61. Indian Peoples Of North America 6 north American natives on the French frontier in the 16th 17th Centuries 8 AmericanExpansion and native peoples in the Southwest and far West Reading http://www.wku.edu/~kathryn.abbott/Hist353.htm

last updated 02/26/03 Western Kentucky University History 353INDIAN PEOPLES OF NORTH AMERICA Spring 2003T,R 2:00-3:15 p.m. Dr. K. Abbott, 214A Cherry Hall; office phone 745-7008; e-mail: Kathryn.Abbott@wku.edu This course is an upper-level survey of the history of native peoples in North America from precontact to the present. It is designed to present a chronological sense of American Indian history without losing sight of the complexity, diversity, and geographic scope of North American Indian cultures. Further, as a cross-listed course in Women's Studies, gender analysisthe roles that men and women play within their societieswill receive particular attention. The course will provide a general framework for understanding Indian people and their history. It will stress the integrity, viability, and adaptability of dynamic, self-directed societies, even in the face of the enormous cultural clash that occurred with contact. Readings The following books are available for purchase the College Heights Bookstore and on reserve at the Helm-Cravens Library: Angie Debo

62. Stories Of People From North American Products culture comes the stories of six peoples whose past is as rich and as farreachingas Little rank 725 america search native north American Spirituality of http://www.suckercreek.net/Stories-of-People.html

North American Products search Stories of People People rank: america search Native American Shipwrecks Stories of People Ancient Ones Red Bamboo Coral Turquoise Necklace Buy Native American Shipwrecks (Native American-Books) (Examines archaeological excavations of the watercraft of ancient Native Americans and what the findings tell us about the daily life and culture of people who lived thousands of years ago.) CLICK FOR MORE INFORMATION Buy Stories of People (Find Native American-Books) From the country's most extensive collection of Native American history, art, and material culture comes the stories People rank: america search Native American Shipwrecks Stories of People Ancient Ones Red Bamboo Coral Turquoise Necklace Buy Native American Shipwrecks (Native American-Products) (Examines archaeological excavations of the watercraft of ancient Native Americans and what the findings tell us about the daily life and culture of people who lived thousands of years ago.) CLICK FOR MORE INFORMATION Buy Stories of People (Find Native American-Products) From the country's most extensive collection of Native American history, art, and material culture comes the

63. Native American Languages Alaskan languages and some as far south as California north, South and Central AmericanDocuments. Indians.org Home Indigenous peoples Literature Index Page http://www.indians.org/welker/americas.htm

Indigenous Peoples' Literature Indigenous Languages Cheyenne Language Web Site Conservation of Endangered Languages Ernie's Learn to Speak a Little Hawaiian Ethnologue: Languages of the world ... University of Michigan Linguistics Archive History and Discussion of Native American Languages At the time of first European contact, probably close to 1,000 American Indian languages were spoken in North, Central, and South America. Although the number of languages in daily use has steadily declined because of persecution and pressures on the Indians to adopt English, Spanish, and other originally European languages, well over 700 different American Indianor, as they are sometimes called, Amerindian or Native Americanlanguages are spoken today. In the United States many of the most famous linguists of the early 20th centuryamong them Franz BOAS, Leonard BLOOMFIELD, and Edward SAPIRtranscribed and analyzed North American Indian languages. Many descriptions of Indian languages are important in the literature of the linguistic school known as American structuralism. Today interest in Native American Indian languages is increasing, and Americanists, as those who study the languages are called, hold regular meetings to report on their findings. Current research on the native languages of the Americas is published in several periodicals, notably the International Journal of American Linguistics.

