61. Trees And Pastoralists: The Case Of The Pokot And Turkana replaced by developments that start with what people know, build on indigenous strategies and Trees and Pastoralists The Case of the pokot and Turkana http://www.odifpeg.org.uk/publications/rdfn/6/b.html

FPEG Home Publications Rural Development Forestry Network (RDFN) Management of Natural Woodland in Africa ... Summer 1988 RDFN 6b Trees and Pastoralists: The Case of the Pokot and Turkana Edmund Barrow This paper argued that the traditional values and practices of the semi-nomadic Pokot and Turkana peoples of Kenya provided an excellent basis for institutional efforts to sustain the pastoralists' semi-arid environments. Both groups managed pasture lands adaptively and co-operatively, under the leadership of elders. Trees along water courses were under individual tenure, highly valued and rarely cut, though people did not plant trees and failed to see the connection between seedlings and productive mature trees. The author argued that the many inappropriate and damaging interventions in the area, for instance intensification of land use, could be usefully replaced by developments that start with what people know, build on indigenous strategies and strengthen local rights of tenure. Trees and Pastoralists: The Case of the Pokot and Turkana download Related activities and papers Keywords: access common property resources degradation ... Kenya RDFN 12e The Challenge of Social Forestry Extension Work in Pastoral Africa Project documents may give weight to local participation and facilitatory extension, but all too often financial and other support are lacking..

62. New Directions :: Touching People, Reaching Nations groups as the Masaai, Samburu and pokot of Kenya as well as the overseas and indigenous partners of planting one church among every responsive people group of http://www.newdirections.org/index.php/nationalpartnersasia/4

var ace_path = 'http://www.newdirections.org/'; National Partners- Asia Friday, June 11, 2004 Email Subscription Testimony / Ministry Description News Updates for Bishop Ezra Sargunam 12/22 :: Missionary Journey to Kenya with JL 10/27 :: Indian Gypsy Persecution 09/16 :: New Law to Curb Conversion 09/03 :: Christian Priest Brutally Attacked ... Archive Missionary Journey to Kenya with JL :: 12/22 Dear Friends and Partners of ECI and NDI, Peace be unto you and Grace from our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ! And “THANKS BE TO GOD FOR HIS UNSPEAKABLE GIFT!” Those are the words that the Apostle Paul uses to close II Corinthians 8 and 9, where he speaks about Christian giving. He ends his exhortation toward Christian generosity by thanking God for the indescribable gift we find in Jesus Christ – the Greatest Gift of all! Through the Lord Jesus, God has given us the personal gift of Himself. We from India’s harvest field are grateful to the partners of NDI for the well over 18 years of your faithfulness and co-ministry in spreading God’s Word in our country. We do praise and thank God for your continued prayers and support. MISSIONARY JOURNEY TO KENYA WITH JL I returned just a couple of days ago after two weeks of intensive ministry in various parts of Kenya. As it was my first visit to East Africa, I am grateful to Dr J L Williams for having invited me to go along with him to speak at various pastors and Christian leaders conferences. I was also especially excited about my first experience in helicopter-evangelism in the African Bush! The experience was astounding and mind-boggling! It was awesome to team up with J. L. in visiting the various ministries in which NDI is involved.

63. Joshua Project - Peoples By Country Profiles indigenous Fellowship of 100 http//www.blissites.com/kenya/people/maasai.html. http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=105956&rog3=KE

64. Joshua Project - Peoples By Country Profiles People Name General Burji. indigenous Fellowship of 100+ http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=101771&rog3=KE

65. Centre For Conflict Resolution - (CECORE) the Maasai and Luo which left many people injured and of conflict resolution tend to ignore indigenous practices in Maasai and pokot Cultures of Peace Building. http://www.cecore.org/sultan_masai.html

About CECORE Programmes Calendar Research Papers ... Contacts Peace Building Cultures of the Maasai and Pokot By Sultan H. Somjee May 2000 This report describes peace building traditions of two ethnic groups of Eastern Africa. The groups are the Pokot and the Maasai. Both the groups are of Nilotic background and their territories span over political boundaries of East Africa. Maasailand stretches from Southern Kenya to Northern Tanzania and the Pokot habitat is in Western Kenya, North of Mt. Elgon, and goes into Eastern Uganda. Both the Maasai and the Pokot have been involved in ethnic clashes of the last decade that have wider political dimensions than those which have been previously recorded as inter-tribal wars. These conflicts have been over grassing areas, water sources and livestock and over land with agriculturist settler communities. The 'ethnic clash' phenomenon is not unique to the Maasai and Pokot for over the last decades very many other groups have been involved in ethnic clashes in Western

