21. EARLY AMERICA With all their differences, native north and South americans really do For most oftheir history so far, native peoples evolved in places very different http://ancientgreece-earlyamerica.com/html/early_america.html

W ELCOME to E ARLY A MERICA and to New Discoveries of the N ative and C olonial N ortheast: T ruly a T ransatlantic W orld I don’t believe you can understand Native American cultures unless you are keenly aware that everything they do is spiritually related. Everything. Everything has Manitou, Life: everything is Life in itself. They never designed anything for design’s sake....Nothing, from the slightest little thing to the universe itself, was ever taken for granted by Native Americans. Life was in all things, and they respected that life. There’s a huge field that has never been written about, and I call it spiritual archaeology. You cannot understand a lot of the things that have happened, or that are happening, without understanding or at least being aware of that concept....When you do, things become clearer. Connecticut Archaeologist and Painter David Wagner, in Conversation with David Wagner: Portrait of an Artist (Wiltonwood Productions/SascoProductions, 2000) In David Wagner’s works on this website, you’re going to see the Native Northeast as never before-and, if you’d like inexpensive color prints, visit his website at http:// davidrwagner.com;

22. Native Americans, Homework Resources, Carnegie Library Of Pittsburgh Resource Gu the diversity and creativity of the native peoples of north Their homeland may alsohave extended far inland to and its branches from the the north end of http://www.carnegielibrary.org/subject/homework/nativeam.html

Select Library Area: Ask a Librarian Careers at CLP Computer Classes Directions Employment Genealogy/History Homework Help Hours Kids' Site Library Subject Guide Locations Renew a Book Request a Book Research Databases Resource Guide Search Subject Departments Support the Library Teens' Site Subject Search: Web Site Catalog Internet Search Database Search Events Search Resource Guide: ... Homework Resources Native Americans Pittsburgh Region Pennsylvania United States International Pittsburgh Region Allegheny-Kiske Valley: History - Native Peoples Information on the old Indian town on the Kiskiminetas River, north of Pittsburgh, and on Guyasuta, the leading spirit of the Senecas in this part of the country, and was one of the most powerful chiefs of his time. Carnegie Museum of Natural History: American Indians and the Natural World http://www.carnegiemuseums.org/cmnh/exhibits/north-south-east-west/ An online exhibition of a new hall in this Pittsburgh museum that "emphasizes the interactions of American Indian people with the natural world. Through the arts and artifacts of five American Indian peoplesthe Lakota of the Plains, the Tlingit of the Northwest Coast, the Hopi of the Southwest, the Iroquois of the Northeast, and the American Indians living in urban areas the exhibition showcases the diversity and creativity of the native peoples of North America." Native American Home Page http://www.nativeculture.com/lisamitten/

23. American Indian Studies of the native American experience in north America and the imprisonment of a number of native americans from 1873 or affected the indigeneous peoples of north America. The site http://www.csulb.edu/projects/ais

This site received over 1,500,000 hits in 2002 from 50 countries throughout the world. American Indian History and Related Issues American Indian Studies programs were created at a number of universities throughout the United States beginning in the late 1960s. The American Indian Studies Program at California State University, Long Beach celebrated its 25th anniversary in 1994 and is the oldest continuous existing program. This world wide site is a developing site supervised by Professor Troy Johnson and is dedicated to the presentation of unique artwork, photographs, video and sound recordings which accurately reflect the history, culture and richness of the Native American experience in North America and has been expanded to include Indian people of Central America and Mexico. Contributions and comments may be made by contacting Professor Johnson See the various books Troy Johnson has written on the American Indian Culture. Indians of North America Alcatraz Occupation: The Story The 1969 occupation of Alcatraz Island is seen as a watershed event in contemporary Native American history. This site provides a brief history of the occupation as documented in my book, "The Occupation of Alcatraz Island, Indian Self-determination and The Rise of Indian Activism Alcatraz Occupaion in photographs This collection of photographs and descriptions by Ilka Hartmann tell the story of the American Indian occupation of Alcatraz Island through the eyes of those who made up the occupation force.

