41. Prostitution, Violence Against Women, And Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prostitution, Violence Against Women, and posttraumatic stress disorder by Melissa Farley, PhD and Howard Barkan, DrPH (*) Women Health, 27 (3) 3749. http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/ProsViolPosttrauStress.html

A sponsored project of San Francisco Women's Centers, a nonprofit corporation. Basic Info Violence Quick Facts The Law ... Site Index Prostitution, Violence Against Women, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder by Melissa Farley, PhD and Howard Barkan, DrPH ( (Article copies available for a fee from Haworth Document Delivery Service 1-800-342-9678.) Abstract One hundred and thirty people working as prostitutes in San Francisco were interviewed regarding the extent of violence in their lives and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Fifty-seven percent reported that they had been sexually assaulted as children and 49% reported that they had been physically assaulted as children. As adults in prostitution, 82% had been physically assaulted; 83% had been threatened with a weapon; 68% had been raped while working as prostitutes; and 84% reported current or past homelessness. We differentiated the types of lifetime violence as childhood sexual assault; childhood physical abuse; rape in prostitution; and other (non-rape) physical assault in prostitution. PTSD severity was significantly associated with the total number of types of lifetime violence (r = .21, p = .02); with childhood physical abuse (t = 2.97, p = .004); rape in adult prostitution (Student's t = 2.77, p = .01); and the total number of times raped in prostitution (Kruskal-Wallace chi square = 13.51, p = .01). Of the 130 people interviewed, 68% met DSM III-R criteria for a diagnosis of PTSD. Eighty-eight percent of these respondents stated that they wanted to leave prostitution, and described what they needed in order to escape.

42. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Description, Criteria, Causes, Symptoms, Treatme posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the result of a severe and extraordinary stressor in the person s life that may be environmental (a large fire http://www.mental-health-matters.com/disorders/dis_details.php?disID=77

43. Mental Health Matters: Self Help Center: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Forums An Mental Health Matters Self Help Center posttraumatic stress disorder Forums and Email Lists. posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Forums and Email Lists. http://www.mental-health-matters.com/selfhelp/f_ptsd.php

HOME ABOUT CONTACT ADVERTISE ... CRISIS Find: Therapist Treatment Center City State Zip PAID ADVERTISEMENT PAID ADVERTISEMENT PAID ADVERTISEMENT We subscribe The HONcode principles A member of NAMI Eastside Check Out Derek Wood's New Book Smoozy.com PAID ADVERTISEMENT Impotence Shortcuts Addiction Resources Anger Management Resources Children's Resources Disability Resources ... Article Lists Related Articles Common Sense Approach to Domestic Violence What Is Genuine Control? Zoloft Making The Most of Psychological Consultation ... Suicide: An Overview From our sponsors: Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD by Terence M. Keane Understanding Post-Traumatic Stress : A Psychosocial Perspective on PTSD and Treatment by Stephen Joseph, Ruth Williams, William Yule An Operators Manual for Combat PTSD: Essays for Coping by Ashley B., II Hart Empathy in the Treatment of Trauma and PTSD by John P., Ph.D. Wilson, Rhiannon, Ph.D. Thomas PTSD in Children and Adolescents by Spencer Eth, Jerald Kay, Katharine A. Phillips, Viven K. Burt Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Forums and Email Lists Visit the Brand New PsychForums.com!

44. Annals Of General Hospital Psychiatry | Full Text | Risk And Resiliency Factors Risk and resiliency factors in posttraumatic stress disorder Marcia A Voges 1 and David M Romney 2 1 Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary http://www.general-hospital-psychiatry.com/content/2/1/4

Home Browse articles Supplements Search ... Volume 2 Viewing options Abstract Full text PDF Other links: E-mail to a friend Download references Post a comment PubMed record ... Related articles in PubMed Search PubMed For Voges MA Romney DM Key E-mail Corresponding author Primary research Risk and resiliency factors in posttraumatic stress disorder Marcia A Voges and David M Romney Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4 Division of Applied Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4 Annals of General Hospital Psychiatry The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.general-hospital-psychiatry.com/content/2/1/4 Received Accepted Published Outline Abstract Abstract Background Method Results ... References Background Not everyone who experiences a trauma develops posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aim of this study was to determine the risk and resiliency factors for this disorder in a sample of people exposed to trauma. Method Twenty-five people who had developed PTSD following a trauma and 27 people who had not were asked to complete the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. In addition, they completed a questionnaire to provide information autobiographic and other information.

