41. Survival plants use a process called photosynthesis to make food. photosynthesis During photosynthesis, plants trap light energy with their leaves. http://www.ves.nvusd.k12.ca.us/student/science/gr4_038.html

Vichy Elementary Technology Curriculum Website Grade 4 - Science Unit One: How Living Things Survive Survival Needs All animals no matter whether they have fur, scales or feathers need five important things in order to survive on our planet: eat breathe oxygen drink water find shelter protect themselves from heat and cold In each of the sections below, we will look at how animals eat, breathe, drink and survive, and how plants help keep all animals alive! Eating Animals need plants to survive food: All living things are linked together. Without plants, all animals would die, even those that are not herbivores. Why would carnivores (like eagles and wolves) that do not eat plants, die if there were no more plants? Because many of the small animals that carnivores eat (such as mice and rabbits) eat plants to survive. If the herbivores die because there are no plants to eat, the carnivores would die as well. Plants are producers. Only plants can produce their own food. That's why they are called producers. Producers are living things that can make their own food using air, light, soil, and water. Plants need energy to survive just like other animals, but they get their energy directly from the sun. Plants use a process called photosynthesis to make food.

42. Photosynthesis Directory In 1796, Jean Senebier, a French pastor, showed that CO2 was the fixed or injured air and that it was taken up by plants in photosynthesis. http://web.mit.edu/esgbio/www/ps/intro.html

Introduction to Photosynthesis The Evolution of Photosynthesis Life theoretically originated on Earth 3.5 to 4 billion years ago. The atmosphere was thin: composed of methane, carbon dioxide, and water vapour. Any gaseous oxygen had been used up in the combustion (or oxidation) of materials when the Earth was very hot. The cooling water collected in pools, assimilating the nutrients from the rocks. As water evaporated, the nutrients concentrated, forming a rich soup. The first organisms would have made a good living off this food source, breaking down the complex molecules into water and carbon dioxide through respiration. Eventually, as life grew, the need arose to somehow resynthesize complex compounds, both to eat and to use for structure and function. Some organisms learned how to use the sun's energy to synthesize large molecules from small molecules. Other organisms learned to use other sources of reductive power. These organisms who have learned how to build the building blocks of life are called autotrophs , or self-feeders. Autotrophs are found in the bacterial and in the plant kingdom.

43. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Without enough sunlight, plants cannot use the process of photosynthesis to produce food. Materials Discover if plants need soil for photosynthesis. http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/newton/phytosy

Show Number 907 PHOTOSYNTHESIS: How do plants make food? David learns why plants are green and how water is transported in plants. What happens inside plants when the sun is shining or when it is raining? How do plants in the desert survive? How important are plants to our environment? What might happen if there were none? DISCUSSION Of all the organisms in the natural world, green plants are the only ones that manufacture their own food. This process is called photosynthesis and begins when light strikes the plant's leaves (both sunlight and artificial light can power this process). Cells in the plant's leaves, called chloroplasts , contain a green pigment called chlorophyll which interacts with sunlight to split the water in the plant into its basic components. Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through holes called stomata and combines with the stored energy in the chloroplasts through a chemical reaction to produce a simple sugar. The sugar is then transported through tubes in the leaf to the roots, stems and fruits of the plants. Some of the sugar is used immediately by the plant for energy; some is stored as starch; and some is built into a more complex substance, like plant tissue or cellulose. Fortunately for us, plants often produce more food than they need, which they store in stems, roots, seeds or fruit. We can obtain this energy directly by eating the plant itself or its products, like carrots, rice or potatoes. Photosynthesis is the first step in the food chain which connects all living things. Every creature on earth depends to some degree on green plants.