24. First Peoples, First Contacts : Native Peoples Of North America By J. C. H. King who appeared on the continent as far back as 12,000 years ago to the Inuits plyingthe Alaskan waters today, the native peoples of north America produced a http://www.2think.org/native_north_americans.shtml

J.C.H. King First Peoples, First Contacts: Native Peoples of North America "The dilemma of relations between Indians, minorities in their own homelands, and colonial settlers was quite straightforward. The metropolitan authorities, in England as in Spain, recognized that Native polities possessed rights. However, colonial officials often found it impossible to defend those rights, because in so doing they were required to attackmilitarilytheir own kith and kin." p. 77 "in issues put to the vote, Natives, except where in a majority, as in parts of the Arctic today, may be overwhelmed by the democratic process." p. 79 As a curator in the British Museum, King offers up hundreds of full color photographs of artifacts mostly under his care. Along with the pictures comes a mostly historical account of Native settlements throughout North America. Much of this account deals with the 18th and 19th Centuries rather than the pre-Columbus periodthe exception being the first chapter, entitled "Ancient North America", which covers only 22 pages. The geographic regions discussed include the Northeastern and Southeastern Woodlands, California, Northwest Coast, Arctic, Subarctic, Canadian Plains, and American (south)West. The prose is generally dull and awkward. Most of the text screams out for an editor. The chapters (including the final one) end suddenly, without warning. Conclusions, summaries, and interesting insights are rare. However, the 298 figures presented make the book worthwhileespecially if you can't make it to the British Museum.

25. Native American - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Quebec peninsula and the Inuit, Yupik, and Aleut peoples of the far north of thecontinent. Another argument is that any person born in America is native to it http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American

Native American From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Server will be down for maintenance on 2004-06-11 from about 18:00 to 18:30 UTC. Native Americans (also Indians American Indians First Nations Alaskan Natives Red Indians , or Indigneous Peoples of America ) refers to the indigenous inhabitants of Americas prior to the European colonization , and their modern descendants. This term comprises a large number of distinct tribes states , and ethnic groups , many of them still enduring as political communities. Depending on the context, the terms "Indian" or "Native American" may or may not include the " Eskimos Inuit Yupik , and Aleut peoples), which are very distinctive in culture and genetics from the other groups. The terms may also be construed to include or exclude the Canadian Métis Native Americans officially make up the majority of the population in Bolivia Peru , and Guatemala and are a significant element in most other former Spanish colonies, with the exception of Costa Rica Cuba Argentina Dominican Republic and Uruguay . At least three of the Amerindian languages ( Quechua in Peru and Bolivia Aymara also in Bolivia , and Guarani in Paraguay ) are recognized as national languages alongside Spanish Table of contents 1 Early History 2 European colonization of the Americas 2.1 The Arrival of Europeans

26. The Wyoming Companion - Native Americans Links (Contents) native americans Click the links below Arapaho, as far as origin. At one time this on the buffalo which roamed the vast north American plains area http://www.wyomingcompanion.com/wcwrr.html

The Wyoming Companion Native Americans The Wyoming Companion Home Navigational Links (Contents) Native Americans Click the links below. Stories of the Arapaho People The Wyoming Companion High Country Communications editor@wyomingcompanion.com . Address: The Wyoming Companion ; Box 1111; Laramie, Wyoming 82073-1111; January 2004 None scheduled at this time. The Wyoming Companion Home Navigational Links (Contents) Native American Powwows February 2004 None scheduled at this time. The Wyoming Companion Home Navigational Links (Contents) Native American Powwows March 2004 None scheduled at this time. The Wyoming Companion Home Navigational Links (Contents) Native American Powwows April 2004 None scheduled at this time. The Wyoming Companion Home Navigational Links (Contents) Native American Powwows May 2004 None scheduled at this time. The Wyoming Companion Home Navigational Links (Contents) Native American Powwows June 2004 None scheduled at this time. The Wyoming Companion Home Navigational Links (Contents) Native American Powwows July 2004 None scheduled at this time.

