81. ReferenceResources:Plants Plant Cell Organelles An INTERACTIVE close view of a plant cell, facts, and information A large clickablemap graphic. photosynthesis. What is photosynthesis? http://www.kidinfo.com/Science/plants.html

Reference Resources: Plants Plant Encyclopedia Botany Encyclopedia of Plants Pand Botanical Dictionary Learn about any plant; photographs NatureServe - An Online Encyclopedia of Life Encyclopedia of Plants and Botanical Dictionary Learn about any plant; photographs- SEARCHABLE by keyword Plant Links Botany Links Links to Sites about plants and botany Plants Aquatic Plant Glossary Photographs, facts, and information Botany Internet Resource Links for Botany and Plant Ecology Botany Links to facts and information about plants Designing and Building A Terrarium Guidelines on how to build you own terrarium Images of Plants and Garden Flowers Learning About Photosynthesis Links to sites with information about photosynthesis NeoFlora - The World's Largest Plant Database Over 38,000 plant entries; everything from trees to tropicals to flowers,etc.; descriptions, photographs The Seedy Side of Plants from PBS Learn the clever ways plants use to get around. Discover the unique methods seeds use to travel in their quest for survival, and how they adapt to unlikely environments. Learn how controversial genetic engineering is being used to alter the natural seed production of plants. Resources section, with listings of books about seeds, as well as links to related Web sites.

82. Jack's Info On Hydroponic Plants And Light Jack explains about photosynthesis and the lighting needs of plants. For indoor hydroponic gardeners he also has some tips on hydroponic lighting. http://www.hydroponics.com/light/info_light.htm

Jack's Hydroponic Info on Fluorescent HID Light Movers FAQ Lighting Products Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use light energy to collect carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and convert it to chemical energy in the form of sugar. The products of photosynthesis serve to nourish the plant and enable it to release free oxygen. Plants use only the spectrum of light that is visible to the human eye. Although the light appears white, it is actually a mixture of all the colours of the rainbow. Pigments, which are the light harvesting units of the plants, absorb certain colours of the spectrum and reflect the rest. Chlorophyll, the main pigment used in photosynthesis, absorbs light in the violet and blue wavelengths as well as in the red, leaving green the colour it reflects, and the plant colour we see. Photosynthesis can also occur indoors, providing the artificial light source used supplies the necessary spectrum and intensity. Wide spectrum fluorescent, metal halide, and high pressure sodium are the types of lights most widely used for indoor growing. All of these lights require a ballast to operate and come in a variety of sizes and wattage's.

83. Photosynthesis In C3 And C4 Plants Reduction in CO 2 levels in the leaf tissue. Reduction in CO 2 levels below 50 ppm stops photosynthesis in C 3 plants. photosynthesis in CAM plants. http://www.usd.edu/biocareers/risticb413sp2001/lec15.htm

Photosynthesis in C and C plants Most higher plants have, so called, C pathway of photosynthesis Some plants that are adapted to hot and dry environments, are characterized by C pathway of photosynthesis What is the distinction between the C and C pathways of photosynthesis? The fate of CO in C plants Initially, CO reacts with a 5-carbon compound, ribulose biphosphate An intermediate 6-carbon compound is formed The 6-carbon compound immediately breaks down into two 3-carbon compounds* 3-phosphoglycerate or 3-PGA The above two reactions are catalyzed by RUBISCO * the reason to call this photosynthetic pathway "C " The final product of C photosynthesis 3-PGA is then further utilized in the Calvin cycle The final product Fructose 1, 6-biphosphate Sucrose The fate of CO in C plants C plants have two distinct types of photosynthetic cells, and two distinct types of chloroplasts Mesophyll cells with granal chloroplasts Bundle-sheath cells with non-granal chloroplasts Leaf structure in C and C plants Leaf structure – C plants Leaf structure – C plants Maize leaf C - pathway Initially, CO

84. Why Weren't Plants Created 100% Efficient At Photosynthesis? For nature, the creationist reads God. Had God created plants 100% efficient at photosynthesis, He might have been faced with extraneous engineering http://www.rae.org/perfect.html