45. Evidence Based Mental Health Information PsychDirect R. (1999). Expert consensus treatment guidelines for posttraumatic stress disorder A guide for patients and families. Journal of http://www.psychdirect.com/anxiety/ptsd.htm

46. Discovery Health Post-traumatic Stress Disorder posttraumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, is a condition resulting from a traumatic event outside the range of a person s normal experience. http://health.discovery.com/diseasesandcond/encyclopedia/706.html

47. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Refer to conditions of use. posttraumatic stress disorder. PostTraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating condition that follows a terrifying event. http://www.psychnet-uk.com/dsm_iv/posttraumatic_stress_disorder.htm

48. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is not a disorder to be associated solely with military http://www.adaa.org/AnxietyDisorderInfor/PTSD.cfm

Brief Overview of Anxiety Disorders GAD OCD PTSD ... FAQs Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is not a disorder to be associated solely with military personnel, as it has been in the past. It has been shown that exposure to traumas such as a serious accident, a natural disaster, or criminal assault can result in PTSD. When the aftermath of a traumatic experience interferes with normal functioning, the person may be suffering from PTSD. The increasing stress of living in the 21st century, on both a global and personal level, has been sufficient to considerably elevate the numbers of people who suffer from PTSD. Fast Facts About PTSD 5.2 million Americans ages 18-54 are diagnosed with PTSD. PTSD can develop after an individual experiences a traumatic event such as sexual or physical assault, witnessing a death, the unexpected death of a loved one, natural disaster or a terrorist attack.

49. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder In Childhood And Adolescence: A Review posttraumatic stress disorder in Childhood Adolescence. posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prolonged, pathologic anxiety http://open-mind.org/SP/Articles/4g.htm

Homeopathic Products Message Board Chat Room Quotes on Fear, ... Workbook Posttraumatic Stress Disorder DSM-IV Prevalence of PTSD Among Adults Prevalence of PTSD Among Adolescents Despite some variation in the estimates among these 3 studies, it is apparent that the lifetime prevalence of PTSD among adolescents today greatly exceeds that found by ECA studies of adults in the 1980s. The occurrence of PTSD in these young populations probably reflects the well-documented increase of interpersonal violence in recent years. Nature of the Traumatic Experience In addition to the nature of the traumatic event, another important predictor is the total number of previous traumas the individual experienced. There is evidence suggesting that persons with a high number of past traumas, even though they did not lead to PTSD, have a higher risk of developing PTSD than persons with few or no lifetime traumas. Studies of veterans have shown that soldiers with a history of childhood physical or sexual abuse were more likely to develop PTSD than those without such a history, even though both groups had sustained combat trauma of equal severity. Persons who have had a series of low-risk traumas without consequence appear to be more vulnerable to developing PTSD after another low-risk trauma. The data seem to indicate a threshold effect that is reached either by a single high-risk trauma such as rape or by a series of low-risk traumas. Next >> Print Article Chat Rooms Medallions ... Search

50. Pharmacotherapy For Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (Cochrane Review) Cochrane reviews are regularly checked and updated if necessary. Background posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent and disabling disorder. http://www.update-software.com/abstracts/AB002795.htm