27. MSN Encarta - Native Americans Of North America of Section. native americans of north America, indigenous peoples of north America. native americans the 15th century. Most scientists agree that the human history of north modern native http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761570777

28. "the People's Paths Home Page!"North American Indian Radio! Copyright © 2004 NLThomas. All Rights Reserved. There is a second URL for the People's Paths the original. Cherokee language version http//www.YvwiiUsdinvnohii.net/ mainindex.html regional producers from across north America." Oyate Ta Olowan ~ Songs of broadcast that allows native peoples to report on Story Violent Crime and native americans " Guests Suzan http://www.yvwiiusdinvnohii.net/indianradio.htm

NLThomas There is a second URL for the People's Paths the original Cherokee language version http://www.YvwiiUsdinvnohii.net/mainindex.html English translation version http://www.thePeoplesPaths.net/mainindex.html North American Indian Radio Online! First Nations owned radio and radio programing! "Listen Live to AIROS Right Over the Internet!" "Native American Public Telecommunications" Today is, Download software today! "Home of streaming media!" NAPT ~ AIROS ~ PROGRAMS NAI Online Programming By Days Of Week Indigenous Radio Canada! Aboriginal/Indigenous Television ... Find Radio Stations!!! NAPT ~ AIROS ~ PROGRAMS Native American Public Telecommunications NAPT Empowering, Educating, and Entertaining through Native Media Welcome to "The Vision Maker" Newsletter Online A seasonal publication of Native American Public Telecommunications. American Indian Radio On Satellite "AIROS network is a national distribution system for Native programming to Tribal communities and to general audiences through Native American, other public radio stations, as well as, the Internet." See the Schedule ! Listen to archived programs via RealOne ! Listen to AIROS Programming "offline" ! Listen to AIROS "on-line" now Also available for Web T.V.

29. Native American - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia One difficulty with the term native American as a substitute for American Indian peninsulaand the Inuit, Yupik, and Aleut peoples of the far north of the http://www.phatnav.com/wiki/wiki.phtml?title=Native_American

30. Native American Arts --  Encyclopædia Britannica Regional customs north America The far north Eskimo music; far northern tribes. SouthAmerica Amazon peoples; Andean peoples; Mestizo peoples of the coast. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=119490

31. Native Americans - The Southwest Tradition The Navajo and Apache peoples are recent arrivals and Southwest; originating in theFar north/Subarctic. language was one of the native American languages used http://www.nativeamericans.com/SouthwestTradition.htm

The Southwest Tradition During the past century, investigators have been solving one of the great mysteries of the North American continent: Who built the spectacular, prehistoric* cliff dwellings and other ancient structures scattered throughout the American Southwest? The key to this mystery, curiously enough, involves farming, and how this simple activity fosters the growth of civilization. We now know that agriculture first evolved in the world's harsh, hot, arid deserts, then spread to more temperate climates not the other way around, as one might expect. All civilizations first took root in the deserts of the world, including the deserts of the American Southwest. A century ago, few would believe that ancestors of the American Indians could be responsible for the magnificent structures of the Desert Southwest. Today, after a century of fieldwork in archeology, the best evidence suggests that ancient farmers built these great civilizations and were the grandparents of the present-day, Native American Pueblo people as well.

32. Native American Texans never were a single culture; they were much more diverse than the peoples of Europe Othernomadic groups lived inland to the west and north as far as present http://www.texancultures.utsa.edu/publications/texansoneandall/nativeamerican.ht

Native American history is the story of one of the most complex and violent cultural changes in North America. Native Americans are people descended from the first humans who migrated from Asia and, perhaps, Europe to North America, arriving on the continent nearly 30,000 years ago. Direct evidence places them in Texas some 12,000 years before the present. Native Americans are not and never were a single culture; they were much more diverse than the peoples of Europe. The early natives passed on their stories and traditions orally and through such means as rock art. Recorded historical accounts of Native Americans have been interpreted by anthropologists and archaeologists in contemporary times and in European terms and not usually by the natives themselves. More is known about some cultures than about others; certain regions of Texas such as the lower Pecos and the trans-Pecos provide more to the story because of well-preserved artifacts such as potsherds, sandals, arrow points, scrapers, needles, ornaments, basket shreds, grinding stones, and even the bones of the people themselves. Other areas provide fewer clues. Still, much is known. The actual number of Indians in the Texas area was never great, estimated at 45,000 before written history to only a few thousand in the mid-19th century.