66. WaterShowcase: Project Showcase: Project The FMP incoporates indigenous knowledge, and encourages the interactions of the Ik people with conservation the neighbouring Turkana and pokot people in Kenya http://www.watershowcase.net/new/project_showcase_id.asp?projectID=36

67. SSRR No. 17 The Kerio Basin Possibilities offered by the indigenous land use report on economic activities of the pokot and the Why projects need to be peoplebased. http://www.ossrea.net/ssrr/khayesi/khayesi-05.htm

REFERENCES Adams, W. M. 1992. Turnover, disengagement and capture: Indigenous irrigation and development in Africa. Paper presented at ASAUK Conference, University of Stirling, 8 -10 September. Barrow, E. G. 1981. Agricultural development of East Pokot in the Kerio valley: Agricultural activities of the Catholic diocese of Nakuru's East Pokot agricultural project 1970-81. In Kerio Valley: Past, present and future, edited by B. E Kipkorir, R. Soper, J. S. Ssennyonga, Odegi-Awuondo, J. T. McCabe, and J. T. Adams, pp. 27-54. Nairobi: Eleza Service Ltd.. Bolnick, B. R., and E. R. Nelson. 1990. Evaluating the economic impact of a special credit programme: KIK/KMKP in Indonesia. The Journal of Development Studies 26, no. 2: 299-312. Chambers, R. 1983. Rural development: Putting the last first . London: Longman. Cohen, M. C. 1987. Integrated rural development: The Ethiopian experience and the debate . Uppsala: The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. Darkoh, M. B. K. 1990. Toward sustainable development of Kenya's arid and semi-arid lands. Public Lecture I, Kenyatta University.

68. No2 Practice The Example of the pokot and Turkana indigenous Knowledge System on Environmental Conservation and as Practised by the Abanyole People of Western Kenya http://www.ossrea.net/environment/no2-07.htm

BIBLIOGRAPHY Ackerman, B. A. Private Property and the Constitution . New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977. Admassie, Yeraswork. The Catchment Approach to Soil Conservation in Kenya. Nairobi, Regional Soil Conservation Unit, Swedish International Development Authority, 1992. Anderson, D., and R. Grove, eds. Conservation in Africa: People, Policies and Practice . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Anthony, K. B., et al. Agricultural Change in Tropical Africa. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1979. ASAL Team. Land Use and Land Tenure Systems in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands of Kenya. Composite Report to the World Bank's Resident Mission in Eastern Africa, Nairobi. The World Bank, 1993. Baker, G. Water Resources and Water Management in South-Western Marsabit District . IPAL Technical Report, B-4. Nairobi: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, 1984. Bakshi, P. M. "Environmental Litigation." Journal of the Indian Law Institute Bank of Reconstruction. Economic Development of Kenya . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Publishing House, 1963.

69. Yellowdog Bookmart--Thela Thesis--Development Studies incorporation of ethnic rights (mostly indigenous rights but instruction practices of the Mazahua people in Mexico in 1986 he studied the pastoral pokot of Kenya http://yellowdog.wdn.com/ttdev.html

THELA THESIS Development Studies 2000 Titles The Challenge of Diversity: Indigenous peoples and reform of the State in Latin America. Willem Assies, Gemma van der Haar, André Hoekema (eds.) 315pp., ISBN 90 5538 045 8 This book deals with the effort to transform the homogeneous, remote and uniform State into one which recognises the heterogeneity of Latin American society, provides structures and channels for the participation of the most marginalized groups, and recognises a variety of sources of law and public authority. This effort is the result of the mobilisation of civil society, and marginalized groups in particular. This book shows how the incorporation of ethnic rights (mostly indigenous rights but in some cases the rights of the African-American population), has contributed to the recovery of demographic legitimacy by widening the opportunities for representation and participation for the most marginalized sectors of the population. Beating the Labyrinth: The sustainability of international co-operation programmes in higher education. Ad Boeren 86 pp., ISBN 90 5538 046 6

70. The Constitution Of Kenya Review Commission and ethnic purists soon emerged among the local people to stress This was not building on the indigenous. the Nandi, the Giriama, the Embu, Meru, pokot had to http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/docs/07d005.htm