Why Weren't Plants Created 100% Efficient at Photosynthesis? (OR: Why Aren't Plants Black?) Author: John Woodmorappe Subject: Biology Date: Essays by Author Essays by Subject John Woodmorappe's Articles About John Woodmorappe "If God made the world," runs a common argument for evolution, "then why didn't He. . . ?" Most creationists, we expect, can supply the next clause: ". . .give pandas better thumbs? Or improve the design of the human spine? Or make seed production more efficient?" This "God-wouldn't-have-done-it-that-way" argument for evolution appears to many to be among the most compelling in the theory's favor. But rarely do evolutionists give the argument the careful thought it requires. Consider the notion of perfection. If God is perfect, asks the naturalistic evolutionist, then shouldn't His biological productions be perfect as well? Perfection, however, is an exceedingly tricky concept. What, for instance, would be a perfect wristwatch? The naturalist might claim that no intelligent designer would make a watch that loses one second a month, or accumulates dust and rust, or has a case that tarnishes with time, or can be affected by magnets, or cannot withstand a sledgehammer blow. Why stop there, however? With a little imagination, one can also ask why an intelligent designer would make a watch that fails to forecast the weather, or does not have a vibrator alarm in case the wearer is deaf, or does not have tactile hands in case the wearer is blind, or cannot function in a vacuum in case the wearer wants to use it on the moon, or cannot get up and put itself on its owner's wrist . . .and so on.

85. Photosynthesis Variations : Photosynthesis : Energy Maintanance : Cell cycle. With this system, these plants can continue photosynthesis on hot days, even with their pores almost completely closed. A http://www.bioproject.info/GENERAL_BIOLOGY/Cell/Energy_maintanance/Photosynthesi

WASP Website navigation : home GENERAL BIOLOGY Cell Energy maintanance ... Photosynthesis Photosynthesis variations Bacteria lack chloroplasts, and instead use structures called chromatophores—membranes formed by numerous foldings of the plasma membrane, the membrane surrounding the fluid, or cytoplasm, that fills the cell. The chromatophores house thylakoids similar to plant thylakoids, which in some bacteria contain chlorophyll. For these bacteria, the process of photosynthesis is similar to that of plants, algae, and seaweed. Many of these chlorophyll-containing bacteria are abundant in oceans, lakes, and rivers, and the oxygen they release dissolves in the water and enables fish and other aquatic organisms to survive. Certain archaebacteria, members of a group of primitive bacteria-like organisms, carry out photosynthesis in a different manner. The mud-dwelling green sulfur and purple sulfur archaebacteria use hydrogen sulfide instead of water in photosynthesis. These archaebacteria release sulfur rather than oxygen, which, along with hydrogen sulfide, imparts the rotten egg smell to mudflats. Halobacteria, archaebacteria found in the salt flats of deserts, rely on the pigment bacteriorhodopsin instead of chlorophyll for photosynthesis. These archaebacteria do not carry out the complete process of photosynthesis; although they produce ATP in a process similar to the light-dependent reaction and use it for energy, they do not produce glucose. Halobacteria are among the most ancient organisms, and may have been the starting point for the evolution of photosynthesis.

86. Timelinescience - Photosynthesis - Resources The brief timeline here shows some of the main developments in ideas about photosynthesis which have led to our modern understanding of the way plants make food http://www.timelinescience.org/resource/students/photosyn/photosyn.htm

resources Students' resources The Photosynthesis Story For many centuries plants were a puzzle. They grew from the soil, and most people, if they thought about it at all, accepted the ideas of the Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. He thought that plants were fed by the soil and relied totally on the soil to grow. The brief timeline here shows some of the main developments in ideas about photosynthesis which have led to our modern understanding of the way plants make food. Jean Baptiste van Helmont rejects the idea that plants are fed by the soil. Edmé Mariotte observes that plants are nourished by the atmosphere through the leaves. Charles Bonnet observes gas bubbles given off by a leaf underwater which is brightly lit - an observation still made in school science laboratories today! Joseph Priestley is the first person to show that plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen. Jan Ingelhousz discovers that only the green parts of plants release oxygen, and that oxygen is only given off when the plants are lit.

