81. TEACH: Native Peoples Of The Great Lakes Region tens of thousands of years before the arrival of settlers from Europe and the FarEast. By the 16th century, the native peoples of north America had evolved http://www.great-lakes.net/teach/history/native/native_1.html

GO TO.... Building the Mackinac Bridge Native Peoples Great Lakes Law and Policy What's in a name? Great Lakes environmental writers Fountain of the Great Lakes TEACH History and Culture Home Native Peoples of the Great Lakes Region Origins Indians, or Native Peoples, were the original inhabitants of North America and the Great Lakes region. In fact, Native Peoples inhabited the continent tens of thousands of years before the arrival of settlers from Europe and the Far East. By the 16th century, the Native Peoples of North America had evolved into widely different cultures. Notable tribes around the Great Lakes included people we now call the Chippewa, Fox, Huron, Iroquois, Ottawa, Potawatomi and Sioux. Click for larger map! Approximately 120 bands of Native Peoples have occupied the Great Lakes basin over the course of history. In the United States, Native Peoples are also referred to as American Indians or Native Americans. In Canada, tribes are called First Nations. In the Ontario region alone, more than 75 bands of First Nations are reported. A band is based on kinship and family affiliation. A nuclear family is part of a clan (cousins), a clan is part of a band (aunts, uncles, extended cousins), and a collection of bands make up a tribe. Tribes are traditionally highly organized, politically autonomous groups.

82. 1749 American Indian Village-A Real Life Educational Adventure Of A Lifetime for the many tribes who come here to use the north/South/East to punish Cherokee tothe south,Shawnee, and even six Nations peoples from the far away north http://www.expage.com/page/tlvillage

1749 American Indian Village-A real life Educational Adventure of a Lifetime ou CAN go back in time!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! It is April of the year 2004. George W. Bush is running for another term. You go to bed too excited to sleep because when you wake up, you will be living in an Indian Village in the high mountains of Virginia in the year 1749. The first English permanent settlement in America was founded on May 14th, 1607. By 1699, it had fallen into decay as settlement has pushed west to Williamsburg. The settlement of Middle Plantation was renamed Williamsburg in 1699 and was incorporated in 1722 just 27 years ago. A great war between England and France has yet to commence which will settle the question of which European Nation with its own peculiar civilization, including language, government, and social behaviour, will dominate the heart of the new land called North America. No one seems to be concerned with the interests of the Native American inhabitants of the land, but rather to fight Native Americans to remove them from the way or utilize them to help remove the french or the English depending upon which side of the fence the view is from. The powhatan Confederation in eastern Virginia has suffered great losses at the hands of the English. Here on the western frontier, a first nigration of English, Scots, and Irish settlers has been turned back by the Monacans or killed by the Shawnee. The small but fierce and greatly respected Tla Wilano speaking peoples known as the Guardians of the Sacred Hunting Grounds, enforce by blood law, the mutual rules for the many tribes who come here to use the North/South/East/West trade paths and to obtain salt and fish and hunt in the sacred lands. Lately, they have had to punish Cherokee to the south,Shawnee, and even six Nations peoples from the far away north and to remind them of the rules. There have even been some white men who have come walking without fear or respect into the sacred place of the earth. The people of a small village only twenty miles from the great Kinnickistay settlement live life as they always have. From April to April you will live among them and as one of them, learn the language and experience a once in a lifetime opportunity to go through time to a place and tradition of long ago.

83. New Books On Indians - February 1995 ABORIGINAL peoples AND NATURAL RESOURCES IN CANADA ON THE MOUNTAIN ; TRADITIONALNATIVE AMERICAN STORIES FOR NATIVES OF THE far north ALASKA S VANISHING http://www.nativeculture.com/lisamitten/books295.html