44. Chlorophyll Since animals and humans obtain their food supply by eating plants, photosynthesis can be said to be the source of our life also. http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/chlorophyll/chlorophyll_h.htm

Chlorophyll Paul May School of Chemistry, University of Bristol VRML Chemsymphony , and Chime versions Chlorophyll is the molecule that absorbs sunlight and uses its energy to synthesise carbohydrates from CO and water. This process is known as photosynthesis and is the basis for sustaining the life processes of all plants. Since animals and humans obtain their food supply by eating plants, photosynthesis can be said to be the source of our life also. Chlorophyll is the green coloration in leaves. Photosynthesis In 1780, the famous English chemist Joseph Priestley (right) found that plants could " restore air which has been injured by the burning of candles ." He used a mint plant, and placed it into an upturned glass jar in a vessel of water for several days. He then found that " the air would neither extinguish a candle, nor was it all inconvenient to a mouse which I put into it ". In other words, he discovered that plants produce oxygen. A few years later, in 1794, the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier (left), discovered the concept of oxidation, but soon after was executed during the French Revolution for being a Monarchist sympathiser. The judge who pronounced sentence said " The Republic has no need for scientists So it fell to a Dutchman

45. Newton's Apple: Teacher's Guides Teacher s Guides Index Show Number 907 photosynthesis How do plants make food? Discover if plants need soil for photosynthesis. http://www.ktca.org/newtons/9/phytosy.html

Teacher's Guides Index Show Number 907 PHOTOSYNTHESIS: How do plants make food? David learns why plants are green and how water is transported in plants. What happens inside plants when the sun is shining or when it is raining? How do plants in the desert survive? How important are plants to our environment? What might happen if there were none? DISCUSSION Of all the organisms in the natural world, green plants are the only ones that manufacture their own food. This process is called photosynthesis and begins when light strikes the plant's leaves (both sunlight and artificial light can power this process). Cells in the plant's leaves, called chloroplasts , contain a green pigment called chlorophyll which interacts with sunlight to split the water in the plant into its basic components. Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through holes called stomata and combines with the stored energy in the chloroplasts through a chemical reaction to produce a simple sugar. The sugar is then transported through tubes in the leaf to the roots, stems and fruits of the plants. Some of the sugar is used immediately by the plant for energy; some is stored as starch; and some is built into a more complex substance, like plant tissue or cellulose. Fortunately for us, plants often produce more food than they need, which they store in stems, roots, seeds or fruit. We can obtain this energy directly by eating the plant itself or its products, like carrots, rice or potatoes. Photosynthesis is the first step in the food chain which connects all living things. Every creature on earth depends to some degree on green plants.

46. Botany Online: Photosynthesis - C3, C4 And CAM. Regulation Of The Activity C 4. A number of plants display an increased and more efficient net photosynthesis during strong light intensities. photosynthesis of C 4 plants. http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e24/24b.htm

C , C and CAM. Regulation of The Activity of Photosynthesis C A number of plants display an increased and more efficient net photosynthesis during strong light intensities. A prime example are the Gramineae of warmer regions like maize or sugar-cane At the beginning of the sixties observed H. KORTSCHAK (Hawaiian Sugar Planter's Association) that the first product of photosynthesis in sugar-cane is not the C unit 3-phosphoglycerate but a unit with four C-atoms. The Australian plant physiologist M. D. HATCH and his English colleague C. R. SLACK confirmed this result and identified the compound as oxaloacetate (OAA) . It is produced by the addition of one molecule of carbon dioxide to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) . The cycle is also known as the HATCH- SLACK-cycle or the C cycle. Plants with this cycle are called C -plants (and CAM plants , respectively) in contrast to C plants where the carbon dioxide is directly fed into the CALVIN cycle. The oxaloacetate is usually converted into malate of which the carbon dioxide is split off again with the help of an enzyme. This carbon dioxide is now bound by ribulose-1,5-diphosphate and assimilated

47. PHOTOSYNTHESIS reactants and products. Explain how C4 photosynthesis provides an advantage for plants in certain environments. Describe the phenomenon http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Table of Contents What is Photosynthesis? Leaves and Leaf Structure The Nature of Light Chlorophyll and Accessory Pigments ... Links What is Photosynthesis? Back to Top Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, some bacteria, and some protistans use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar, which cellular respiration converts into ATP , the "fuel" used by all living things. The conversion of unusable sunlight energy into usable chemical energy, is associated with the actions of the green pigment chlorophyll . Most of the time, the photosynthetic process uses water and releases the oxygen that we absolutely must have to stay alive. Oh yes, we need the food as well! We can write the overall reaction of this process as: O + 6CO H O Most of us don't speak chemicalese, so the above chemical equation translates as: six molecules of water plus six molecules of carbon dioxide produce one molecule of sugar plus six molecules of oxygen Diagram of a typical plant, showing the inputs and outputs of the photosynthetic process. Image from Purves et al.