64. Gender & Race In Media: Native American And Other Indigenous Peoples Resource Center north Sky Comet north Sky Comet native peoples Magazine A sophisticatedproduction that goes back the beaten trail, traveling to far places in http://www.uiowa.edu/~commstud/resources/GenderMedia/native_txt.html

Aboriginal Media Program - First Nations Technical Institute "This three-year post-secondary program leads to either a diploma in print and broadcast journalism. . . delivered through 15 two-week on-site sessions and industry work placements over three years. . . the training is rooted in Aboriginal learning styles and culture. The facilitators are industry media professionals." Aboriginal Multi-Media Society The Aboriginal Multi-Media Society is a non-profit society and publishes Windspeaker, Alberta Sweetgrass, Saskatchewan Sage and Raven's Eye Native newspapers. AMMSA owns and operates a 24 hour Aboriginal radio station - CFWE-FM Aboriginal Voices Magazine News and perspectives about the lives and experiences of Native Peoples in North America. Look in the archives for full text of past issues. The Aboriginal Youth Network An "online resource created by yourth for youth" that maintains ongoing chats, links to streaming audio radio broadcasts, aboriginal news from the Canada, Australia, the US, and other places around the world. AYN hosts several other Web sites in the Cyberskins section including: Youth Driven, Redwire Magazine, Environmental Youth Alliance, Daybi, and Redhiphop.

65. Indigenous Peoples Indigenous peoples. Beads were in prized in native north America and were in uselong before white information tells us that beads were in use as far back as http://www.isu.edu/~bhstamm/indig.htm

Home Traumatic Stress Rural Health Care Indigenous Peoples Cultural Trauma Telehealth InterPsych About The Author ... Stress, PTSD Notice 07/12/03 See the Improved Compassion Satisfaction and Fatigue Scales now called the ProQOL Click For More ProQOL Information Stamm slides from National Forum on Health Disparity Issues for American Indians and Alaska Natives Indigenous Peoples This is a necklace made by Faye Thayer of Ft. Washakee, Wyoming. Faye is Eastern Shoshone. Beads were in prized in Native North America and were in use long before white contact. Archaeological information tells us that beads were in use as far back as history can be extrapolated. Native Beads were generally made of natural materials like wood, bone, shell, and metal. Europeans introduced colorful glass beads. In the Beads were used as currency for global trade rather than paper money. KwaZulu-Natal Programme for Survivors of Violence These are Friends in South Africa. Their work is primarily with Zulu and Xhosa communities that are victims of the Apartheid. The bead was made in Venice, probably in the mid 1700s. This type of bead was widely traded in Africa, hence the common name "African Trade Bead." The Waseskun Network These are First Nations Friends in Canada. Their work is primarily with men who have been in corrections. This is a French Ambassador Bead, given by visiting French traders as a gift of respect to tribal headmen. The most interesting aspect of this bead is that it is made of clear glass. This was a difficult affect to achieve prior to the time of thermostat controlled heat to melt the glass.

66. We Native People Of America Are People Of Peace And Reconciliation. with Charlemagne overrunning and conquering all the peoples of the north andeverything and repressed, is once again accessible to its far-flung sons http://www.sacredpath.org/html/events/religion003.htm

"WE NATIVE PEOPLE OF AMERICA ARE PEOPLE OF PEACE AND RECONCILIATION" by Hyemeyohsts Storm Author of "Seven Arrows" Dear Cody and Robin, (and Every one) Please do not be afraid or saddened by the words of religious hate mongers. "Witch" hunts and Inquisitions, the spread of fear and hate is not the answer for my People. And I might quickly add that no three or four people with a violent chip on their shoulder represents the Sioux Nation. People who ask for war are not people of peace. And a "Declaration of War Against Exploiters of Lakota Spirituality" would have to be first leveled against the Sioux themselves because it is the Sioux Peace Makers, who have encouraged people to Respect Sacred Mother Earth. And, I might quickly add that it is again the Sioux who go out among the "white man" to speak of their traditions. Sioux Chiefs have taught people to pray in the "sweat lodge" and now that people pray in the "sweat lodge" they are condemned for it very strange. And why is there a Them and Us? "Divide and conquer" methods are not all that fashionable in America. Fools Crow never preached that there was an Us and Them. He tried to bring Americans together with America.