Here is the latest in an interrupted series of postings of new books on Native Americans received by the University of Pittsburgh's Hillman Library. Books on Native Americans Received by the University of Pittsburgh Library System February 1995 Loaded May 24, 1995 NATIVE AMERICA : PORTRAIT OF THE PEOPLES / edited by Duane Champagne.Detroit : Visible Ink Press, 1994. NATIVE AMERICAN VOICES / David A. Rausch. Grand Rapids, MI : Baker Books, 1994. 1492 - 1992: COMMEMORATING 500 YEARS OF INDIGENOUS RESISTANCE : A COMMUNITY READER. Santa Cruz, CA : Resource Center for Nonviolence, 1992. INDIAN LIVES : PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD FROM THE CIVIL WAR TO WOUNDED KNEE / Ulrich W. Hiesinger. New York; Munich : Prestel, 1994. MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF CALIFORNIA AND THE OLD SOUTHWEST / Katherine Berry Judson. Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press, 1994. ABORIGINAL PEOPLES AND NATURAL RESOURCES IN CANADA / Claudia Notzke. North York, ON : Captus University Publications, 1994. FACE PULLERS : PHOTOGRAPHING NATIVE CANADIANS, 1971-1939 / Brock V. Silversides. Saskatoon, SK : Fifth House Publishers, 1994.

84. TeachingArts.org : Native American Mosaic Artwork The ancient Southwest peoples (Anasazi and others) did the Roman Empire, from asfar north as Britain Howevery, native American art is mostly known for wood http://www.teachingarts.org/visualArtsQuestions/stories/storyReader$58

Visual Arts Questions Home Recent Questions Ask an Artist Sites Feedback Native American mosaic artwork Question from Melissa: I am trying to find out which Native American groups produced ceramic mosiac artwork. I am teaching the Indian Lore Merit Badge and need to supply the history of the art form with regards to the Native Americans who produced it. (I have a friend that is a mosaic artist and she has offered to help the Scouts all make their own mosaic tiles.) Christine's response: Hi Melissa! Thanks for your question. Sorry for the delay Native American art isn't my forte, so I had to do a little research. I posed your question to Margaret Bond, curator at the Jesse Peter Musuem and instructor of Native American Arts at Santa Rosa Junior College in Santa Rosa, CA. The Jesse Peter Museum houses a wonderful, large permanent collection of Native American art. She says: "I know of no North American Indian traditional arts in this genre. The ancient Southwest peoples (Anasazi and others) did mosaic jewelry and other artifacts (awls, etc.) of inlaid turquoise and shell mosaic patterns, but NO CERAMICS. In Mesoamerica: ancient Teotihuacan and other Mexican cultures did a stucco inlay technique on some pottery types, but not a true mosaic form. For example, they would lay down some colored plaster on a pottery bowl's wall, then carve it out.

85. Hernando De Soto's Spanish Conquistadors In North America why he had led them so far and so Their tales of north America, the first eyewitness Mostsignificant, however, is that DeSoto s peoples accounts established http://www.floridahistory.com/inset33.html

Spanish Conquistadors in North America By Donald E. Sheppard Illustrated by Cheryl Lucente HERNANDO DE SOTO 1st Contact The Natives QUICK TRAILS Trails by STATE Ancient World Maps The Complete Report TEXT ONLY VERSION Illinois Indiana Florida Georgia Carolina Alabama Tennessee Kentucky Missouri Arkansas Mississippi Louisiana Texas -RELEVANT LINKS- THE INDIANS COMPLETE REPORT References DeSoto Lunar Activity "We had news that we were going in search of a land that an Indian boy had told us was on another sea... He said that he was from another land... and that a woman ruled it. Her town was of wonderful size... and she collected gold in abundance from her Chiefs..." The DeSoto Chronicles The King of Spain had given "Governor" Hernando DeSoto only four years to colonize and hold America from the Port of Havana, Cuba. DeSoto's long journey through America, searching for riches in order to entice more Spanish settlers to his new colony, was well documented in candid, personal diaries by members of his all volunteer "army." These first-hand accounts of Native America (as in the above quotation) were written by people caught up in something they had little understanding of and no control over. Their works , misunderstood for centuries, are the only spoils of Spain's "Conquest of America." Our land and Indians would never be the same again; theirs is the only account of what it was like when Europeans first sighted America's Indians. What follows is their story, sketchy in places, incredible in others. It's the story of Spain's failed conquest of our continent.