33. Coastal Oregon Native Americans A small tribe numerically, the Siuslaws on occasion were encroached upon by peoplesfrom as far north as the Columbia native americans of north America. http://www.chenowith.k12.or.us/tech/subject/social/natam_or/coastal.html

Native Americans of the Oregon Coast TILLAMOOK "The Tillamooks are actually a southern branch Salishan family of tribes which occupied the coastal area of British Columbia from the Strait of Georgia south through the Puget Sound area of Washington State, along the coast as far south as the Siletz River, Oregon, except around the mouth of the Columbia River (occupied by the Chinook). The Coast Salish practised the wealth and gift distribution ceremony known as the Potlatch. They generally lived in cedar plank houses facing rivers or the sea; and have a tradition of complex wood-carving art which weakened to the south into simpler art forms. Two dominant subsistence and material resources among the Salish were salmon and red cedar, and they excelled in basketry and textiles. They were essentially a river and bay people in a heavy forest area with a moist, mild climate." "The Tillamook and closely related bands, Nehalem and Nestucca, lived around the Nehalem and Salmon Rivers in present Tillamook County, Oregon, and were the largest Coast Salish group south of the Columbia. Lewis and Clark estimated the group at 2,200 in 1805, but they had declined to 200 by 1900. A few Nestuccas appear to have been reported amongst the Grand Ronde Indians. The census of 1970 gave 139 for the whole group." Source Source History of Tillamook County Source Tillamook from the U of O Linguistics site. Includes the Nehalem, Tillamook, Nestucca, Salmon River, and Siletz.

34. Native American Ministry Directory and foster healing among native and nonnative peoples. Nogales, Magdalena, Hermosillo,as far as Oaxaca north Canadian Evangelical Ministry (NCEM) Large well http://mfinder.org/nativeamer.htm

Native American Ministries Directory "We Help You Find Your Mission" Opportunities For You with Native American Missions Agencies Visit Other MissionFinder Web Sites "God will do for you what you can't do for yourself if you will do for God what you can do." Use your skills with children, construction, relief work Ministry Opportunities Miscellaneous Information ... Term Opportunities We often get inquiries about work with Native Americans. On this page we have listed an assortment of organizations that have various kinds of ministry with this people group. We suggest, however, that you first contact your own church leadership or denomination and work with any efforts they may have underway. If you can't find what suits you, then contact any of the organizations listed here, explaining what you would like to do. The details for the ministries change from time to time. If you still cannot locate a suitable opportunity, click on the "Ask Us" button and we will see what we can do to help you locate what you are looking for. Opportunities with Native American Mission Agencies Adventures in Missions AIM sometimes conducts ministry trips to a Navajo reservation in Arizona for Senior High and College age individuals, and to several other Native American locations (including North Dakota, South Dakota, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and New Mexico) for Senior High youth groups.

35. Sasquatch And Native Americans it come from the languages of neighboring Indian peoples. the Windigo is not so farremoved from is taken for granted throughout native north America, and so http://www.ncf.carleton.ca/~bz050/HomePage.bfna.html