67. WWW Virtual Library: Circumpolar Peoples are covered from the physical sciences and life sciences, through the social sciencesand the native peoples, to the Russian north and far East Regional http://www.ldb.org/vl/cp/

The WWW Virtual Library Alphabetical Category Subtree Circumpolar Peoples Break free from frames with this link. This WWW Virtual Library offers access to WWW resources regarding Circumpolar Peoples. Resources are organized according to the following topics: Arts Culture Education Environment ... Women All of the resources made available here, have been developed by authors other than myself. They are commended for their excellent work. I have tried to collect only meaningful resources. This is not a meta-site providing access to the complete resources on the topic. Given that the WWW contains more than 150 million web-site at the moment (March 1999), providing a complete directory seems to be almost impossible. You may also wish to send me your comments and suggestions Thanks for your kind support and may you walk in beauty, balance and peace. Coverage of all Indigenous Peoples in the Circumpolar Region cannot be accomplished by one person. I have done my best to list relevant resources, but I am aware that this is not enough to keep the Library updated. Invitation Therefore, I would like to invite you to join me. If you feel you are the person to take care of a country, or countries or even regions, please let me know, and I will hand over the task of maintaining the respective section of the WWW Virtual Library: Circumpolar Regions to you.

68. OutreachLectures @ University Of Pennsylvania Museum Of Archaeology And Anthropo some major arts of the Plains peoples, including pipes The far north The Art ofthe Inuit This slide made with each other, other native American groups, and http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/edu/outreach/nativeamerica.html

University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Native Americans Indian Art: Ancient Markers and Modern Markets Long before Europeans ever came into our world, the Original People made wonderful tools with elaborate decorations to please the eye and to give life to the objects they used every day. These decorations also served as markers for group identity. Ancient trade between the many cultures allowed material and finished goods to travel enormous distances long before the White people crossed the sea. The changes in the materials traded and the native economies after 1500 are the subject of this slide illustrated lecture. Dr. Marshall Becker Archaeology of the Lenape and Other Indians of the Delaware Valley Archaeological studies at Lenape sites, and in particular at the Printzhof (36DE3) and the Montgomery Site (36CH60), have told us much about how the Lenape lived before the Europeans came, and how their lives were altered by contact. Historic records about the lives of these fascinating Americans and how they were blended with the Europeans provide us with a rich understanding of how they once lived. Dr. Marshall Becker

69. General Information Mountain, located on the Station s far north ranges Obsidian was prized by nativeAmericans for its ability to native peoples used the quarries both before and http://www.nawcwpns.navy.mil/~epo/pho_bcs.html

Prehistoric Human Occupation and Broad Cultural Sequence Prehistoric Human Occupation Capule rock at Seep Springs O n Station lands, as in most of the desert west, environmental factors have had great influence on the level of prehistoric human activity. Thousands of years ago, the climate and biotic environment were radically different: Pleistocene lakes dotted the landscape, lush vegetation grew, and game was plentiful. Several thousand years later, the environment became extremely arid, the climate hot and dry. Native populations were forced to either adapt their cultural practices in order to sustain themselves or abandon the territory. A s the climate changed through warm and arid cycles to moist and temperate conditions, the culture of prehistoric peoples in the region was developed and refined. Archaeologists analyzing early remains have delineated a broad cultural sequence from early prehistoric through recent times. Continuing analysis of this archaeological record is sure to result in significant discoveries and better interpretations of the desert west's prehistory. E vidence of Early Man was discovered on the shorelines and the bed of Pleistocene Lake China. Dr. Emma Lou Davis from the

70. MAPS - Volume 7 Number 4 Autumn 1997 - Native American Church Peyotism And The T Indigenous peoples as far back as 6,000 Today the native American Church of northAmerica is the largest pannative American religion in north America. http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v07n4/07403mcc.html