86. Voice Of America - THE MAKING OF A NATION - First Peoples Over time, they would have spread out and explored most of the land that is north,Central and Many of those early peoples stayed in the far northern parts http://enative.narod.ru/practice/voa/voa12.htm

THE MAKING OF A NATION - First Peoples (THEME) VOICE ONE: This is Sarah Long. VOICE TWO: And this is Rich Kleinfeldt with the MAKING OF A NATION, a VOA Special English program about the history of the United States. (THEME) Today, we present the first in our series of history programs. We tell about the first peoples to arrive in what would become North America. (MUSIC: MANDAREE SINGERS) VOICE ONE: Scientists and history experts say the first people to ever come to the western hemisphere arrived between fifteen-thousand and thirty-five-thousand years ago. They may have come in several different groups. No one is really sure who they were or where they lived before. Bering Strait (Photo - NASA) Experts say the best possible answer about where they came from is northern Asia. Most experts believe they crossed to the western hemisphere from the part of Russia now called Siberia. The first people came to the new world in a time of fierce cold. Much of the northern part of the world was covered in ice. Because of this, the oceans were hundreds of meters lower than they are now. Scientists believe this made it possible to walk across the area that is now the Bering Sea. For a moment, let us follow a family group as it begins to cross the area that is now the Bering Sea. The time is more than twenty-thousand years ago. (MUSIC) VOICE TWO: The hunter watched the small group of animals. It had been several days since he had last killed an animal for food. The hunter's family had not much left to eat. It was the responsibility of the men to provide the food. Today they must get meat or their families would not survive. The fierce cold added to the sharp hunger that the hunter felt. He was dressed from head to foot in heavy animal skins to protect against the cold.

87. Houghton Mifflin Electronic Publishing - Encyclopedia Of North American Indians Massachusetts, claimed territories extending as far south and of southern New Englandnative peoples by the Period, in Handbook of north American Indians, ed http://www.houghtonmifflinbooks.com/epub/americanindians.shtml

Encyclopedia of North American Indians Native American History, Culture, and Life from Paleo-Indians to the Present Edited By Fredrick E. Hoxie Who were the "code talkers" and what military force did they help defeat? What were the "five civilized tribes"? What tribe was named after an Old French term for boar's head...and why? Answers for the above questions at the bottom of the sample entries. Key Features: Technical Specs: Product Available Electronic Version(s) File Size Images, Other Associated Files Encyclopedia of North American Indians [SGML], [HTML], [XML] 6.8 MB for HTML, 3.84 MB for SGML, 3.84 MB for XML 10 JPEGs; total of 1.68 MB Sample Entry: Massachusett The Massachusetts, indigenous residents of what are now the central and northern coastal regions of the state of Massachusetts, claimed territories extending as far south and east as present-day Marshfield, Massachusetts, and west to the boundaries marked by the Charles and Seekonk Rivers. At the time of first contact with French and English explorers in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, the Massachusetts were a populous, semi-sedentary people dependent on marine and estuarine resources, cultivated crops, and wild game. The Massachusetts were among the hardest hit of southern New England native peoples by the European-introduced epidemic of 1616-1619, which may have claimed up to 90 percent of their population. Like most of their neighbors, the Massachusetts were organized into political units known as sachemships, each led by a hereditary ruler, usually male, known as a sachem or sagamore. A complex and hierarchical social order was characteristic of these sachemships, with the sachem occupying the position of highest prestige. The sachem's responsibilities included the allocation of land, diplomacy, trade, and decisions concerning warfare. The sachem's advisers, sometimes called "nobles" by English settlers, shared the burdens of leadership as well. Warriors who underwent rigorous training also occupied positions of status within Massachusett society.