87. Photosynthesis 1. How does this investigation demonstrate that plants give off oxygen during photosynthesis? Explain your answer based on your observations. http://www.iit.edu/~smile/bi9201.html

Photosynthesis Karen F. Adams Burnside Scholastic Academy 10748 So. Drew St. 650 East 91st Place Chicago IL 60643 Chicago IL 60619 312-238-3723 312-535-3300 Objectives : (Adaptable to grade levels 6-9) The student will: 1. Observe evidence of photosynthesis in a water plant. 2. Assemble the equipment needed to measure the rate of photosynthesis in elodea (water plant). 3. Count bubbles of oxygen gas given off by elodea to determine the rate of photosynthesis. 4. Change the conditions of photosynthesis by altering light intensity and carbon dioxide amount, and determine the effects on the photosynthesis rate. 5. Prepare a graph of the collected data and analyze it. Materials Needed : (For each group of four students) elodea (water plant) lamp (40 watt) test tube razor blade (single-edge) dechlorinated water (room temperature) tape sodium bicarbonate powder (baking soda) clock or timer metal stand with rod or test tube rack metric ruler Strategy Performance Assessment : The students will answer these questions using specific values from the investigation. Diagrams may be included. 1. How does this investigation demonstrate that plants give off oxygen during photosynthesis? Explain your answer based on your observations. 2. How does the rate of photosynthesis change when the light source is moved from a distance of 5 cm to 20 cm? 3. How does the rate of photosynthesis change when sodium bicarbonate is added to the water?

88. Biology 101: Photosynthesis When its hot and dry, bad things can happen. You lose water. plants need water for photosynthesis and to keep themselves erect. http://niko.unl.edu/bs101/notes/lecture6.html

Lecture Summary The basic equation: Photosynthetic Autotrophs are the earth's Producers Where it happens: ... Overview of photosynthesis. Using Light to make Food The basic equation: It's just the reverse of respiration! Some History: Van Helmont showed that the "soil" did not provide sufficient materials to account for plant growth: a willow gained 75 kg, while the soil lost 60 g. Priestly showed that a flame would burn in an enclosed vessel with a living plant, but not without. Ingenhousz shows that Priestly's experiment required light. (to summary) Photosynthetic Autotrophs are the earth's Producers Autotroph means "self-feeder" but photosynthesizing organisms do more than feed themselves: they feed everything else. All green plants are autotrophs. They're an amazingly diverse group. (to summary) Where it happens: In happens in the green tissues of plants: mostly leaves, but not always! The cells of the green tissues of plants have chloroplasts. Double membrane-bound organelles containing [slide] pancake shaped "thylakoids" arranged in stacks called "grana" within a thick fluid called the "stroma" (to summary) An Overview of what happens.

89. International Space School Educational Trust ISSET Only plants can capture light energy directly. Through the process of photosynthesis, plants convert the light energy into stored energy. http://www.isset.org/doc.php?pagelocation=20&doc=981

90. Plant Scavenger Hunt Name. plants and photosynthesis. Use the underlined sites to find the answers to the questions. 5. What gives a plant its color? (Hint look at photosynthesis). http://www.iss.k12.nc.us/schools/ees/bcrouch/plants.htm

Name Plants and Photosynthesis Use the underlined sites to find the answers to the questions. 1. What is a plant 2. What is photosynthesis 3. Is the carbon dioxide used in photosynthesis a solid, liquid, or gas? 4. Which of these are converted into food energy during photosynthesis sunlight carbon dioxide soil water 5. What gives a plant its color ? (Hint: look at photosynthesis) 6. What is a cell 7. Which one does a plant cell contain? iron bars cell doors cell wall 8. What do roots do? 9.What do you call the actively growing part of a plant? 10. What seven things do plants need to grow? Click here to go to The Great Plant Escape Click here for The Great Plant Escape Activities Created by: Barbara Crouch, East Iredell Elementary North Carolina Standard Course of Study Goals and Objectives: Science-1999 Grade Level(s): 3 Status: This curriculum is currently implemented by DPI but is not yet tested. Refer to an earlier version for the currently tested curriculum. 1 The learner will build an understanding of plant growth and adaptations.