48. ASPB - Publications - Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Of Plants Variants of C 3 photosynthesis exist in many plants. In one variation, known as the C 4 pathway, plants fix CO 2 into aC 4 acid http://www.aspb.org/publications/biotext/sumrys/ch12.cfm

CONTACT US SITE MAP SEARCH ADVERTISE ... HOME MEMBERS ONLY Benefits Resources Forums Directory ... Ecards ©2003 ASPB Chapter Photosynthesis Photosynthesis produces organic compounds from inorganic carbon by using the energy of sunlight. These processes are carried out in plants, algae, and various bacteria. In all cases, the photosynthetic reactions may conveniently be divided into two phases, the light reactions and the carbon-fixing reactions. In the case of eukaryotic organisms, photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast. This organelle is surrounded by a double membrane and contains a complex internal membrane system, the thylakoid membranes. The two phases of photosynthesis take place in different regions of the chloroplast, with the light reactions being localized to the thylakoid membranes and the carbon-fixing reactions occurring in the stroma. in a series of redox reactions mediated by both mobile and integral membrane components of the photosynthetic electron transfer chain, located primarily in the thylakoid membranes. During this series of reactions, PSII oxidizes water, producing molecular oxygen. This reaction provides almost all of the oxygen required for aerobic life on our planet.

49. Dr. Botnic - Photosynthesis During the process of photosynthesis, plants use that energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into the simple sugar glucose and oxygen. http://www.windowbox.com/cgi-bin/experts/DisplayArticle.asp?TopicID=1&ArticleID=

50. Photosynthesis When plants are exposed to light, photosynthesis and cellular respiration both occur. During photosynthesis, plants take up CO 2 and the pH increases. http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio 101/Bio 101

Home General Biology 1 General Biology 2 Human Biology ... Click here to print a sheet of graph paper. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis in Elodea Before beginning this exercise, it is necessary to understand that photosynthesis uses light energy to synthesize carbohydrate from carbon dioxide. The equation is below. O + Energy C H O This process requires light for some of the reactions. It is also necessary to understand that the plant is constantly undergoing cellular respiration according to the equation below. C H O O + Energy Notice that these two equations appear to be opposites. When plants are exposed to light, photosynthesis and cellular respiration both occur. In the dark, only cellular respiration occurs. We will study photosynthesis in an aquatic plant (Elodea) We can measure the rate of photosynthesis and cellular respiration by measuring the amount of CO given off or taken up by the plant. When CO dissolves in water, it forms carbonic acid, lowering the pH. Respiring plants release CO into the water and the pH declines. During photosynthesis, plants take up CO

51. Learn.co.uk - Learning Resources For The National Curriculum, Online Lessons, GC Chlorophyll, found in chloroplasts, is essential for photosynthesis. Not all plants have chlorophyll, however. Such plants cannot make their own food. http://www.learn.co.uk/default.asp?WCI=Unit&WCU=3533

52. Micro-Unit 934: Plants, Chloroplasts And Photosynthesis | Teacher Materials Teacher Materials Science as Inquiry plants, Chloroplasts and photosynthesis Plant cells contain chloroplasts, the site of photosynthesis. http://www.nsta.org/Energy/find/lessons/934/934t.html