88. First Peoples The First peoples, 10,000 BC Did Overhunting Cause the Mammoth much of north Americaa as far south as The first people to live in north America were those who http://www.usd.edu/anth/epa/paleo.html

The First Peoples, 10,000 BC Did Overhunting Cause the Mammoth to Become Extinct? Introduction Humans have lived in North America for at least 15,000 years, and many believe it may be much longer. It from the time of the Ice Age, or Pleistocene Epoch . The climate was much colder and it was a time of alternate expansions and retreats of the glaciers. During the time of the first people, the glaciers covered much of North America a as far south as what we know as Iowa, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. The first people were hunters of big game animals such as mammoth . By the time the glaciers retreated for the last time, many of these animals had become extinct. Some archaeologists believe it was due to changing climate. Others believe it was the result of overhunting by these first people. Whatever the case, on the Great Plains the mammoth had disappeared by about 8,000 years ago. Let's take a look at what scientists think about the first case of how climate caused culture to change on the northern Great Plains. Origins of the Paleoindians The first people to live in North America were those who later became known as American Indians or Native Americans. Their own stories, told to generations, tell of how their peoples came to be. Most of their stories tell how the Creator made them, or how they were tricked into coming out of the ground, or how the world was created by mud brought up from the bottom of the ocean by turtle.

89. The Seeker Magazine The Reserve is in north Central Ontario on Manitoulin Island of the mother languagegroup) lived very far away east The peoples that used to occupy what is now http://www.the-seeker.com/cover.htm

Index Generally Seeking Seeking Classmates Seeking Ex-Coworkers Seeking Ex-Neighbors Seeking Ex-Lovers Relatively Seeking Seeking Missing Parent Seeking Birth Parent Seeking Adopted Child Seeking Missing Siblings Seeking Other Relatives Seeking Heritage Answers Seeking Missing Children Militarily Seeking Seeking Miscellaneous Military Seeking Military Brats Seeking Navy Veterans Seeking Army Veterans Seeking Air Force Vets Seeking Marine Veterans Seeking Coast Guard Vets Seeking Beneficiaries Beneficiaries Seeking Treasury Dept. Refunds Seeking IRS Refunds Seeking State Tax Refunds Seeking Misc. Insurance Policy Holders Place Your Own Message Site Seeking Miscellaneous Database ... Radio Cornplanter Chronicles by Harold Thomas Beck Cornplanter Chronicles is a story unlike any other story about a Native American nation and its war chief. The Seneca, a member of the Iroquois League of Six Nations, is the only tribe to survive intact to this day on their ancestral land. They are the only tribe in the United States that was never defeated by American armies and forced to accept the white man's terms. They fought on the losing side several times (The French against the British in the French and Indian War, and the British against the United States in the Revolutionary War), but in each case the war was lost elsewhere and they fought on. When it finally came in 1791, it was Cornplanter, head chief of the Seneca, who negotiated the terms and brought peace to the Alleghenies.

90. Indigenous Peoples Of Canada Resources At Questia - The Online Walking in Indian Moccasins The native Policies of the CCF (includes The SaskatchewanFar north The Last Specific Information on Indigenous peoples of Canada http://www.questia.com/popularSearches/indigenous_peoples_of_canada.jsp

91. Intro To The Flags Of The Native American Nations Of The United those without sufficient data, far exceeds the major inducement for native Americanpeoples to adopt newsletter of the north American Vexillological Association http://users.aol.com/donh523/navapage/bookintr.htm

By Donald T. Healy [This paper was delivered at the 16th International Congress of Vexillology, in Warsaw, Poland, 30 June, 1995 thru 5 July. 1995] As the twentieth century comes to a close, we have witnessed a burgeoning of national flags unsurpassed in vexillological history. We have seen entire panoplies of flags go, come, go again and a third and sometimes fourth generation appear inside the Russian Federation, alone! The disintegration of central and eastern Europe into small tribal states where the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia used to exist shows the power and force of one's ethnic identity and heritage upon politics and cartography. Within the United States, the identity and heritage of our indigenous peoples, too, has begun to manifest itself through increasing desires by those indigenous peoples to express themselves in the trappings of nationhood. The Native Americans, or Indians of the United States have traditionally been a non-vexilliferous people, relying upon costume, art and totems to distinguish themselves from one another and from the European dominated culture that is the modern United States. In the last fifty years that has been changing. It is still true that the bulk of the 500 plus recognized and unrecognized tribes found within the United States are without flags, but an increasing number have started using this form of symbolism that hitherto was alien to their culture. It may not be unreasonable to assume that the vast majority of federally recognized Native American nations do, as of 1995, indeed have flags. At the end of this report is a chart listing those nations that definitely do not have tribal flags as well as those known to have flags, but for which insufficient information was available. The number of nations with flags, both those reported and those without sufficient data, far exceeds the number of nations still without a flag.