91. Photosynthetic Pigments with light to absorb only certain wavelengths, pigments are useful to plants and other autotrophs organisms which make their own food using photosynthesis. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss3/pigments.html

Photosynthetic Pigments Pigments are colorful compounds. Pigments are chemical compounds which reflect only certain wavelengths of visible light. This makes them appear "colorful". Flowers, corals, and even animal skin contain pigments which give them their colors. More important than their reflection of light is the ability of pigments to absorb certain wavelengths. Because they interact with light to absorb only certain wavelengths, pigments are useful to plants and other autotrophs organisms which make their own food using photosynthesis . In plants , algae, and cyanobacteria , pigments are the means by which the energy of sunlight is captured for photosynthesis. However, since each pigment reacts with only a narrow range of the spectrum, there is usually a need to produce several kinds of pigments, each of a different color, to capture more of the sun's energy. There are three basic classes of pigments. Chlorophylls are greenish pigments which contain a porphyrin ring . This is a stable ring-shaped molecule around which electrons are free to migrate. Because the electrons move freely, the ring has the potential to gain or lose electrons easily, and thus the potential to provide energized electrons to other molecules. This is the fundamental process by which chlorophyll "captures" the energy of sunlight. There are several kinds of chlorophyll, the most important being chlorophyll "a". This is the molecule which makes photosynthesis possible, by passing its energized electrons on to molecules which will manufacture sugars. All plants, algae, and cyanobacteria which photosynthesize contain chlorophyll "a". A second kind of chlorophyll is chlorophyll "b", which occurs only in

92. Re: Why Photosynthesis Pigment Of Plant Is Green And Not Black? Because plants do absorb substantial green and yellow wavelengths and use them in photosynthesis, plants are more efficient than they seem by assuming they http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/dec2001/1008985836.Bt.r.html

MadSci Network : Botany Re: Why photosynthesis pigment of plant is green and not black? Date: Fri Dec 21 20:47:32 2001 Posted By: David Hershey, Faculty, Botany, NA Area of science: Botany ID: 1008863837.Bt Message: Why Trees are Green Photosynthesis Pigments Photosynthesis Action Spectrum for Elodea Generalized Photosynthesis Action Spectrum Salisbury and Ross. 1985. Plant Physiology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Current Queue Current Queue for Botany Botany archives Try the links in the MadSci Library for more information on Botany MadSci Home Information Search ... Join Us! MadSci Network, webadmin@www.madsci.org

93. What Is Photosynthesis? What Is photosynthesis? This is an excellent hotlist on photosynthesis. Articles are geared towards students ranging from the elementary to the college level. Some links are actual lesson plans http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://photoscience.la.asu.edu/photosyn/educati

94. PHOTOSYNTHESIS photosynthesis Image from W.H. Freeman and Sinauer Associates, used by permission. http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://gened.emc.maricopa.edu/bio/bio181/BIOBK/

95. Glossary Of Terms: P All of the sugar produced in the photosynthetic cells of plants and other organisms is derived from the initial chemical combining of carbon dioxide and water http://www.physicalgeography.net/physgeoglos/p.html

GLOSSARY OF TERMS HOME FUNDAMENTALS ONLINE TEXTBOOK GLOSSARY ... Z Glossary of Terms: P Pacific High High pressure system that develops over the central Pacific Ocean near the Hawaiian Islands. Also called the Hawaiian High Paleoclimate Climatic conditions in the geological past reconstructed from a direct or indirect data source. Paleoclimatology Scientific study of the Earth's climate during the past. Paleolake An ancient lake that existed in the past when hydrological conditions were different. Paleosol A soil exhibiting features that are the result of some past conditions and processes. Paleozoic Geologic era that occurred from 570 to 245 million years ago. Palsa A mound of peat that develops as the result of the formation of a number ice lenses beneath the ground surface. Typical size is 1 to 7 meters high, 10 to 30 meters wide, and 15 to 150 meters long. Found in the high latitudes. Similar to a

