21. Parkinson's Disease PD Abstract of a paper Possible environmental, occupational, and other etiologicalfactors for parkinsons disease case-control study in Germany. Current http://james.parkinsons.org.uk/parkinsons.htm

Search this site Parkinson's Disease Here's some specific information about Parkinson's Disease. There is a lot more than this; I have tried to point out just some to get you started. Some of these pages are on this site; others take you to parts of other sites. Some sites are "suspicious", by that I mean they claim things which aren't commonly accepted as fact, or their apparent interests may not be consistent with their actual agenda. I'm not placing any judgement on these sites, they are included in a special section "Outside the mainstream" (most sites wouldn't link to these at all). Introductory Information about PD A Parkinson's Primer by Dennis Greene A Young Onset Parkinson's page Animated descriptions of the action of many PD drugs Excellent overview of Parkinson's from International Health News ... Parkinson's Disease Glossary Treatments Fetal Pig Cell treatment - Dec '99 article Halifax Neural Transplantation Program Pallidotomies at Loma Linda, CA Treatment for Drooling (SAL-TROPINETM) Intermediate Information about PD A Doctor's Guide to Parkinson's Disease A fact sheet on Lewy body dementia A teaching presentation on Parkinson's Disease Booklet on Parkinson's Disease ... C-Health Library, featuring lots of information form the NPF of Canada

22. Parkinson's Disease: Ask NOAH Lists PARKINSN A Worldwide Mailing List parkinsons disease Menu Neurology WebForumPostings (archived) Massachusetts General Hospital parkinsons disease http://www.noah-health.org/english/illness/neuro/parkin.html

Ask NOAH About: Parkinson's Disease What is Parkinson's Disease? Complications and Related Concerns The Basics Causes Diagnosis Glossaries ... Vision Care and Treatment Research Coping Exercise Medications Nutrition ... General Research Information Resources Advocacy Discussion Lists International Sources Internet Resources ... Return to Neurological Menu What is Parkinson's Disease? The Basics Basic Information about Parkinson's Disease - American Parkinson Disease Association Basic Parkinson's Disease Information - Pharmaceuticals Fact Sheet: Parkinson's Disease - Family Caregiver Alliance Staging of Parkinson's Disease, Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), and Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living - Massachusetts General Hospital Neurosurgical Service ... Parkinson's: The Facts - Parkinson Society Canada (also in French PDF File of 2 Pages Parkinson's Disease - American Academy of Family Physicians (also in Spanish Parkinson's Disease - MEDLINEplus (also in Spanish ) (Interactive Flash Presentation) Parkinson's Disease - Methodist Health Care System, Houston TX (also in Spanish Parkinson's Disease: Information for Patients - We Move Parkinson's Disease (Shaking Palsy) - Merck Manual of Medical Information: Home Edition ... Taking Charge: A Guide to Living with Parkinsonism - Parkinson Society Canada (also in French PDF File of 110 Pages The Shaking Palsy - Virtual Hospital What the Patient Should Know - National Parkinson Foundation Causes Learning About Parkinson's Disease - National Human Genome Research Institute NIH Researchers Find First Parkinson's Disease Gene - National Human Genome Research Institute Parkinson Disease - National Center for Biotechnology Information Parkinson's Gene Discovery May Implicate Brain's Protein Disposal System in Other Neurodegenerative Diseases - National Human Genome Research Institute ... Research News: Parkinson's Disease - The National Human Genome Research Institute Diagnosis

23. Hardin MD : Parkinsons Disease From the University of Iowa, the *best* lists of Internet sources inparkinsons disease. parkinsons disease. parkinsons disease Pictures. http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/hardin/md/parkinson.html

Parkinsons Disease "We list the best sites that list the sites" Site Map Diseases Home Free Articles in PubMed Search Hardin MD See also: Home Geriatrics Neurology Rehab Nursing Alzheimer's All links on this page hand-checked Popular Women's Health Dermatology Nursing Pharm Infect Disease Alzheimers Disease +Pictures Brain Pictures Geriatrics +Pictures Huntingtons Disease +Pictures Medical Pictures Nervous System Diseases Sleep Apnea +Pictures Parkinsons Disease Pictures Parkinsons Disease Symptoms PD Index : Directory of Parkinson's Disease information on the Internet Phil Tompkins NOAH : Parkinson’s disease Sharon E. Hunt, NY Online Access to Health LookSmart : Parkinsons disease MEDLINE plus Parkinson’s disease National Library of Medicine Open Directory Project (Other versions: Google AOL HONselect : Parkinson disease Health on the Net Foundation, Geneva, Switzerland Related links National Parkinson Foundation ClinicalTrials.gov Parkinson disease Parkinsonian disorders National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health OMNI : Parkinson disease Univ Nottingham, United Kingdom