The Commission The Review Process The Constitution: Past, Present and Amendments Civic Education on the Constitution ... Some of your Views Building On The Indigenous In Constitution Making By Professor Bethwell A. Ogot Director, Institute Of Research And Postgraduate Studies, Maseno University, Kenya. © 2001 Constitution of Kenya Review Commission A Joyfreto Creative Solution

71. Kenya native and tribe to describe indigenous Africans and the activities of three communities, the pokot in Northern roles played by the Kikuyu people and their http://www.coe.ohio-state.edu/mmerryfield/global_resources/modules/AfcKenya.htm

Web Resources Print Resources Media Resources AfricaQuest, Adventure Project (K-12) http://store.classroom.com/browse/browse.asp?id=38 Recommended this site provides information about a cd-rom and video, by Classroom Connect, which featured a 1,5000 mile, 6 week mountain bike trip through the Great Rift Valley (East Africa) Oct-Nov. 1998. A poster, curriculum guide, cd-rom, video are $69.95. Reviewed by Stanford University Center for African Studies. CARE in Kenya http://www.care.org/programs/country_profile.cfm?ID=124 Recommended because this site provides basic information about Kenya and describes the CARE projects in Kenya. Reviewed by the Stanford University Center for African Studies. Coalition of Violence Against Women (COVAW) - Kenya Recommended because this is a membership-based non-partisan, secular, feminist network of individuals and organizations who are committed to eradicating violence against women. Reviewed by Stanford University Center for African Studies. Coastweek.com (Mombasa) http://www.coastweek.com/ Recommended because it is the online edition of the weekly print newspaper. The site has information related to news, sports, entertainment, weather etc.

72. IK Monitor 4(1) McCall Dryland farming systems eg, pokot, Turkana, Somali and studies have been devoted to indigenous knowledge in zones in cooperation with local people (Kiriro and http://www.nuffic.nl/ciran/ikdm/4-1/articles/mccall.html

ITK in East African farming systems Michael K. McCall The potentials of indigenous technical knowledge (ITK), both for expanding scientific technical knowledge and for empowering its owners, are overwhelming. There is compelling evidence of the extent and rationality of ITK in East Africa. This article presents a broad overview of past and present research in the field of ITK within East African farming systems. It also indicates possible topics for further research. Indigenous technical knowledge Within farming systems, ITK embraces people's knowledge of tools and techniques for the assessment, acquisition, transformation, and utilization of resources which are specific to a particular location. ITK can encompass: Vernacular: technical knowledge held by all or most individuals in a specific locality, e.g., knowledge of crop rotation, or pest and weed control; Specialized: the technical knowledge of certain skilled 'resource persons', e.g., medicine, charcoal-making, blacksmithery and varietal testing; Controlled: knowledge held by dominant groups in society, such as the specialized knowledge referred to above, or skills in animal breeding, hunting or water divining;

73. IHDP Update 02-2003 pastoral nomadic societies, ie.10 people per km2 was less cohesive than the pokot network. societies, however, suggests that the “indigenous knowledge approach http://www.ihdp.uni-bonn.de/html/publications/update/update03_2003/IHDPUpdate02_

Newsletter of the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change Nr. 2/2003 VULNERABILITY AND RESILIENCE IN AFRICA The creation of resilience in two African herder societies / by Michael Bollig Demographic Growth, Environmental Change and Entitlement Decline Entitlement decline is another major factor contributing to increased vulnerability in pastoral societies. Especially in settler colonies like Kenya and Namibia, pastoralists were kept away from the markets to protect the interest of white farmers specialising in beef production. Exclusion from markets by strict regulation of livestock sales and newly invented boundaries meant a drastic loss in exchange entitlements. Today, all African herder communities are dependent on livestock markets to obtain cereals. These markets, however, are highly unstable. During droughts, market prices for livestock plummet and herders are forced to sell more animals than usual. Soon their preferred item of exchange, adult male livestock, is sold off, and they have to embark on sub-optimal selling strategies which seriously endanger their capacity to rebuilt herds after a disaster. Droughts and Violent Conflicts Drought years result in massive under-supplies of fodder and increased rates of livestock mortality. In north-western Namibia and north-western Kenya, droughts occur during one out of four years. A minor drought with precipitation of 20% below the normal rate may result in a decline of 80% of biomass production in the grass/herb layer. In the wake of major droughts, the regional herd of Kaokoland declined by as much as 90% in the early 1980s, and by about 40% in the late 1950s. The high vulnerability of herds to climatic events is typical for all African herder communities. Reports show losses of 62% for cattle and 55% for small ruminants during Sahelian droughts [3], and livestock losses of 95% amongst the Sudanese Beja during the 1984 drought [4].