From the Newsletter of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies MAPS - Volume 7 Number 4 Autumn 1997 - pp. 3-4 Native American Church Peyotism and the Treatment of Alcoholism John McClusky, M.S.W. Arizona State University Department of Social Work mcclusky@asu.edu The almost thirty year freeze on research into the beneficial uses of psychedelics is slowly starting to thaw. Human subject studies have been approved by the FDA for Phase 1 safety studies of ibogaine (a derivative of a West African plant iboga) which may turn out to be an important new treatment for heroine and cocaine addiction. Ketamine (a general anesthetic, which at sub-anesthetic doses facilitates altered states of consciousness), has been shown to facilitate abstinence from alcohol in chronic alcoholics (Krupitsky 1992, 1997). Research is now underway in Peru to study ayahuasca, a mixture of two Amazonian plants that may also be of use in the treatment of addictions. From time immemorial, indigenous peoples have used mind-altering plants to facilitate spiritual growth and healing. Early petroglyphs in Northern Africa indicate mushroom rituals (circa 12,000 B.C.) and early Indian Vedic texts mention soma, a mind altering substance, also believed to be a mushroom. Unfortunately, to date there have not been any controlled studies of the use of peyote in this setting to treat alcoholism or other addiction disorders. Most of the literature has consisted of anecdotal accounts of its effectiveness (Albaugh & Anderson,1974; Bergman, 1971; Pascarosa, & Futterman, 1976; Pascarosa, Futterman & Halsweig, 1976). The closest research that has been done in this area is with LSD back in the 50s and 60s. Virtually all double-blind controlled studies that have been done with LSD in the treatment of alcoholism have met mixed reviews by the scientific community. There has been short term or "afterglow" improvement in patients which diminishes with time (Halpern, 1996). It is important to note that most of these studies only measured drug effect with no appropriate clinical direction and support. (Smart & Strom, 1964; Hollister et al., 1969; Ludwig et al., 1969; Mottin, 1973).

71. Native American People (First Nations And American Indian Cultures) showcased on our site so far Abenaki Indians American Indian nations Cultures ofNorth America Articles on US and Canadian Indian peoples native American http://www.native-languages.org/home.htm

Native Languages of the Americas Support our organization What's new on our site today! Native Languages of the Americas: Native American Cultures Hello, and welcome to Native Languages of the Americas! We are a small non-profit organization dedicated to preserving and promoting American Indian languages, particularly through the use of Internet technology. Our website is not beautiful. Probably, it never will be. But this site has inner beauty, for it is, or will be, a compendium of online materials about more than 800 indigenous languages of the Western Hemisphere and the people that speak them. See the list of indigenous American peoples featured on our site. See our alphabetical master list of American Indian tribes and languages , with links to more information about each. See the Amerindian language family groupings See our Native American book list of resources by and about American Indians. See our links to other Internet resources about American Indians and Amerindian languages See our menu of Native American information for kids Featured Native American Cultures So far we have finished pages for 33 languages spoken by more than a hundred Indian nations in Canada and the United States. In addition to the language information, we have carefully collected and organized links to many different aspects of native life and culture, with an emphasis on American Indians as a living people with a present tense. American Indian history is interesting and important, but Indians are still here today, too, and we have tried to feature modern writers as well as traditional legends, contemporary art as well as museum pieces, and the issues and struggles of today as well as the tragedies of yesterday. Suggestions for new links are always

72. Native Americans The Topic native americans. This project on native americans includes tons of resources - too many to fit onto just this one page! 8) Museum of native north americans http//www.framingham http://eduscapes.com/42explore/native.htm

The Topic: Native Americans This project on Native Americans includes tons of resources - - too many to fit onto just this one page! Connect to the project's three other companion pages for lots more ideas and information: (1) Biographies of Native Americans - A to Z Native American Tribes and Cultures , and (3) Easier - Native Americans, sometimes called American Indians, are descendants of the first people to live in the Americas. They had been living there for thousands of years before any Europeans arrived. Harder - When Columbus landed in what is now known as the West Indies, he incorrectly thought he had reached the Indies. He called the native people he met Indians. The Indians of the Americas spoke hundreds of different languages, had many varied ways of life, and each group had its own name. Some lived in large cities and others in small villages. Still others kept moving throughout the year, hunting animals and gathering wild plants. First Americans by K. Martin (Grades 4-8)

