginning with the seventeenth century, philosophy had quite definitely absorbed the principles of the rising middle class. Reason was the critical slogan of this class, with which it fought all who hampered its political and economic development. The term saw service in the war of science and philosophy against the Church, in the attack of the French Enlightenment on absolutism, and in the debate between liberalism and mercantilism. No clear-cut definition of reason, and no single meaning for it, ran through these periods. Its meaning changed with the changing position of the middle class. We shall try to gather up its essential elements and evaluate its varying historical impact.

30. Rationalism Earlier forms of rationalism are found in Greek philosophy, most notably in Plato,who held that the proper use of reasoning and mathematics was preferable to http://mb-soft.com/believe/txn/rational.htm

Rationalism Advanced Information Philosophical rationalism encompasses several strands of thought, all of which usually share the conviction that reality is actually rational in nature and that making the proper deductions is essential to achieving knowledge. Such deductive logic and the use of mathematical processes provide the chief methodological tools. Thus, rationalism has often been held in contrast to empiricism. Earlier forms of rationalism are found in Greek philosophy, most notably in Plato, who held that the proper use of reasoning and mathematics was preferable to the methodology of natural science. The latter is not only in error on many occasions, but empiricism can only observe facts in this changing world. By deductive reason, Plato believed that one could extract the innate knowledge which is present at birth, derived from the realm of forms. However, rationalism is more often associated with Enlightenment philosophers such as Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz. It is this form of continental rationalism that is the chief concern of this article. BELIEVE Religious Information Source web-site Our List of 1,000 Religious Subjects

31. Objectivist Philosophy She described Objectivism as a philosophy for living on earth. (Compare rationalism,empiricism). Morality. If we wish to survive we must act in certain ways. http://www.fact-index.com/o/ob/objectivist_philosophy.html

Main Page See live article Alphabetical index Objectivist philosophy Objectivism (capitalized) is the name chosen by Ayn Rand for her philosophy. She described Objectivism as a philosophy for living on earth. Table of contents 1 Objectivist tenets 1.1 Objective reality 1.2 Reason 1.3 Morality ... 3 External links Objectivist tenets Objective reality Reality is what it is, independent of our beliefs or desires. No two facts of reality can contradict each other- this is an important test of truth . Everything that exists has a specific identity and a specific nature that determines how it acts. Nature is to be explained in terms of nature, without reference to the supernatural Reason The mind apprehends reality through a process of reasoning based on sensory observation. Reasoning is the art of building from perceptions to concepts and propositions. In this way, conclusions are built up from the evidence . Reasoning, or logic , follows certain, non-arbitrary rules which must be adhered to if we wish to reach valid conclusions. These rules include non-contradictory identification and grouping by essentials. By applying the rules of logic consistently, we can achieve objectively valid knowledge about reality. (Compare:

32. Compare Prices And Read Reviews On Philosophy Philosophy-Movements / Rationalism Epinions has the best comparison shopping information on PhilosophyPhilosophyMovements / rationalism Books. Compare prices from http://www.epinions.com/Books-Philosophy-subcategory-Philosophy-Movements_and_Ra

Join Epinions Help Sign In Books All Categories Home Media Books We found 10 results for Philosophy Philosophy-Movements / Rationalism Books Search Results Showing 1-10 of 10 items Hide photos Sort by Name or Rating Sort by Price Compare No image available. Bridging the Gap: Empirical Research in Simultaneous Interpretation Lowest price: Compare No image available. Shackles of the Supernatural 1938 Lowest price: Compare No image available. History of Freethought in the Nineteenth Century 1929 Robertson, J. M. Lowest price: Compare No image available. Lecky, W. E. H. Lowest price: Compare No image available. Historical Dictionary of Descartes and Cartesian Philosophy Lowest price: Compare No image available. The Ethics of Economic Rationalism Wright Jr. , John Lowest price: Compare Explanation and Deduction: A Defence of Deductive Chauvinism Hallsten, Henrik Lowest price: Compare No image available. Reading Bayle Lennon, Thomas M. Lowest price: Compare No image available. An Introduction to the Objectivist Community Yoke, James H. Lowest price: Compare No image available.

33. Philosophy Of Science with order and meaning. This is called the philosophy of rationalism,rational as in conforming with reason. And the purpose of http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/21st_century_science/lectures/lec01.html

Order: science = order, explanation, rational methods, logic The main purpose of science is to trace, within the chaos and flux of phenomena, a consistent structure with order and meaning. This is called the philosophy of rationalism , rational as in conforming with reason. And the purpose of scientific understanding is to coordinate our experiences and bring them into a logical system science motivated by need for control of unknown discovery of pattern and structure are key to scientific problem solving science based on the idea that the Universe is rational, i.e. natural Thoughout history, intellectual scientific efforts have been directed towards the discovery of pattern, system and structure, with a special emphasis on order. Why? Primarily, the control of the unpredictable driven by the fear of the unknown. Those who pursue answers are known as scientists . The main occupation of a scientist is problem solving with the goal of understanding the Universe. Science is founded on the hope that the world is rational in all its observable aspects. Its possible that there may be some facets of reality which lie beyond the power of human reasoning, that there may be things with explanations that we could never grasp, or no explanation at all, but the fact that the world is rational is connected with the fact that it is ordered. emphasis on data/evidence prediction not answers philosopher Popper states that true science operates under the principle of falsifiability science is not about truth, its about testability