74. RAE Trust Activities Page (Improving Livelihoods) and RAE hopes to fulfill the people s request to local Baringo women to harvest indigenous perennial grass of Kenya such as Laikipia, West pokot, Machakos and http://www.michna.com/rae/act_imprv_life.htm

Background Activities Publications About Us ... RAE Home Improving Livelihoods; Benefits to Women Income Generation RAE's work in Baringo has shown that dryland management and utilisation practices are improved if land productivity and profitability are increased. Thatching grass The profitable utilisation of productive drylands is inexorably linked to their sustainability. Once local people generate income and profit directly from reclaimed areas they are willing to manage their land on a sustainable basis to ensure its long term productivity. At the same time, it is only through the proper management and utilisation of drylands that income can be generated and profits realised. RAE concentrates on working with communities and individuals to define and develop viable income generating activities appropriate for different reclaimed areas. Many lessons have been learnt from experimental trials already carried out by individual private field owners and communities managing communal fields. Long-term records of field benefits and detailed accounts of expenditure and income continue to play an important part in defining the optimal use and capacity of private and communal reclaimed fields.

75. Women's Indigenous Technical Knowledge Of Livestock Production People organize their knowledge so that it can be of indigenous technical knowledge of animal husbandry covers animal For example, among the pokot of Kenya, 34 http://www.ifad.org/gender/thematic/livestock/live_3.htm

Home about ifad operations evaluation ... Contact Us document.write(document.title) overview regional programmes learning from the field tools and guidelines ... feedback 106. In traditional societies, indigenous technical knowledge depends on what people can see and remember without the aid of microscopes, journals or the written word. People often see correlations and understand causality, but where they see gaps in the process, they depend on spirituality to explain them. Local indigenous knowledge is increasingly being seen as a reservoir of ideas and solutions for development work. The ITK of women about agriculture, including livestock-raising, is a "largely untapped reservoir of intellectual wealth and experience ... and a valuable asset that must be capitalized upon and integrated into the development process" (IFAD 1991a). 107. Although ITK has long been the subject of anthropological research, it is only recently that interest has been shown in the possibility of harnessing it for the purposes of development (Howes 1980). Some development workers may agree with Richards (1980, p.192) that "a sentimental belief in traditional values and a gut feeling that the ‘people know best’ without knowing why and under what circumstances, will be … unhelpful and damaging to the prospects for rural devclopment in the long run". However, as yet there are very few examples in which ITK has been directly incorporated into projects and programmes. Development planners continue to function ‘top down’ despite the rhetoric.

76. Gallmann Foundation Home endangered and then little known indigenous black rhino as assisting the women of the pokot and Turkana been established which hosts 30 people and concentrates http://www.gallmannkenya.org/Profile.htm

Italian-born author, poet, conservationist and founder of The Gallmann Memorial Foundation (GMF) Kuki Gallmann moved to Kenya over 30 years ago and settled in Ol ari Nyiro in Laikipia, a 100.000 acres estate on the edge of the Great Rift Valley . After the tragic loss within three years of both her husband (killed in a car accident when she was pregnant with their unborn daughter) and her 17-year old son, who died in her arms from the fatal bite of a puff adder (Emanuele loved and studied snakes), her family's deep love for Africa and desire to protect it was transformed into a burning resolve to save its wilderness, wildlife and culture, through which she found her life's purpose, becoming an environmental activist and writer/spokesperson for Africa's environment. In the aftermath of her tragedies, Gallmann dedicated herself to keeping Ol ari Nyiro and its dream alive. She trained herself in land management and conservation strategies, and raised her daughter, Sveva, to understand and respect traditional African culture and nature and the importance of service to the community. The Gallmann Memorial Foundation and Ol ari Nyiro As a living memorial to her husband and son, she established The Gallmann Memorial Foundation with the specific purpose to harmonise development and conservation. The Foundation aims to prove that Africa can survive out of the ecological, creative and sustainable use of its natural resources.