92. World Area Studies Internet Resources History of Russia USSR; north Asia Russian Studies WWWVL Russian far East; Siberia Listof Aboriginal Resources Indigenous peoples Literature Polynesian http://vax.wcsu.edu/socialsci/area.html

Site developed by J. Bannister Recognition Awards Western Connecticut State University Department of Social Sciences WCSU List: World Area Studies Internet Resources Scroll down for complete list, or select by area: Worldwide Africa Asia Caribbean ... Other WCSU Lists Please report non-working links. Visual by Public Domain Images Worldwide Listings A. Krivenyshev's World Time Zone Map: Worldwide Local Time HAB Software: World Time World Population: "As Of Now" WWWVL: International Affairs Resources International Studies Association Network Canada: International Development Research Centre CIESIN: Consortium for International Earth Science Information SEDAC: Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center Millennium Institute CUSD: World Religion Resources on the Web Galaxy: World Communities Suite 101: International Development International Relations Yahoo: Country Listings CIA World Factbook and Other Publications Lib. Congress: Country Studies/Area Handbook Program United Nations Index U. Mich. Documents Center: U.S. Agency for International Development U.S. Peace Corps USIA: Response To Terrorism U.S. State Dept.:

93. History Rhymes.Com – The Native American Alphabet Game a group of six native American tribes, who formed a confederation which was the bordermaking them the northern most members of the Plateau peoples order. http://nativeamericanrhymes.com/alphabet.htm

Native American Alphabet A - D E - I J - N O - R ... W - Z Long before European explorers and conquerors came to this hemisphere all the land was settled by the Native Americans free and clear. Then across the land they moved without hesitation forming wonderful cultures and even great civilization. Each one of these Native American groups or tribes had a name which was part of their identity, their claim to fame. A fun way to understand about some of the Native American groups and tribes who have shared this land is to see how some of their names would fit with letters of the alphabet. Now listed below, are the alphabet letters and one Native American group or tribe that with each of them will go and some interesting facts about each one listed for you to know. A - Abnaki who lived in the northeastern forests of these United States in houses called wigwams on the shores of a river or lake.

94. The Desert Tortoise And Early Peoples Of The Western Deserts By Joan S. Schneide tortoises were important to the early peoples of the and 11 of the Handbook of NorthAmerican Indians published value and were traded to groups far beyond the http://www.tortoise-tracks.org/publications/schneider.html

Index DTPC DTNA Field Trip ... Contact Desert Tortoise Preserve Committee THE DESERT TORTOISE AND EARLY PEOPLES OF THE WESTERN DESERTS by Joan S. Schneider, Ph.D. Department of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside Riverside, California 92521, USA A Special Report prepared for the Desert Tortoise Preserve Committee, Inc. March 1996 On the cover : Cahuilla Basketry Bowl made with natural and dyed juncus on a deergrass foundation with a tortoise or turtle motif, circa 1927. Collected at the Torres-Martinez Reservation, near Indio, California by Ira Caswell. In the collection of the Palm Springs Desert Museum. The basket is 15.7 centimeters (cm) or 6.2 inches (in) in diameter and 7.5 cm (3 in) high. THE DESERT TORTOISE AND EARLY PEOPLES OF THE WESTERN DESERTS Desert tortoises ( Gopherus Xerobates agassizii have been inhabitants of the Mojave and Colorado deserts of North America since Ice Age times.' When people arrived on the scene, they interacted with tortoises in several ways: they noted their way of life, they found household and ritual uses for them, and they ate them. The past and present importance of desert tortoises to native peoples is reflected in the many archaeological sites that contain the physical remains of tortoises (bones and shell fragments), in native languages and oral traditions, and in media of artistic and symbolic expression. THE IMPORTANCE OF DESERT TORTOISES TO EARLY PEOPLES Archaeological, ethnographic, and historical data, gathered from many sources, have allowed a reconstruction of the ways that desert tortoises were important to the early peoples of the deserts. The archaeological record indicates that tortoises were used as early as 9,500 years ago