Credit: Henry Franzoni I met Gayle Highpine, a Kootenai Indian, at a monthly meeting of the Western Bigfoot Society. She had published the following paper in a very early Track Record, and gave me permission to reprint it here on the conference. Gayle has traveled extensively among the various reservations and enclaves of North American Indians for the last 30 years. She was a member of A.I.M., the American Indian Movement, during the '70s. A female Indian who was always interested in the old ways, she was and is very interested in learning more about Sasquatch, and she has listened attentively to many medicine men's Sasquatch stories as she traveled from reservation to reservation. I think her paper gives a good basic survey of Native American thought on the subject, and I find her obervation of the apparent division between "Flesh and Blood", thinkers and "Spiritual/Mystical" thinkers highly enlightening. P.S. The Kootenai tribe's home basically is southeast British Columbia. Attitudes Toward Bigfoot in Many North American Cultures By Gayle Highpine "But, special being as he is, I have never heard anyone from a Northwestern tribe suggest that Bigfoot is anything other than a physical being, living in the same physical dimensions as humans and other animals. He eats, he sleeps, he poops, he cares for his family members. However, among many Indians elsewhere in North America... as widely separated at the Hopi, the Sioux, the Iroquois, and the Northern Athabascan Bigfoot is seen more as a sort of supernatural or spirit being, whose appearance to humans is always meant to convey some kind of message."

36. Native American - InformationBlast Aleut peoples of the far north of the continent, and the Métis of western Canadaand Ontario. Another argument is that any person born in America is native to http://www.informationblast.com/Native_American.html

Native American Native Americans (also Indians American Indians First Nations Alaskan Natives , or Red Indians ) refers to the indigenous peoples of Americas prior to the European colonization , and their modern descendants. This term comprises a large number of distinct tribes, states, and ethnic groups , many of them enduring today as political communities. The name "Indians" was bestowed by Christopher Columbus , who mistakenly believed that the places he found them were among the islands in Southeast Asia known to Europeans as the Indies. The term "Native American" became popular in the United States as the term "Indian" came to be perceived as quaint or offensive by some groups. The "Eskimos" ( Inuit Yupik , and Aleut peoples) are often excluded from the terms Indian or Native American, as they are very distinctive in culture and genetics. In Canada the term First Nations is generally used to refer to Native Americans (excluding the "Eskimos" and the Métis ); the Canadian Indian Act , however, which defines the rights of recognized First Nations, refers to them as Indians. In Alaska , the term Alaskan Native predominates, because of legal use in the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (

37. Native Americans And John Wesley Some years later (1864) in the far southwest, 8,500 The cost to the Hopi and Navajopeoples has been were building the New Israel in north America, Spain and http://gbgm-umc.org/umw/joshua/nativeam.html

Native Americans and John Wesley In England, John Wesley , Methodism's founder, was appalled by the atrocities Europeans committed against Native Americans. He poured out his moral outrage on European Christians, including the English colonists. In his sermon " A Caution Against Bigotry ," Wesley doesn't gloss over anything: Even cruelty and bloodshed, how little have the Christians come behind them! And not the Spaniards or the Portuguese alone, butchering thousands in South America: not the Dutch only in the East Indies, or the French in North America, following the Spaniards step by step: our own countrymen, too, have wantoned in blood, and exterminated whole nations; plainly proving thereby what spirit it is that dwells and works in the children of disobedience. Tragically few listened to Wesley. Warfare against Native Americans continued until the end of the nineteenth century as the United States moved westward. This expansion was inspired by the nation's " manifest destiny ." Manifest destiny was the belief that the United States was destined or chosen to occupy all the geographical territory between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. This idea was very popular in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Native Americans were viewed as obstacles to "manifest destiny."

38. Siberian Native Peoples Land and Resources in the Russian north Discrimination against native peoples ofSiberia The Russian far East To identify and protect specific http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/8226/sibnative.html

Native Peoples of Siberia This page presents links for information on the many native peoples of Siberia. The colors of this page are the same as the Siberian Flag and the flags of several Siberian nations. The green represents the Siberian taiga, the largest forest in the world, the white represents the snow of winter. The Siberian winter is from November to March, and is culturally as well as materially important for all Siberians, native or Russian. However, Siberia is not the frozen wasteland as some believe, but a very rich and diverse environment sheltering vast amounts of wildlife and plants, some of which are quite rare and valuable. The peoples of Siberia fall into three major ethno-linguistic groups: Uralic Altaic Paleo-Siberian The Buryat, the main group discussed at this website, are an Altaic nationality. Below you will find links grouped according to these three groups. In addition to this, please check out the Shamanism from Other Siberian Traditions page in order to view materials about the shamanism of these other native groups. This page also includes a section on native rights and environmental issues. Additional information will be found in the Relationship between Siberian and other native peoples page.