From The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2004 Pharmacotherapy for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Cochrane Review) Stein DJ, Zungu-Dirwayi N, van der Linden GJH, Seedat S ABSTRACT Order full review View and/or submit comments What's new in this issue Search abstracts ... Browse by Review Group A substantive amendment to this systematic review was last made on 20 July 2000. Cochrane reviews are regularly checked and updated if necessary. Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent and disabling disorder. By definition prior psychological trauma plays a causal role in the disorder, and psychotherapy is a widely accepted intervention. Nevertheless there is growing evidence that PTSD is characterized by specific psychobiological dysfunctions, and this has contributed to a growing interest in the use of medication in its treatment. Objectives: The authors aimed to undertake a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of the pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following the guidelines and using the software of the Cochrane Collaboration, and to provide an estimate of the effects of medication in this disorder. Secondary objectives were to explore questions about whether particular classes of medication are more effective and/or acceptable than others in the treatment of PTSD, and about which factors (clinical and methodological) predict response to pharmacotherapy. Search strategy: Selection criteria:

51. All Family Resources: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 70 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) informations at All Family Resources, a quality resources for information and services for managing families. http://www.familymanagement.com/facts/english/ptsd.html

POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) Articles for Parents All Family Resources Facts for Families English articles index Spanish articles index Parents Forum Alphabetical List Children and Divorce Teenagers with Eating Disorders Teens: Alcohol and Other Drugs The Depressed Child ... Bullying #80 POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) Following the trauma, children may initially show agitated or confused behavior. They also may show intense fear, helplessness, anger, sadness, horror or denial. Children who experience repeated trauma may develop a kind of emotional numbing to deaden or block the pain and trauma. This is called dissociation. Children with PTSD avoid situations or places that remind them of the trauma. They may also become less responsive emotionally, depressed, withdrawn, and more detached from their feelings. A child with PTSD may also re-experience the traumatic event by: having frequent memories of the event, or in young children, play in which some or all of the trauma is repeated over and over

52. Delayed Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Model For Schizophrenia And Depression (Th Delayed posttraumatic stress disorder Model. It expands posttraumatic stress disorder to include possibly all serious mental/emotional disorders. http://www.aaets.org/arts/art33.htm

Delayed Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Model for Schizophrenia and Depression (The Unification Theory of Mental Illness) Clancy D. McKenzie, M.D., B.C.E.T.S. Philadelphia Psychiatric Consultation Service A combat veteran exposed to a loud noise 10, 20, or 30 years after combat reacts in a predictable way. Any event, sufficiently intense and similar to earlier combat experience, can precipitate a flashback or even a delayed Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The reaction is understood because the initial combat experience was life-threatening. Few realize that separation from the mother to the baby can be more frightening than war trauma to the soldier. For 150 million years of patterning of the mammalian brain, separation from the mother has meant death, and thus the human infant is very sensitive and easily overwhelmed by events that would seem non-traumatic to the adult. To the soldier, a loud noise in the present precipitates a flashback to a loud noise in the distant past. To the schizophrenic, separation from a "most important person" (husband, wife, girlfriend, boyfriend) - or group - in the present, precipitates a flashback to separation from the "most important person" (mother) in the distant past. The author has found that each initial psychotic episode - if the history is known - is precipitated by a separation from a most important person (or group) in the present.

53. PTSD Canadian Psychological Association, Did you know that Psychology works for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PDF Version. Back to Psychology works. http://www.cpa.ca/factsheets/PTSD.htm

Canadian Psychological Association Did you know that... Psychology works for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) PDF Version Back to Psychology works Most of us have had frightening experiences. Often we think about them long after the event. For some people, these distressing thoughts or images persist, as well as other symptoms such as a strong sense of threat, feeling emotionally numb, and irritability. If these reactions occur frequently, last at least a month, and interfere with daily functioning, the person may be suffering from PTSD. PTSD Symptoms At least 1 of: Intrusive thoughts or images about the event Dreams or nightmares about the event or similar events Flashbacks or illusions about the event Distress when reminded of the event Physical arousal (becoming physically upset) when reminded of the event At least 3 of: Avoidance of thoughts or talk about the event Avoidance of activities or people that are reminders of the event Inability to recall important aspects of event (not explained by loss of consciousness) Emotional detachment from others Restricted emotions Sense of foreshortened future (fear of the future or death in the future) At least 2 of: Insomnia Irritability or anger Difficulty concentrating Hypervigilance (always on guard) Exaggerated startle response (too easily startled or scared) American Psychiatric Association (1994).

