61. A Walk Through Time Version history National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) physics Laboratory Time and Frequency Division (for additional information on time http://physics.nist.gov/GenInt/Time/time.html

A NIST Physics Laboratory Presentation The Evolution of Time Measurement through the Ages Ancient Calendars Early Clocks A Revolution in Timekeeping The "Atomic" Age World Time Scales and Time Zones NIST Time Services Bibliography Version History National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Physics Laboratory Time and Frequency Division (for additional information on time services and standards) Note: This page can be accessed using http://physics.nist.gov/time Online: May 1995 - Last update: April 30, 2002 - cns

62. Brief History Of The SI Brief history of the SI, Abbreviations CGPM, CIPM, BIPM. The following development of physics as an experimental science was largely based on this system. http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/history.html

Return to Units home page Units Topics: Introduction Units Prefixes Outside ... home page Historical context of the SI meter kilogram second ampere ... candela history of SI Brief history of the SI Abbreviations : CGPM, CIPM, BIPM Reproduced with permission from the BIPM web site. In 1832, Gauss strongly promoted the application of this Metric System, together with the second defined in astronomy, as a coherent system of units for the physical sciences. Gauss was the first to make absolute three mechanical units millimeter, gram and second for, respectively, the quantities length, mass and time. In later years, Gauss and Weber extended these measurements to include electrical phenomena These applications in the field of electricity and magnetism were further developed in the 1860s under the active leadership of Maxwell and Thomson through the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS). They formulated the requirement for a coherent system of units with base units and derived units.

63. Quantum Mechanics History A history of Quantum Mechanics. with no experimental basis. Planck won the 1918 Nobel Prize for physics for this work. In 1901 Ricci http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/The_Quantum_age_begins.html

A history of Quantum Mechanics Mathematical Physics index History Topics Index It is hard to realise that the electron was only discovered a little over 100 years ago in 1897. That it was not expected is illustrated by a remark made by J J Thomson, the discoverer of the electron. He said I was told long afterwards by a distinguished physicist who had been present at my lecture that he thought I had been pulling their leg. The neutron was not discovered until 1932 so it is against this background that we trace the beginnings of quantum theory back to 1859. In 1859 Gustav Kirchhoff proved a theorem about blackbody radiation. A blackbody is an object that absorbs all the energy that falls upon it and, because it reflects no light, it would appear black to an observer. A blackbody is also a perfect emitter and Kirchhoff proved that the energy emitted E depends only on the temperature T and the frequency v of the emitted energy, i.e. E J T v He challenged physicists to find the function J In 1879 Josef Stefan proposed, on experimental grounds, that the total energy emitted by a hot body was proportional to the fourth power of the temperature. In the generality stated by Stefan this is false. The same conclusion was reached in 1884 by

64. Mathematical Physics Index history Topics Mathematical physics Index. General relativity. history of Quantum mechanics. Orbits and gravitation. Special relativity. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Indexes/Math_Physics.html

History Topics: Mathematical Physics Index General relativity History of Quantum mechanics Orbits and gravitation Special relativity ... Search Form JOC/EFR January 2004 The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Indexes/Math_Physics.html

65. A World Of Particles.The Discovery Of The Model. Atoms. Atoms, history 1. The story of particle physics goes back 2000 years to the Greeks; and Isaac Newton thought that matter was made up of particles in the 17th http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/physics/particles/particlesdiscover1.ht

document.write(''); CSAct[/*CMP*/ 'B3CE3D2A4'] = new Array(CSShowHide,/*CMP*/ 'orangemap',1); Atoms history 1 The story of particle physics goes back 2000 years to the Greeks; and Isaac Newton thought that matter was made up of particles in the 17th century. However, it was John Dalton who formally stated in 1802 that everything is made from tiny atoms. accelerator tunnels that are the size of a small town. The photo shows an aerial view of the path of the accelerator tunnel at CERN which crosses the French/Swiss border. The tunnel is 27 km long. As well as discovering new particles, the scientists at CERN developed the technology that has now become the Internet. The first particle model The pattern period In 1869 Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, grouped the elements into periods according to their chemical properties. However, his periodic table had gaps in it. Mendeleev was not put off; instead he used his periodic patterns to predict the existence and properties of the missing elements. Within a few years, germanium and gallium, for example, were discovered with the predicted properties. Similarly, a hundred years on, physicists were predicting the existence and properties of new fundamental particles , which were later discovered.