An Energy Primer Lesson Plans - Biology - Chemistry ... Energy Links Plants, Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis March 1996 This micro-unit was created by Linda W. Crow (Baylor College of Medicine, Houston) Cell Chemistry: Metabolism, Enzymes, and Photosynthesis. (a) Students should observe and describe chloroplasts of lant cells, the site of photosynthesis. They should demonstrate that they understand how cells in green plants trap sunlight and convert light energy into the energy of sugar, giving off oxygen as a byproduct. The energy in sugar then becomes available for use by plants and all other living organisms. (Biology, A Framework for High School Science Education, p. 89.) (b) Students should understand the process of photosynthesis in terms of reactants and products. (Earth and Space Sciences, A Framework for High School Science Education, p. 153.) Contents Matrix Suggested Sequence of Events Lab Activities Plant Energy Plant Food Leaf Openings Plant Air ... Keepers of the Gate The Cell Most cell functions involve chemical reactions. Food molecules taken into cells react to provide the chemical constituents needed to synthesize other molecules. Both breakdown and synthesis are made possible by a large set of protein catalysts, called enzymes. The breakdown of some of the food molecules enables the cell to store energy in specific chemicals that are used to power the many functions of the cell. Plant cells contain chloroplasts, the site of photosynthesis. Plants and many microorganisms use solar energy to combine molecules of carbon dioxide and water into complex, energy rich organic compounds and release oxygen to the environment. This process of photosynthesis provides a vital connec-tion between the sun and the energy needs of living systems.

53. Micro-Unit 934: Plants, Chloroplasts And Photosynthesis | SubTopicInfo Not only do plants undergo photosynthesis, but also some protists (eg, algae) and some bacteria (eg, purple sulfur bacteria). Over http://www.nsta.org/Energy/find/lessons/934/934subtopicinfo.html

An Energy Primer Lesson Plans - Biology - Chemistry ... Energy Links Cell Chemistry: Metabolism, Catalysts, and Photosynthesis NSES Generalization Most cell functions involve chemical reactions. Food molecules taken into cells react to provide the chemical constituents needed to synthesize other molecules. Both breakdown and synthesis are made possible by a large set of protein catalysts, called enzymes. The breakdown of some of the food molecules enables the cell to store energy in specific chemicals that are used to carry out the many functions of the cell. Plant cells contain chloroplasts, the site of photosynthesis. Plants and many microorganisms use solar energy to combine molecules of carbon dioxide and water into complex, energy rich organic compounds and release oxygen to the environment. This process of photosynthesis provides a vital connection between the sun and the energy needs of living systems. Further Description Metabolism, which is defined as the sum of all chemical reactions occurring in a cell, involves the activities of enzymes. Enzymes are large protein molecules that serve as catalysts to lower the energy required for reactions to take place in cells. Enzymes as catalysts also function in speeding up rates of reactions. Because of enzymes, cell metabolism is carried out with greater speed and at lower temperatures than would otherwise be required. Therefore, the breakdown and synthesis of materials in a cell is more efficient. Cells can manufacture thousands of enzymes. However, cells will only produce enzymes needed for specific reactions. Therefore, not all cells carry all the same enzymes.

54. SAS Cell Photosynthesis photosynthesis. photosynthesis is the process where plants convert sunlight into energy, then store it as carbohydrates, sugars, such as glucose. http://www.starsandseas.com/SAS Cells/SAS cellphysiol/SAS photosyn/cellphotosyn.

Cell Biology Projects Cell Brochure Diffusion Lab Osmosis Lab DNA Replication Cell Biology Facts Student Objectives Cell Theory Cell Structure Cell Membranes Cellular Transport Cellular Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Aerobic Respiration Photosynthesis Calvin Cycle Mitosis DNA Replication Cell Biology Sites Photosynthesis. Maricopa.edu Photosynthesis. Photosynthesis Problem Set 1. Univ. Arizona Photosynthesis Problem Set 2. Univ. Arizona Photosynthesis online Photosynthesis. Univ. Hawaii References Light and photosynthesis in aquatic ecosystems, by John T.O. Kirk. 1983. Cambridge Univ. Press. Return SAS Home e-mail Kevin C. Hartzog Cell Biology Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the process where plants convert sunlight into energy, then store it as carbohydrates, sugars, such as glucose. Photosynthesis may be the most important process in ecosystems, for it both brings in energy needed within the ecosystem, and produce oxygen (O ) needed for cellular respiration , and the production of more ATP.