95. Elderhostel At Kerr Mansion, Carl Albert State College, Poteau, Oklahoma  -  T Among some native peoples as many as two of every attacked Union positions as farnorth as Fort although most engagements involving native American troops were http://www.galenfrysinger.com/elderhostel_at_kerr_mansion.htm

An Elderhostel program at Kerr Mansion Carl Albert State College Poteau, Oklahoma host location overlooking the valley Senator Kerr his license plate his desk now in his museum at the mansion Davie Spindle told us about the Indian Territories and the American Civil War we traveled to Fort Gibson and learned about life in the fort (reenactor dressed as a mounted rifle soldier) Other Photos from Fort Gibson After the beginning of the American Civil War (1861-1865), leaders of the Five Civilized Tribes signed treaties committing their nations to the Confederate cause. The Five Tribes contributed men to the Confederate armies and received uniforms and equipment from Southern arsenals. The Choctaw-Chickasaw Regiment was commanded by Douglas Cooper and Tandy Walker. John Jumper and Chilly McIntosh headed the Creek-Seminole Confederate forces, and Stand Watie, the only Native American to become a general during the Civil War, commanded the Confederate Cherokee Mounted Rifles. However, many individual Cherokees, Creeks, and Seminoles supported the Union. In the West, Native American units under Watie fought at Wilson’s Creek and Pea Ridge; later Watie periodically attacked Union positions as far north as Fort Scott in Kansas and Neosho in Missouri, although most engagements involving Native American troops were fought in Indian Territory. Watie surrendered at Doaksville in the Choctaw Nation on June 23, 1865, the last Confederate general to do so.

96. Native American News This Week on First peoples TV (US Satellite/Cable) Forwardfrom Wotanging Ikche (c) native American News (c) http//www.nanews.org. http://www.owlstar.com/

Tribal election results (6/9-10) Pine Ridge Tribal jail receives funding (6/10) More news and links to stories about tribal people in the Western Hemisphere Questions or comments are welcome. Mail Janet at owlstar@speakeasy.org Aboriginal/AmerIndian Perspective about the First Nations of Turtle Island Wotanging Ikche Lakota Common News Kanoheda Aniyvwiya Cherokee Journal of the People Otapi'sin Atsinikiisinaakssin Blackfoot News for All the People Es'te Opunvk'vmucvse Creek People's New News Aunchemokauhettittea Naragansett Let Us Share News Ni-mah-mi-kwa-zoo-min Ojibwe We Are Talking About Ourselves Ha-Sah-Sliltha Ditidaht Nation News of the People Un Chota Susquehannic Seneca The People Speak Ximopanolti tehuatzin, inin Mexika tlahtolli Nahuatl For you we offer these words It-hah-pe-hah Ah-num pah-le Chicasaw Together We Are Talking Sho-da-ku-ye Teehahnahmah Talking Birchbark Acimowin Plains Cree Story or Account or Report Dineh jii' adah' ho'nil'e'gii ba' ha' neh Navajo Nation What's Happening among The People News Okla Humma Holisso Nowat Anya Choctaw People(s) Red Newspaper Hi'a chu ah gaa Pima The stories or the talk of the People Agnutmaqan Listuguj Mi'kmaq News Native American News Language of the Occupation Forces If you speak a Native American language not listed above, please send us your words for "news." We'd rather take up this whole page saving these few words of our hundreds of nations than present a nice clean banner in the language of those people who came here determined to replace our words with their own.

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