66. PSIgate - Browse Results to provide access to high quality Internetbased resources in the physical sciences astronomy, chemistry, earth sciences, physics, science history and policy http://www.psigate.ac.uk/roads/cgi-bin/psibrowse.pl?toplevel=policy&limit=0&subj

67. Alexa Web Search - Subjects > Science > Physics > History Center for history of physics Has a mission to preserve and make known the history of modern physics and allied sciences including astronomy, geophysics and http://www.alexa.com/browse/general?catid=27086&mode=general

68. Alexa Web Search - Subjects > Science > Physics > History daily! 1. Nobel Prize Internet Archive nobelprizes.com Site Info. 2. Center for history of physics www.aip.org/history - Site Info. 3 http://www.alexa.com/browse/categories?catid=27086

69. Physics - History Short history. The beginning of the study of physics in Iaºi dates in the years of funding of the Mihail Sturdza Academy, where the study of Natural Sciences http://physics.uaic.ro/default.php?t=site&pgid=2

70. Doctor Who A Brief History Of Time (Travel) Doctor Who A Brief history Of Time (Travel) is copyright © 19952004 Shannon Patrick on this site (ie any page whose URL begins http//www.physics.mun.ca/~sps http://www.physics.mun.ca/~sps/drwho.html

71. Kirensry Institute Of Physics | History Of Institute site is supported by NATO Science Programme Networking Infrastructure, Grant no 973201. © Kirensky Institute of physics 19982003 ? http://www.kirensky.ru/eng/history/

Main General Information Office Laboratories ... Persons History of Institute THIS PAGE IS CURRENTLY UNDER CONSTRUCTION Fast Internet access to this site is supported by NATO Science Programme Networking Infrastructure, Grant no 973201 Institute of Physics Ïîñëåäíèå èçìåíåíèÿ: 16 Oct 2001

72. History Of Particle Physics We invite you to explore this history of particle physics with a focus on the scientists and thinkers who helped shape the field of particle physics. http://particleadventure.org/particleadventure/other/history/

back to history page Particle Physics Timeline For over two thousand years people have thought about the fundamental particles from which all matter is made, starting with the gradual development of atomic theory, followed by a deeper understanding of the quantized atom, leading to the recent theory of the Standard Model. We invite you to explore this history of particle physics with a focus on the scientists and thinkers who helped shape the field of particle physics. The four sections are arranged chronologically. You can use the index to find more information about a specific person or event. Earliest times - 1550 AD: The Ancients 1550 - 1900 AD: The Scientific Revolution and Classical Mechanics 1900 - 1964 AD: Quantum Theory 1964 - Present: The Modern View (the Standard Model) ... back to history page Sections of the History of Particle Physics were written by the physics class of 1996 of the Mountain Empire High School, Pine Valley, California, under the guidance of Susan Lafo, as indicated.

73. Particle Physics Education Sites 4000 Years of Women in Science history and biographies of prominent female scientists. Contributions of 20th Century Women to physics - cites their work and http://particleadventure.org/particleadventure/other/othersites.html

back to home page Education and Information National ... Laboratories Particle Physics Education and Information sites: top Introduction: The Particle Adventure - an interactive tour of particle physics for everyone: the basics of theory and experiment. Virtual Visitor Center of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. Guided Tour of Fermilab , - A virtual tour of Fermilab with overviews of several aspects of Particle Physics. Probing Particles - a comprehensive and straight-forward introduction to particle physics. Big Bang Science - approaches particle physics starting from the theoretical origin of the universe. Life, the Universe, and the Electron - an interactive exhibition focusing on the electron. History of Neutrinos - everything you ever wanted to know about neutrinos. Hands-On CERN - an introduction to particle physics theory and experiments. The World of Beams Physics 2000 - an interactive journey that touches on quantum physics. A bibliography of Particle Physics Educational Materials - a listing of useful books and articles. Particle Data Group - an international group that summarizes and reviews particle physics.