55. EO Library: The Carbon Cycle Page 2 During photosynthesis, plants absorb carbon dioxide and sunlight to create fuel—glucose and other sugars—for building plant structures. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/CarbonCycle/carbon_cycle2.html

Biological/Physical Carbon Cycle: Photosynthesis and Respiration Biology also plays an important role in the movement of carbon in and out of the land and ocean through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. Nearly all forms of life on Earth depend on the production of sugars from solar energy and carbon dioxide (photosynthesis) and the metabolism (respiration) of those sugars to produce the chemical energy that facilitates growth and reproduction. et al. ) settles to the bottom (after they die) to form sediments. During times when photosynthesis exceeded respiration, organic matter slowly built up over millions of years to form coal and oil deposits. All of these biologically mediated processes represent a removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storage of carbon in geologic sediments. next: Carbon on the Land and in the Oceans: The modern carbon cycle back: Introduction and the Geologic Carbon Cycle The Carbon Cycle Introduction Biological/Physical Carbon Cycle: Photosynthesis and Respiration Carbon on the Land and in the Oceans: The modern carbon cycle The Human Role NASA Missions to Study the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate References ... About the Earth Observatory Please send comments or questions to: eobmail@eodomo.gsfc.nasa.gov

56. Photosynthesis - Photolysis And Carbon Fixation The Process of photosynthesis in plants. Limiting Factors in photosynthesis. Some factors affect the rate of photosynthesis in plants, as follows. http://www.biology-online.org/1/4_photosynthesis.htm

The Process of Photosynthesis in Plants Photosynthesis is the means that primary producers (mostly plants) can obtain energy via light energy. The energy gained FROM light can be used in various processes mentioned below for the creation of energy that the plant will need to survive and grow. Photosynthesis is a reduction process, where hydrogen is reduced by a coenzyme. This is in contrast to respiration where glucose is oxidised. The process is split INTO two DISTINCT areas, photolysis (the photochemical stage) and the Calvin Cycle (the thermochemical stage). The diagram below gives a summary of the reaction, where light energy is used to initiate the reaction in its presence; CO + H Photolysis This part of photosynthesis occurs in the granum of a chloroplast where light is absorbed by chlorophyll ; a type of photosynthetic pigment that converts the light to chemical energy. This reacts with water (H O) and splits the oxygen and hydrogen molecules apart. From this dissection of water, the oxygen is released as a by-product while the reduced hydrogen acceptor makes its way to the second stage of photosynthesis, the Calvin cycle. Overall, since the water is oxidised (hydrogen is removed) and energy is gained in photolysis which is required in the Calvin cycle

57. Oceans Alive! | Life In The Sea | Life Near The Surface Through photosynthesis, plants manufacture organic materials (food) from inorganic materials (water, carbon dioxide, and nutrients) using sunlight as their http://www.mos.org/oceans/life/surface.html

The Living Sea Life Near the Surface The sea is home to billions of plants and animals. Many live only near the sunlit surface. Here you'll find everything from microscopic plankton to the giant blue whale. Oceanographers classify marine organisms by separating them into two primary groups: plants and animals. Ocean Plants Images from data collected from satellites show densities of phytoplankton in the Atlantic Ocean. Red shows where phytoplankton is densest, followed by yellow, green, blue and violet where it is least dense. Phytoplankton's spring bloom (shown right) occurs when days are longer and more nutrients come up from the bottom. There are two general types of plants found in the ocean, those having roots that are attached to the ocean bottom and those not having roots which simply drift about with the water. The rooted plants in the ocean are only found in shallow water because there is not enough sunlight to sustain photosynthesis in deeper waters. Since sunlight does not penetrate more than a few hundred feet into the ocean, most of the ocean is not capable of supporting rooted plants. Nevertheless, plants are found throughout most of the oceanic surface waters. The most abundant plants in the ocean are known as phytoplankton. These are usually single-celled, minute floating plants that drift throughout the surface waters of the ocean. A bucket of sea water might hold a million microscopic diatoms which are relatives of seaweed encased in glassy boxes. To grow, phytoplankton need nutrients from the sea water and lots of sunlight. The most light occurs in the tropics but nutrients there, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, are often in short supply. When large quantities of diatoms and other phytoplankton are present they give a color to the sea. Spectacular phytoplankton blooms are found in cooler waters where nutrients are brought up from the sea floor during storms.