54. 309.81 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 309.81 posttraumatic stress disorder. The following may be used to specify onset and duration of the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder Acute. http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/ptsd2/

D IAGNOSTIC AND S TATISTICAL M ANUAL OF M ENTAL D ISORDERS , F OURTH E DITION (DSM-IV) Anxiety Disorders 309.81 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Diagnostic Features The traumatic events can be reexperienced in various ways. Commonly the person has recurrent and intrusive recollections of the event (Criterion B1) or recurrent distressing dreams during which the event is replayed. (Criterion B2). In rare instances, the person experiences dissociative states that last from a few seconds to several hours, or even days, during which components of the event are relived and the person behaves as though experiencing the event at the moment (Criterion B3). Intense psychological distress (Criterion B4) or physiological reactivity (Criterion B5) often occurs when the person is exposed to triggering events that resemble or symbolize an aspect of the traumatic event (e.g., anniversaries of the traumatic event; cold, snowy weather or uniformed guards for survivors of death camps in cold climates; hot, humid weather for combat veterans of the South Pacific; entering any elevator for a woman who was raped in an elevator). The individual has persistent symptoms of anxiety or increased arousal that were not present before the trauma. These symptoms may include difficulty falling or staying asleep that may be due to recurrent nightmares during which the traumatic event is relived (Criterion D1), hypervigilance (Criterion D4), and exaggerated startle response or difficulty concentrating or completing tasks (Criterion D3).

55. PostTraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): An Australian Vietnam Veteran's Experience posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) A VIETNAM VETERAN S EXPERIENCE. posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) A VIETNAM VETERAN S EXPERIENCE. INTRODUCTION. http://www.vvaa.org.au/experience.htm

This site electronically archived by the Australian National Library's PANDORA ( Preserving and Accessing Networked Documentary Resources of Australia) project as "an online publication of national significance". POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) A VIETNAM VETERAN'S EXPERIENCE © Wayne J Scott 2001 - reproduced on this site with the kind permission of the author. Iroquois helicopter from 9 Squadron RAAF hovers over a Centurion tank patrol, Image L71193 from National Archives of Australia Series A1200 Recorded by Australian News and Information Bureau Contents Introduction A brief history of PTSD Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Intrusive thoughts/flashbacks ... Further readings POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) A VIETNAM VETERAN'S EXPERIENCE INTRODUCTION Gary knew so much about the condition of PTSD, in many ways more than the psychiatrists, psychologists and other allied health workers, because it touched him personally and those around him. Much of this article is in Gary's words and I have taken the liberty of sharing them with the reader as well as providing an insight into how the condition may have been influenced by what the veteran went through.

56. Behavior: The Invisible Epidemic - Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Memory And Th posttraumatic stress disorder in the national comorbidity survey. posttraumatic stress disorder A Comprehensive Text, Allyn Bacon, New York. http://www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/articles/behavior/ptsd_4/

IN THIS ARTICLE It's not just psychological Memory problems Brain cell loss Most heart attack victims never knew they had a heart problem. more... OTHER TOPICS The response to stress Changing unhealthy behaviors The End of Stress, now available at amazon.com The Invisible Epidemic: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Memory and the Brain J. Douglas Bremner, M.D. Dr. Bremner is a faculty member of the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology and Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale Psychiatric Institute, and National Center for PTSD-VA Connecticut Healthcare System. The research reviewed in this article was supported by an NIH-sponsored General Clinical Research Center (GCRC) Clinical Associate Physician (CAP) Award and a VA Research Career Development Award to Dr. Bremner, and the National Center for PTSD Grant. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is something of an invisible epidemic. The events underlying it are often mysterious and always unpleasant. It is certainly far more widespread than most people realize. For example, a prime cause of PTSD is childhood sexual abuse. About 16% of American women (about 40 million) are sexually abused (including rape, attempted rape, or other form of molestation) before they reach their 18th birthday. Childhood abuse may be the most common cause of PTSD in American women, 10% of whom suffer from PTSD (compared to 5% for men) at some time in their lives

57. THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 15, Ch. 187, Anxiety Disorders click here for navigation help. posttraumatic stress disorder. If posttraumatic stress disorder has been present 3 mo, it is considered chronic. http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual/section15/chapter187/187e.jsp

58. THE MERCK MANUALSECOND HOME EDITION, Posttraumatic Stress posttraumatic stress disorder. If posttraumatic stress disorder has been present for 3 months or longer, it is considered chronic. http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual_home2/sec07/ch100/ch100g.jsp

59. Symptoms Of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms. This section (Advertising Policy). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. According to http://counsellingresource.com/distress/anxiety-disorders/posttraumatic-stress.h

Site Search ( Help Home Try Online Therapy Types of Counselling ... Other Web Resources Sections available: Types of Distress About Drug Therapy ADHD (additional sections) Anxiety Disorders Causes of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Others NIMH Information on Anxiety Disorders Disorders: Panic Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder NIMH Information on OCD Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ... Social Phobia Common Underlying Symptoms: Panic Attacks Agoraphobia Mood Disorders (additional sections) Personality Disorders (additional sections) Schizoaffective Disorders (additional sections) Schizophrenic Disorders (additional sections) Chronic Pain and Illnesses (additional sections) The Site Editor provides Counselling Services which may be of help to clients whose lives are affected either directly or through those they love by some of these types of distress. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms This section describes the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder employed by psychiatrists and other mental health professionals. Therapy and the Role of Clinical Diagnostic Criteria Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Diagnostic Criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Therapy and the Role of Clinical Diagnostic Criteria In my own face-to-face and online therapy practice , I do not treat clients as manifestations of mental illnesses in need of medical fixing. No one is merely a case of

60. ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR REGULATION IN POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER ::::::::::: Welc ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR REGULATION IN posttraumatic stress disorder. Bruce D. Perry, MD, Ph.D. Steven M. Southwick, MD Earl L. Giller, Jr., MD, Ph.D. http://www.childtrauma.org/ctamaterials/adrenergic.asp

ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR REGULATION IN POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER Bruce D. Perry, M.D., Ph.D. Steven M. Southwick, M.D. Earl L. Giller, Jr., M.D., Ph.D The ChildTrauma Academy www.ChildTrauma.org This is an Academy version of a chapter originally appearing in "Biological Assessment and Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder" E.L. Giller, Jr. Ed. , Progress in Psychiatry , D. Spiegel, M.D., Series Editor. American Psychiatric Press, Inc. Official citation:  Perry, BD, Southwick, SW, Yehuda, R and Giller, EL Adrenergic receptor regulation in post-traumatic stress disorder. In: Advances in Psychiatry: Biological Assessment and Treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (EL Giller , Ed.). American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, 87-115, 1990. INTRODUCTION ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR REGULATION AND STRESS THE PLATELET ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR AS A MODEL Brain noradrenergic and adrenergic systems and their receptors, then, play key roles in a variety of important affective and behavioral changes associated with the stress response. In turn, these initially-adaptive changes are pathologically altered in PTSD (and perhaps, other psychiatric disorders). Unfortunately, direct investigation of the role of these systems and their receptors in human psychiatric disorders has been difficult. A variety of indirect methods have been developed, including challenge paradigms, measurement of peripheral catecholamines and their metabolites, and measurement of adrenergic receptors and their functioning in peripheral tissues (e.g., platelets and lymphocytes).

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