73. Index Of Native American Nations On The Internet page) Geonative a bilingual Basque/English site Indigenous peoples in the far Northof Russia Button Return to the Index of native American Resources on the http://www.hanksville.org/NAresources/indices/NAnations.html

WWW Virtual Library - American Indians Index of Native American Nations on the Internet F requently A sked ... uestions for this site This document must be read before sending any email! Search this site The Poster store has been updated to include notecards having Northwest Coast designs and prints of Edward Curtis photographs transfered to canvas. Contribute to the John Kerry Campaign! using your Amazon.com account. Since January 23, over $65000 has been raised through small contributions (an average of about $44) to help John Kerry defeat George Bush in November. You can help too. HIGH VIRUS ALERT - 'Mydoom' Worm Save $5 on McAfee Personal Firewall Plus General Resources The International Personality of Indigenous Peoples by David Schneider and Dr. Louis Furmanski [Missing 5/28/04] Updated United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues Nations Blackfeet Nation Cabazon Band of Mission Indians Cherokee Nation Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes of Oklahoma [Forbidden 3/27/04] Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe Choctaw Nation Citizen Potawatomi Nation Coeur d'Alene Tribe ... New Zealand Armed Intervention Force (N.Z.A.I.F) of the Maori Government of Aotearoa Banabans Buberen Euskal Orrialdera (Buber's Basque Page) European minority languages (English page) GeoNative a bilingual Basque/English site Indigenous Peoples in the Far North of Russia Sami people, An introduction

74. Arctic Circle Exploring The Past these two subdivisions occurs at Unalakleet, just north of the strong Asian roots,particularly among the Chukchispeaking peoples of far northeast Siberia. http://arcticcircle.uconn.edu/HistoryCulture/journey.html

Exploring the Past: An archeological journey Norman Chance Still, archeologists have much to offer in interpreting these fragments of the human adventure. And we can utilize as well one of their guiding principles, cultural ecology and its correlary, adaptation . Without such a principle, these prehistoric detectives would simply be presenting us with a conglomeration of unrelated facts. With such a clarifying paradigm, we gain contextual meaning - an essential feature of any serious inquiry. This approach is especially germane to studies of the Circumpolar North, for as every North American school-age child knows, the Arctic has always served as a natural laboratory, testing the northerner's ability to survive in a severe environment. Given these environmental limitations, present day Inuit have met this challenge with ingenuity and skill. Yet they followed long after the first inhabitants of the region. These earlier humans entered the New World by way of Beringia, an intercontinental land 'bridge' half the width of the United States connecting the region of Bering Strait with Siberia. We know little of human antiquity in this northern sector of the Old World, although archeological remains from the Lake Baikal region of the Trans-Baikal date as far back as 13,000 to 25,000 years ago. The residents of the Russian steppe-tundra were not northern reminants of Ice Age neanderthals, but contemporary

75. Eastern Woodland Indians : Northeastern Indians Bibliography These peoples practiced agriculture and were hunters Penobscots lived in the farnortheastern corner Bear; Stories from native north America BridgeWater Books http://falcon.jmu.edu/~ramseyil/indnorth.htm

Eastern Woodland Indians: Northeastern Indians Bibliography By Inez Ramsey The Northern Maize (Corn) Area extended from southern New England and Maryland to the Lower Missouri River. These peoples practiced agriculture and were hunters and fishermen. Some tribes included the Iroquois [Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca Indians]; the Huron, the Lenni-Lenape [Delaware]. The Penobscots lived in the far northeastern corner of the United States [Maine, Vermont, etc.]. The Ojibwa, Winnebago, Algonquin and Potawatomi Indians lived in the north central part of the U.S. in the Great Lakes Area [Superior, Erie] The Fox, Sauk and Menomini tribes also lived in this area. Tribes in this area had wild rice as a staple in their diets. For availability information check visit your school or public library or Amazon Books Biography. Juvenile Fiction. Juvenile Nonfiction. Juvenile Bierhorst, John. The Woman Who Fell from the Sky; The Iroquois Story of Creation Ill. by Robert Parker. Morrow, 1993. Rev. in Bklst. Challenging work for ages 5 to 9. Wonderful imagery. Bruchac, Joseph.