74. Total Eclipse Of The Sun: Eclipse, Astronomy, Physics, History, Culture You are here Home » Middle East » Iran » Total Eclipse of the Sun, Trip Listing Service, http://www.infohub.com/TRAVEL/SIT/sit_pages/3408.html

You are here: Home Iran Trip Listing Service Home Categories Active Adventure Affinity Family Hobby ... Sports Destination Africa Asia Australia Caribbean ... South America Weekend Getaways Backroad CityEscape Unique Stays Castle Hotel Eco Lodge Outdoors Fishing Lodge Guest Ranch Hunting Lodge Resorts Diving Golf Naturist Spa Are you interested? This is tour is no longer offered by InfoHub. To find similar tours or other tours available, click for more information. Total Eclipse of the Sun Please, note! This Tour is no longer offered by InfoHub. Find similar tours here Trip to Iran to be in the center line of the last Total Eclipse of this century. Your Itinerary Day 1: Aug. 9: Tehran Arrival Tehran airport, transfer to hotel, visiting Sa’d Abad Garden Museum ( The last King’s residence Palace), Cultural briefing in Jamshidieh Park and acquaintance with different Iranian tribes in local restaurants. Hotel Kowsar (4*) B L D Day 2: Aug. 10: Tehran Visiting Glass and Ceramic Museum in the morning, National Museum of Iran after lunch and flight to Kermanshah at 16:10. Hotel Parsian (3*) B L D Day 3: Aug. 11: Kermanshah - Hamadan Today is the big day. Morning trip to Bas relief Sassanid’s kings at Taq-e Bostan and Kermanshah Bazaar. Drive to your privet site on the center line, have a picnic lunch and prepare the equipment’s to witness the TOTAL ECLIPSE OF THE SUN. With the sun above the horizon and sunny sky above our head we will be ready to observe the last eclipse of the 20th century. Drive back to Hamadan after the show. Hotel Resalat (3*)

75. History Of Science And Technology--University Of Minnesota to make use of the perspectives and methods of intellectual, institutional, social, economic, and cultural history. Tate Laboratory of physics, along the http://www.physics.umn.edu/~hsci/

The History of Science and Technology is a dynamic interdisciplinary field of scholarship that studies the development of science and technology in their broader cultural context. The field is growing rapidly as people realize that science and technology are themselves among the most important cultural phenomena of the modern age. The Program in the History of Science and Technology at the University of Minnesota ranks among the country's best. It offers both M.A. and Ph.D. degrees, with comprehensive opportunities for advanced research and study in history of the physical sciences, the biological sciences, and technology. Within these areas, students are encouraged to make use of the perspectives and methods of intellectual, institutional, social, economic, and cultural history. The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer. Comments, questions to: eastwold@physics.spa.umn.edu Updated: 12 November, 2001

76. History Of Radiation 2046 dropped over Japan prior to Atomic Bomb Dropping; history of physics References; history of Uranium mining. Notable People in the history of Radiation. http://www.physics.isu.edu/radinf/hist.htm