39. Encyclopedia Of North American Indians - - Diseases Thirteen known epidemics decimated native peoples in north America during the seventeenthcentury. The lack of records of natives living far from the colonial http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/naind/html/na_010300_diseases.htm

Entries Publication Data Advisory Board Maps ... World Civilizations Encyclopedia of North American Indians Diseases Contagious diseases that originated in the Old World have had an overwhelming impact on the post-Columbian biological history of native North Americans. Ancestral Native Americans migrated over the Beringian land bridge before most of the lethal pathogens preying on human populations evolved. Consequently, the Native American population increased for thousands of years, free from the selective biological pressure of the contagious diseases that evolved in the Old World. The examination of naturally mummified remains of Native Americans who lived several thousand years ago has revealed that the original migrants must have carried with them across Beringia several intestinal parasites common to all humankind. Born parasite free, human infants ingest parasites with food or from feces when they begin to move about and explore their environment. A child's intestinal parasites become life threatening at the time of weaning, when the child's metabolism must adjust to a solid diet while supporting the always hungry parasites. Weanling diarrhea, causing fatal dehydration, kept Native American infant mortality rates high, thus slowing population growth. A heavy intestinal parasite load can cause anemia in persons who survive this "weaning-walking crisis." As long as native North Americans lived on fish, game, and wild plant products, their high animal-protein intake helped them prevent serious anemia. When native North Americans shifted to horticultural food production, maize, beans, squash, and other cultivated foods provided them with calories that fueled a rapid population increase. Anemia then became a more serious problem for their well-being, because the proportion of iron in their diet decreased. The effects of anemia are discerned in many pre-Columbian native North American skeletons in a characteristic loss of eye-socket bone.

40. Reader's Companion To U.S. Women's History - - Native American Cultures two houses in the sky, one at the far north on the horizon, and one at the far south,in In the ceremonial cycle of many Pueblo peoples, men s societies http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/women/html/wh_026300_nativeameri2.ht

Entries Publication Data Advisory Board Contributors ... World Civilizations Reader's Companion to U.S. Women's History Native American Cultures The values of Native American cultures have always been rooted in an association with land. Native men hunted wild game rather than domesticating animals for food. Female sexuality affected male hunters. On the Northwest Coast, young women were taught that the wives of Makah whale hunters must lie very still in bed while their husbands hunted, since their movements influenced whales' behavior. In a Navajo story, Black God had all the animals penned up until his wife opened the gate. The animals escaped, and thereafter men had to hunt them. Time was measured by these cycles—constantly repeating events essential to human survival—the growth of crops, the rutting seasons of game animals, the gathering of the great buffalo herds on the Plains, the spawning of salmon in the rivers of the Northwest Coast. On the Northwest Coast, the salmon swam up rivers to their spawning grounds in the spring. The Makah in the state of Washington and the Hupa on the Trinity River in California, among other tribes, had a ceremony when the first salmon was caught. The first fish was cooked, and everyone in the village had a piece, except pregnant and menstruating women, whose conditions bespoke their power to give birth. This power could affect the future salmon runs. Pueblo peoples in the Southwest held ceremonies at the times of the summer and winter solstices. They believed the sun was a male spirit who had two houses in the sky, one at the far north on the horizon, and one at the far south, in each of which he rested during his journey through the sky. Their ceremonies gave the sun the power to rise from his rest and return back across the horizon to his other house. In the ceremonial cycle of many Pueblo peoples, men's societies conducted certain ceremonies, and women's societies conducted others. The complementary nature of male-female relationships was maintained throughout.

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