76. AllRefer Encyclopedia - Kiowa (North American Indigenous Peoples) - Encyclopedia Related Category north American Indigenous peoples. and Clark, the Kiowa were onthe north Platte River in themselves with the Comanche, raided as far south as http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/K/Kiowa.html

AllRefer Channels :: Health Yellow Pages Reference Weather SEARCH : in Reference June 11, 2004 You are here : AllRefer.com Reference Encyclopedia North American Indigenous Peoples ... Kiowa By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z K Kiowa, North American Indigenous Peoples Related Category: North American Indigenous Peoples Kiowa [k I u w u Pronunciation Key , Native North Americans whose language is thought to form a branch of the Aztec-Tanoan linguistic stock (see Native American languages ). The Kiowa, a nomadic people of the Plains area, had several distinctive traits, including a pictographic calendar and the worship of a stone image, the taimay. In the 17th cent. they occupied W Montana, but by about 1700 they had moved to an area SE of the Yellowstone River. Here they came into contact with the Crow, who gave the Kiowa permission to settle in the Black Hills. While living there, they acquired (c.1710) the horse, probably from the Crow. Their trade was mainly with the Arikara, the Mandan, and the Hidatsa. After the invading Cheyenne and the Sioux drove the Kiowa from the Black Hills, they were forced to move south to Comanche territory; in 1790, after a bloody war, the Kiowa reached a permanent peace with the Comanche. According to Lewis and Clark, the Kiowa were on the North Platte River in 1805, but not much later they occupied the Arkansas River region. Later the Kiowa, who allied themselves with the Comanche, raided as far south as Durango, Mexico, attacking Mexicans, Texans, and Native Americans, principally the Navajo and the Osage.

77. Encyclopedia Smithsonian: Native American, Publications For Children methods of the Abenaki and Six Nations (Iroquois) peoples. Wesche, Alice M., RunsFar Son of the Publications Co., 241 First Avenue north, Minneapolis, MN http://www.si.edu/resource/faq/nmai/nachild.htm

Smithsonian Institution Recommended Publications for Children on Native American Subjects Your school and public libraries may have some of the books listed here. Your local public library may be able to get books for you from other libraries. Those books that are in print (most are) may be purchased through bookstores, or ordered directly from the publishers, whose addresses are supplied. (Note: many of these publishers have other books on Native Americans.) This book list is arranged in the following categories: Newspapers, Magazines, Maps Book Series Coloring Books Books: Crafts, Activities, Projects, Sign Language ... Real Child Books Newspapers, Magazines, Maps RedSun Institute, P.O. Box 122, Creston, CO 81131. Publishes Native Monthly Reader (eight issues per school year). Aimed at students in grades 6 -12, this newspaper includes articles on Native American culture and current events. Cobblestone Publishing, 30 Grove Street, Peterborough, NH 03458. Publishes several magazines, including Cobblestone and Faces . A number of all-Indian back issues are available. Issue topics include the Iroquois, Sioux, Cherokee, Maya, and Inca; Indians of the Plains, Northwest Coast, and Northeast Coast; there are also issues on such subjects as the Indian and the buffalo and first encounters between Native Americans and Europeans. Ages 8 - 14.

78. Native Online. A Resourse Center For Native Art This article addresses the arts of native American and north American Arctic peoples,in relation to the culture and subcultures of each of these peoples and http://www.nativeonline.com/fineart.html