77. Gallmann Foundation Home Continued monitoring of our unique indigenous black rhino and traditions of the neighbouring Samburu people a close Turkana and pokot tribes are also our http://www.gallmannkenya.org/Biodiversity Centre.htm

THE AFRICAN HUMANITIES AND BIODIVERSITY CENTRE LOCATION The Centre/Field Station is a unique refuge situated on Ol ari Nyiro, (place of dark waters in Maasai) a 100,000acre private wildlife reserve and nature conservancy that overlooks the spectacular Great Rift Valley on the extreme west of Kenya's Laikipia region. ACCOMMODATION: The Centre consists of twelve canvas tents under attractive palm thatch, each with two beds, with own showers and camp toilets, offices, laboratory and library, kitchen, meeting and dining area, electrical generator power, water, all built in simple, traditional style. A main area with a two room guest-cottage wing with one double and one twin - and bathroom ensuite, and an organic vegetable garden is attached to the camp. Full time staff include a resident ecologist, botany technician, resident entomologist, education officer , 30 wildlife rangers and support staff. ACTIVITIES: The Centre is built to host visiting researchers, volunteers and students who are interested in carrying out post graduate studies in African humanities: ethno-botany, cosmology and astronomy, anthropology, art, cultural studies, archaeology; and also ethnoecology, forestry, biology etc.

78. Marula Net Database fruits lerula, marula; Pedi tree - morula, merula; pokot (Kenya) - oruluo Making the most of indigenous trees People’s plants a guide to useful plants of http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sites/TreeDBS/Marula/info.htm

World Agroforestry Centre Marula Net Home Tree Databases Prunus Net Marula Net ... Images Species info Internet literature Glossary Acronym Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst.) Content Introduction Taxonomy and Distribution General description, Cultivation and Yield Nutritional status and uses ... References Introduction The 60 genera Anacardiaceae comprising some 600 species of trees and shrubs are distributed throughout the tropics, and are also found in warm temperate regions of Europe, eastern Asia, and the Americas. Many species have been widely cultivated beyond their limited areas of origin because of their economic importance as sources of timber, lacquer, oil, wax, dye, and for their often edible fruit or nuts. Five species are native to tropical and South America. The most important fruit is the mango from Mangifera indica L., whilst the most important nuts are the cashews (

79. Nilotic - Encyclopedia Article About Nilotic. Free Access, No Registration Neede Maasai or Masai are an indigenous African tribe of seminomadic people located primarily Kalenjin Elgeyo, Kipsigis, Marakwet, Nandi, pokot, Sabaot, Terik http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Nilotic

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Nilotic Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition Nilotic refers to East African tribes For the biological concept, see tribe (biology). Viewed historically or developmentally, a tribe consists of a social formation existing before the development of, or outside of, states. States have at various times in history pursued diplomatic, legal, military and cultural endeavors to define and direct relationships with tribes. A tribal name would similarly represent a generalized, humanist self-identity rather than a relative identity to others. Click the link for more information. originating in sub-Saharan northeast Africa Africa is the world's second-largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. At c. 30,244,050 km (11,677,240 mi ) including the islands, it covers 20.3% of the total land area on Earth, and with over 800 million human inhabitants it accounts for around one seventh of Earth's human population. The ancient Romans used the name Africa terra Afer may be the Phoenician `afar , dust; the Afridi tribe, who dwelt in Northern Africa around the area of Carthage; Greek

80. Domestication And Commercialization Of Non-timber Forest Products In Agroforestr potential for contributing to improvement of people s living conditions The ecology and management of indigenous forests in the case of the pokot and Turkana. http://www.fao.org/docrep/w3735e/w3735e12.htm

Utilization of non-timber tree products in dryland areas: examples from southern and eastern Africa Marion Karmann and Ingrid Lorbach 1 I nstitut für Forstbenutzung, Werderring 6, D-79085 Freiburg, Germany Hinter den Höfen 29, D-37124 Rosdorf, Germany The livelihood of the majority of rural people in African drylands depends on the forests and woodlands as sources of agricultural land, firewood and charcoal, as well as non-timber tree products such as food, fibre and medicines. As the ecological balance in arid and semi-arid environments is delicate, sustainable land-use practices are required if people's basic needs for the future are to be fulfilled. Sustainable utilization of tree and shrub resources, as in agroforestry, is an integral part of this. The main objectives of this paper are to emphasize the variety of non-timber tree and shrub products found in drylands, to describe their utilization and to indicate local people's knowledge. Field research and observations took place in Kenya and Mozambique, where migration and changes in settlement have occurred in recent history. Such migration has brought together varied experiences, and it has also caused changes in traditional woodland utilization. Field experience has been checked with other information from the drylands of southern and eastern Africa, so as to give a broader view of current woodland product resources and their potential in the region.

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