Radiation Information Network's History of Radiation and Radiation Protection Essays and items of interest dealing with the history of radiation protection, radiation and health physics. General Areas of History Bureau of Atomic Tourism (Atomic Museums) The Health Physics Historical Museum Collection (ORAU - Dr. Paul Frame) Radiation Oncology - A Project Of Radiology Centennial Inc The First Fifty Years of Radiation Protection by R. Kathren and P. Ziemer First Half Century of Radiation Protection Timeline A Brief Chronology of Radiation and Protection by J. Ellsworth Weaver III 1994,1995 Radiation Warning Symbol by Paul Frame Radiation Warning Symbol Up-date by Paul Frame The Discovery Of Radioactivity: The Dawn of the Nuclear Age Discovery of electron Discovery of gamma ray Rays and Particles - Brief History of Radiation ... Atomic History and the First Reactor (ANL) A Short History of Nuclear Regulation, 1946-1999 Radiation Protection at EPA: The First 30 Years (pdf) Madame Marie Curie and the The U.S. Curie Standard

77. Objective Knowledge By Karl Popper Objective Knowledge. A Realist View of Logic, physics, and history (1966). Pluralism and Emergence in history. Realism and Subjectivism in physics. http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/at/popper.htm

Karl Popper (1966) Objective Knowledge A Realist View of Logic, Physics, and History (1966) Source Objective Knowledge (1972) publ. Clarendon Press. The second last chapter is reproduced here. Thus, we have not made our world. So far we have not even changed it much, compared with the changes achieved by animals and plants. Yet we have created a new kind of product or artefact which promises in time to work changes in our corner of the world as great as those worked by our predecessors, the oxygen-producing plants, or the island-building corals. These new products, which are decidedly of our own making, are our myths, our ideas, and especially our scientific theories: theories about the world we live in. I suggest that we may look upon these myths, these ideas and theories, as some of the most characteristic products of human activity. Like tools, they are organs evolving outside our skins. They are exosomatic artefacts. Thus we may count among these characteristic products especially what is called 'human knowledge'; where we take the word 'knowledge' in the objective or impersonal sense, in which it may be said to be contained in a book; or stored in a library; or taught in a university. When referring to human knowledge, I shall usually have this objective sense of the word 'knowledge' in mind. This allows us to think of knowledge produced by men as analogous to the honey produced by bees: the honey is made by bees, stored by bees, and consumed by bees; and the individual bee which consumes honey will not, in general, consume only the bit it has produced itself: honey is also consumed by the drones which have not produced any at all (not to mention that stored treasure of honey which the bees may lose to bears or beekeepers). It is also interesting to note that, in order to keep up its powers to produce more honey, each working bee has to consume honey, some of it usually produced by other bees.

78. Heisenberg's Physics And Philosophy Source physics and Philosophy, 1958; Chapters 2 (history), 3 (Copenhagen interpretation) and 5 (HPS), reproduced here; Published by George Allen and Unwin http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/ge/heisenb2.htm

Werner Heisenberg (1958) Physics and Philosophy Source Physics and Philosophy , 1958; Chapters 2 (History), 3 (Copenhagen interpretation) and 5 (HPS), reproduced here; Published : by George Allen and Unwin Edition, 1959. The History of Quantum Theory The idea that energy could be emitted or absorbed only in discrete energy quanta was so new that it could not be fitted into the traditional framework of physics. An attempt by Planck to reconcile his new hypothesis with the older laws of radiation failed in the essential points. It took five years until the next step could be made in the new direction. This time it was the young Albert Einstein, a revolutionary genius among the physicists, who was not afraid to go further away from the old concepts. There were two problems in which he could make use of the new ideas. One was the so-called photoelectric effect, the emission of electrons from metals under the influence of light. The experiments, especially those of Lenard, had shown that the energy of the emitted electrons did not depend on the intensity of the light, but only on its colour or, more precisely, on its frequency. This could not be understood on the basis of the traditional theory of radiation. Einstein could explain the observations by interpreting Planck's hypothesis as saying that light consists of quanta of energy travelling through space. The energy of one light quantum should, in agreement with Planck's assumptions, be equal to the frequency of the light multiplied by Planck's constant.

79. Sources For History Of Quantum Physics http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/guides/ahqp/

80. Www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/hstm/hstm_spe.htm CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA history of physicsHome Catholic Encyclopedia P history of physics. history of physics. The subject will be treated under the following heads I http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/hstm/hstm_spe.htm

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