ART IN THE CULTURE Artist unknown Coast Salish Rattle, Mountain sheep horn, mountain horn, mountain goat wool, wood, abalone shell unknown 94.0 x 47.0 no date Art pervaded all of Northwest Coast Indian culture. Even the most utilitarian objects such as spoons, fish clubs, and paddles were decorated. The two-dimensional art is founded on a system of rules which order design organization. Sculptural art demands that anatomical features be carved in certain ways, giving rise to distinct tribal styles. Hopefully those surfers wishing to explore the art further will gain some ability to reconcile regional, tribal and personal style as a result of this presentation. Art served two main purposes in coastal Indian life. On one hand it is a crest art- a totem pole, dancing headdress, house-frontal painting, or decorated blanket signaling the owner's mythic origins. this was most highly developed among the northwest tribes where inheritance was thorough the female line. Crest art was emphasized during potlatches and feasts and as such verified and validated the social system. On the other hand, art made the super natural world visible. The incredible array of creatures- human, animal and mythic that inhabit the minds and landscapes of Northwest Coast people are realized through the medium of dance dramas. The skill evident in plastic and graphic arts is only part of a continuum which extended into theater. Movement in dance can be likened to the flow of line in two-dimensional art. In flickering firelight, the bold sculptural planes of carvings alternately gathered shadow and reflected light as performers circled the dance floor. And it was the artist's role to render fantastic then creatures of both the real world and the mythic cosmos.

79. North Carolina History little is known about the Siouan peoples and their Charles B. Aycock introduced afarreaching program native American tribes indigenous to north Carolina is http://statelibrary.dcr.state.nc.us/nc/history/history.htm

Historical Highlights of North Carolina Early History Colonial Period The Halifax Resolves Revolutionary War to Civil War ... Twentieth Century Early History At the time of the first European contact, North Carolina was inhabited by a number of native tribes Since most historical accounts of travelers and settlers dealt with either the Cherokee or the Algonquian, little is known about the Siouan peoples and their pre-contact cultures. The descriptions which follow will deal with the Cherokee as representative of the Iroquoian, with the Catawba as representative of the Siouan-speakers and the piedmont tribes, and the coastal Algonquian. Coastal Algonquian At the time of the first contact of Europeans with the Indians, the Algonquian tribes occupied the tidewater areas of the Atlantic Coast extending from Canada to as far south as the Neuse River in North Carolina. In 1584, the estimated 7,000 Algonquians living in North Carolina were relative newcomers to the Southeast, having come in a series of migrations. To some extent, they retained cultural elements from their Northeastern Algonquian traditions, but there was also a great deal of cultural borrowing from their southern neighbors as they adapted to the geographical and climatic conditions of the area, in that they were more water-oriented and placed more emphasis upon hunting, fishing, and gathering than did most of their neighbors. Catawba The Catawba was one of the Siouan-speaking tribes of the piedmont area of the Carolinas at the time of the first European contact. Little is known of their culture and life style at that time, since contact was few and sporadic and little was documented of their culture. What is known, is based largely on the writings of John Lawson, who explored the piedmont territory and visited the Catawba in 1701.

80. Pomona College : Museum Of Art At the time of the first contact between whites and native peoples, there was farmore cultural and linguistic variety in north America than in Europe, and http://www.pomona.edu/museum/collections/nativeamerican/cultures.shtml

Exhibitions Current Future Past Project Series ... Collections Information About the Museum Advisory Comm. Rembrandt Club Contact Us ... Collection Posters The Native American Collection About the Donors Native American Cultures The Native American Home Page Basketry Collection: Beadwork Collection: Pottery Collection: Native American Cultures A knowledge of Native American art must encompass the great diversity of Native American cultures. It is impossible to formulate a single concept of the "average" Native American. At the time of the first contact between whites and native peoples, there was far more cultural and linguistic variety in North America than in Europe, and much of that diversity continues today. (Approximately 30 languages are still in use, classified into 6 major groups.) It is believed that as many as 600 distinct native cultures may have existed at one time or another on the North American continent. Just as they adapted their lives to their available resources, Native Americans employed these resources to create their art. Through this link, artifacts become mirrors that reflect the activities and environments of the native peoples who made them. But Native American art is far from static; many cultures continue to thrive. Today's artists pull from their rich history of tribal art, as well as the events and ideas of contemporary society, to produce vibrant and relevant art. An examination of Pomona's collection offers insight to the lives and creative processes of these artists, while it reveals the masterful craftsmanship of their superb works of art.

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