96. Coming Soon! www.plants.org coming soon! This page is parked FREE at GoDaddy.com! http://www.plants.org/

www.plants.org coming soon! This page is parked FREE at GoDaddy.com! Enter a domain name: www. .com .net .org .info .biz .us .ws FREE with every domain: Change of Registration Parked Page Domain Locking Status Alerts New! Domain Masking New! "For Sale" Page New! Total DNS Control Secure SSL Certificates Protect your customers and your site from fraud and theft. A Secure SSL Certificate from GoDaddy.com tells customers that your site is secure. Click here for more info Join the Club! Just $19.95 to join! Get volume discounts on domains, software and more. Join ICANN-accredited Blue Razor Domains now! Click for more info Just $99! Sell the same products you see here! Complete turn-key operation, including site and customer support. No technical experience required! Click for more info Web Hosting Packages as low as $3.95/mo! FREE Setup! Several plans available! All plans include: - Lots of bandwidth! FREE Webmail! FREE Spam filter! FREE Email forward accounts FREE Statistics! FREE FREE MySQL database support! extensions!

97. Photosynthesis fact that according to that wonderful chemical formula above, during photosynthesis leaves such the substance making up the largest part of any plant you look http://www.backyardnature.net/photosyn.htm

Why Do Plants Have Leaves? T he picture at the right shows the International Space Station as it appeared in March of 2001. People live and work only in the thin vertical cylinder. The rest of the station, looking like wings on an old-time airplane, are solar panels. These panels convert sunlight energy into energy usable by the people inside the station. That's the main function of most leaves on most kinds of green plants to convert sunlight energy into something the plant absolutely must have. It's much more than a mere coincidence that the International Space Station is fundamentally similar to a tree stem with leaves spreading in the sunlight. Therefore, a leaf's main job is usually this: To present its broad surface to the sun so that inside the leaf's' green tissue the almost-magical process of photosynthesis can take place. Now, during photosynthesis , sunlight energy is used to power chemical reactions that combine water with the air's carbon dioxide to form starchy carbohydrate. In other words, during photosynthesis, sunlight energy is stored in carbohydrate for later use. Here's the simplified chemical formula for photosynthesis: + C H O O or...

98. GCSE CHEMISTRY  Atmosphere - History - Green Plants - Photosynthesis - Gcsescie The Atmosphere. History (2). The first green plants appeared on the Earth about 2 billion years ago (in the sea) and about 0.5 billion years ago on land. http://www.gcsechemistry.com/w6.htm

gcsescience.com gcsescience.com The Atmosphere History The first green plants appeared on the Earth about 2 billion years ago (in the sea ) and about 0.5 billion years ago on land To see this part of the site you need to become a member Click on the link below to see how quick and easy it is to join Become a Member Sections of this site open to non members are The Reactivity Series Extraction and Uses of Metals Rates of Reaction Catalysts and Energy from Chemistry Waves Magnets and Electromagnetism from Physics Headings Contents The Periodic Table ... Index

99. Photosynthesis, Plant Growth And Development, Botany Course, Master Gardener Tra photosynthesis plant growth and development, Botany module of Master Gardener training program. http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/photo.html

photosynthesis respiration transpiration balancing act ... plants in communities Photosynthesis O ne of the major differences between plants and animals is plants' ability to manufacture their own food. This process is called photosynthesis, which literally means "to put together with light." To produce food, a plant requires energy from the sun, carbon dioxide from the air, and water from the soil. During photosynthesis, it splits carbon dioxide into carbon and oxygen, adds water, and forms carbohydrates (starches and sugars). Oxygen is a by-product. The formula for photosynthesis can be written as follows: Carbon dioxide + Water + Sunlight = Sugar + Oxygen or 6 CO + 6 H H After producing carbohydrates, a plant either uses them as energy, stores them, or builds them into complex energy compounds such as oils and proteins. All of these food products are called photosynthates . The plant uses them when light is limited, or transports them to its roots or developing fruits. Photosynthesis occurs only in the mesophyll layers of plant leaves and, in some instances, in mesophyll cells in the stem. Mesophyll cells are sandwiched between the leaf's upper and lower epidermis and contain numerous

100. BrainPOP - Heath, Science, Technology Animation And Educational Site For Kids. Animated movies, comic strips, activity pages and 24 hour homework assistance via email for Kids. http://www.brainpop.com/science/plantsandanimals/

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