34. UMass Philosophy - Aune 296. Reviewed ca 1968 in eg Philosophical Review, Mind.. rationalism, Empiricism,and Pragmatism (New York Random House, 1970; reissue McGrawHill), pp. 190. http://www.umass.edu/philosophy/faculty/aune.htm

Home Contacts Faculty Graduate ... Newsletter U Mass Philosophy FACULTY DIRECTORY Baker Bricker Chappell Feldman ... Vessel Aune Gettier Robison Sleigh Bruce A. Aune aune@philos.umass.edu Professor Emeritus Ph.D., University of Minnesota, 1960 Appointed at UMass: 1966 Prior Teaching Appointments: Instructor in Philosophy, Oberlin College, 1960-62. Assistant Professor of Philosophy, University of Pittsburgh, 1963-65. Visiting Professor of Philosophy, University of Michigan, Summer, 1965. Associate Professor of Philosophy (with tenure), University of Pittsburgh, 1965-66. Visiting Professor of Philosophy and Visiting Research Professor, University of Minnesota and Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Science, Fall, 1965. Professor of Philosophy and Head, Department of Philosophy, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 1966-71. Professor of Philosophy, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 1966-. Professor and Acting Head, Department of Philosophy, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 1975-76.

35. Lecture Summaries Index Luz Summary of Lectures on rationalism, philosophy and Medicine. Indexof Summary on rationalism, philosophy and Medicine Summary http://research.haifa.ac.il/~mluz/Access/hippocrates/acc_hipp.html

Philosophy Dept., University of Haifa Course: History of Greek Philosophy Semestre 1 Lecturer: Dr. Menahem Luz Summary of Lectures on Rationalism, Philosophy and Medicine The following files are merely notes and outlines for the above course that are expanded and redefined in the class context. These files are intended to replace neither a reading of the texts, nor actual attendance. Note that the summary numbers do not necessarily correspond with the number of the lecture in class e.g., Summary 1-2 = Class Lecture 1. If you have any questions about this material, you may also email me to the following address: mluz@research.haifa.ac.il Index of Summary on Rationalism, Philosophy and Medicine Summary 1 Introduction to Hippocrates last updated 2-11-1999 Summary 2 Hippocrates' Law and Oath last updated 2-11-1999 Summary 3 Cult Practice and the Medical Art - last updated 1-2-2000 Return to general index of courses in summary return to top this page visited no. of times since 3-11-1999

36. History Of Philosophy --  Encyclopædia Britannica period Dominant strands of Renaissance philosophy Political theory;Humanism; philosophy of nature. Rise of Empiricism and rationalism http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=115382&tocid=60953&query=indubitable&ct=

37. Rationalism --  Encyclopædia Britannica investigating philosophical problems. , Modern philosophy The philosophyof rationalism Discussion based on this stream of this discipline. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=115438&tocid=0&query=rationalism

38. MSN Encarta - Rationalism rationalism (Latin ratio,”reason”), in philosophy, a system of thought thatemphasizes the role of reason in obtaining knowledge, in contrast to http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761553212/Rationalism.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money Web Search: logoImg('http://sc.msn.com'); Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade to Encarta Premium Search Encarta Subscription Article MSN Encarta Premium: Get this article, plus 60,000 other articles, an interactive atlas, dictionaries, thesaurus, articles from 100 leading magazines, homework tools, daily math help and more for $4.95/month or $29.95/year (plus applicable taxes.) Learn more. This article is exclusively available for MSN Encarta Premium Subscribers. Already a subscriber? Sign in above. Rationalism Rationalism (Latin ratio, ”reason”), in philosophy, a system of thought that emphasizes the role of reason in obtaining knowledge, in contrast to ... Related Items Age of Enlightenment and religion 88 items Want more Encarta? Become a subscriber today and gain access to: Daily Math Help Literature Guides Researcher Tools Paper-Writing Guides 60,000 + articles Interactive Atlas Magazine Center Find more about Rationalism from Related Items Other Features from Encarta Enlightenment, Age of

39. MSN Encarta - Related Items - Bacon, Francis (philosopher) empiricism. inductive method. rationalism. secular philosophy. politicalcareer. quotations. speculations that he authored Shakespeare’s works. http://encarta.msn.com/related_761575194_4/philosophy.html

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40. Rationalism Spinoza s Ethics (which often seems to have little to do with ethics) is the highpointof rationalism in philosophy it is totally deductive and modeled on http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/pecorip/SCCCWEB/ETEXTS/INTRO_TEXT/Chapter 5 Epistemo

Chapter 5 :Epistemology RATIONALISM There are several theories of how we come to know something. These lectures will cover several of them. (NOTE: You must read only those linked materials that are preceded by the capitalized word READ Theories of Knowledge 1.RATIONALISM 2.EMPIRICISM 3.SKEPTICISM 4.TRANSCENDENTAL IDEALISM 5.SCIENCE Rationalism (Approach, Principle, and Tradition in epistemology and philosophy) — The first philosophers who are usually called rationalists were Descartes (1596-1650), Leibniz (1646-1716), and Spinoza (1632-1677). While they claimed to be defending science against scholasticism , their arguments often showed little improvement over those of their opposition. For example, Descartes' defense of science consisted of a dualism mysticism Rationalism is a r eliance on reason ratio knowledge . In the most general application, rationalism offers a naturalistic alternative to appeals to religious accounts of human nature and conduct. More specifically, rationalism is the

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