58. Photosynthesis 1 The adaptive advantage of CAM photosynthesis is that plants in arid regions can keep their stomata closed during the daytime, thereby reducing water loss from http://waynesword.palomar.edu/photsyn1.htm

Wayne's Word Index Noteworthy Plants Trivia ... Search Supplements To Biology 101 Cell Unit Fluorescence In A Chlorophyll Solution Simplified Illustration Of A Mitochondrion Simplified Model Of An ATP Molecule Simplified Illustration Of A Chloroplast 1. Fluorescence In A Chlorophyll Solution Left: A transparent-green chlorophyll solution of ground up spinach leaves and acetone. Right: Beam of light directed at the chlorophyll solution producing a reddish glow called fluorescence. A 2. Simplified Illustration Of A Mitochondrion Illustration of a mitochondrion. The inner membrane forms a series of inwardly-projecting folds called cristae. Electrons from glucose are shuttled through a cytochrome transport system along the membranes of the cristae. During this electron transport process, ATP is generated by a complex chemical mechanism known as chemiosmosis. Most of the ATP in animal cells is generated within the mitochondria. Plants can also generate ATP by a similar mechanism along thylakoid membranes of their chloroplasts. T he structure of adenosine monophosphate, an RNA nucleotide containing the purine base adenine, is very similar to ATP (adenosine triphosphate), except that ATP has three phosphates (PO

59. Photosynthesis Through photosynthesis, plants are able to make some of their own food – this is one way in which the nutrition of plants differs from that of animals. http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0030839.html

Your browser does not support inline frames or is currently configured not to display inline frames. // Show bread crumbs navigation path. breadcrumbs('four'); //> ENCYCLOPAEDIA Hutchinson's Encyclopaedia Men's Health ... Wildlife Frames not supported Frames not supported Encyclopaedia Search Click a letter for the index A B C D ... Z Or search the encyclopaedia: photosynthesis Process by which green plants and some bacteria manufacture carbohydrates from water and atmospheric carbon dioxide, using the energy of sunlight. Photosynthesis depends on the ability of chlorophyll molecules within plant cells to trap the energy of light, in order to split water molecules, giving off oxygen as a by-product. The hydrogen of the water molecules is then used to reduce carbon dioxide to simple carbohydrates. Graphs to show the effects of light and carbon dioxide concentration on photosynthesis rates. In each case the rates increase rapidly at first then reach a ceiling, indicating that they are being affected by another limiting factor, for example temperature. Process by which green plants trap light energy from sunlight in order to combine carbon dioxide and water glucose and other carbohydrates . The simple sugar glucose provides the basic food for both plants and animals. For photosynthesis to occur, the plant must possess

60. PASCO Biology Experiment - October 2003 things. Through photosynthesis, plants convert sunlight energy into organic molecules, forming the basis of food for all organisms. In http://www.pasco.com/experiments/biology/october_2003/home.html

home resources experiments biology ... print page Online Biology Experiments October, 2003, Biology Experiment: Photosynthesis and Oxygen Purpose Background Information Experimental Procedure Data Analysis ... Conclusions and Extensions PASPORT Oxygen Gas Sensor (PS-2126) Purpose: Students will assess how changes in the amount of light available to plants affects photosynthesis by measuring the by-product of photosynthesis, oxygen. *Note: This experiment requires DataStudio version 1.8.5, available as a free download Background Information: Plants are the mediators of energy on this planet for all other living things. Through photosynthesis, plants convert sunlight energy into organic molecules, forming the basis of food for all organisms. In a series of reactions, light energy, carbon dioxide and water are combined to create food for plants. Photosynthesis consists of two reactions, the light-dependent and light-independent reaction. The light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis involves using light energy to remove hydrogen atoms from water molecules. The light-independent reaction in photosynthesis involves changing carbon dioxide and hydrogen into organic molecules. While no light is necessary for the second part of the process to occur, light is required to initiate the photosynthetic process. If the reactants of photosynthesis are water, light and carbon dioxide, the products are carbohydrates (stored plant energy) and oxygen gas. Plants release oxygen into the air as a byproduct of photosynthesis.

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