24. Health Report - 9/15/1997: Parkinsons Disease Parkinson s Disease Broadcast Monday 15 September 1997 with. Summary Find thalamus.But the tremor is a minor part of Parkinson s disease. The http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/helthrpt/stories/s266.htm

Health Matters All in the Mind The Buzz Earthbeat ... Quantum Parkinson's Disease Broadcast Monday 15 September 1997 with Summary: Find out about deep brain stimulation: just what you need on a Monday to get you going. And if that doesn't work, then you can always try a brain transplant. Transcript: A brain disease which, like Alzheimer's is uncomfortably common as we age. It's Parkinson's. And while there are drugs to treat it they are far from ideal. So researchers have been looking at drugs which might prevent the diseases progress and even forms of brain surgery including transplantation and a technique called 'deep brain stimulation'. One of the people who's been involved with all three is Warren Olanow, who's Professor of Neurology at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York. Professor Olanow: Parkinson's is a disease that is due to degeneration of nerve cells in the centre of the brain called the Substantia Nigra. When these cells degenerate patients lose a chemical called dopamine. And this results in a number of signs and symptoms which include tremor, rigidity or stiffness, bradykinesia or slowness, and difficulty with walking, tendency to fall, postural instabilities etc. Norman Swan: Has it also recently been shown that it's actually more widespread than the substantia nigra, large parts of the brain are affected and it can affect thinking ability as well?

25. EMedicine - Parkinson Disease : Article By Jeff Blackmer, MD Parkinson Disease James Parkinson first described Parkinson disease (PD) in1817. Stern MB, Hurtig HI parkinsons disease and Parkinsonian Syndromes. http://www.emedicine.com/pmr/topic99.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties Resource Centers CME ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Consumer Health Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Movement Disorders Parkinson Disease Last Updated: May 20, 2004 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: Parkinsonism, idiopathic Parkinson disease, PD, Parkinson's disease AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 11 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: Jeff Blackmer, MD , Medical Director, Neurospinal Service, Assistant Professor, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Rehabilitation Centre Jeff Blackmer, MD, is a member of the following medical societies: American Paraplegia Society Canadian Association of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Canadian Medical Association , and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada Editor(s): Milton J Klein, DO , Consulting Staff, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sewickley Valley Hospital and Ohio Valley General Hospital;

26. Parkinson's Disease - Information / Diagnosis / Treatment / Prevention An Active Web Resource for parkinsons disease Provides annotated resourcelistings, FAQs, care giver information, links and find a physician. http://www.healthcyclopedia.com/neurological-disorders/parkinson's-disease.html

Home Health cyclopedia All Topics by Category The Complete Guide to Health Care Resources on the Internet Health Conditions A-Z Gurus ... neurological disorders > parkinson's disease Parkinson's Disease Information / Diagnosis / Treatment / Prevention External links (marked with an arrow ) open in a new window. This site is a web directory and does not offer medical advice. We cannot take responsibility for information found on listed sites. This Page Subtopics Related Topics Medical Definition Health Portals ... Web Directory: Subtopics: Parkinson's Disease > Organizations Parkinson's Disease > Support Groups Related Topics: Medicine/Medical Specialties/Neurology Neurological Disorders/Movement Disorders Neurological Disorders/Neurodegenerative Diseases Medical Definition: University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Medical Dictionary: "Parkinson's disease" Health Portals: FamilyDoctor.org Information Sheets : Parkinson's Disease Johns Hopkins Medicine : Parkinson's Disease Research Center MayoClinic.com Message Boards and Online Support Groups: iVillage.com - The Women's Network

27. Parkinsons Disease - Loss Of Dopaminergic - Essential Tremor - Amersham Health parkinsons disease loss of dopaminergic - essential tremor - Amersham Health. Accessfor medical professionals only. Information about parkinsons disease. http://www.amershamhealth.com/

Parkinsons disease - loss of dopaminergic - essential tremor - Amersham Health Detecting loss of functional dopaminergic neuron terminals in order to help differentiate Essential Tremor from Parkinsonian Syndromes related to idiopathic Parkinson's Disease (PD). Amersham has a nuclear imaging product to help differentiate Essential Tremor from Parkinsonian Syndromes related to idiopathic Parkinsons Disease. Access for medical professionals only. Information about Parkinsons Disease. Read more about the symptoms of Parkinsons Disease and the major factor causing Parkinsons Disease. Dopamine - Parkinsonian Syndromes are characterised by a severe loss of dopamine neurons and dopamine transporter expressed on them. In some cases Parkinsons disease causes neurogenic bladder. Other conditions which can cause neurogenic bladder include cerebrovascular disease, multiple sclerosis, motorneuron disease, spinal cord injury, spina bifida, diabetes, pelvic surgery or intervertebral disc herniation. ... Search Every single second, one of our products is used somewhere around the world to make a difference in a person's life.

28. Parkinsons Disease - The Symptoms, Factors And Causes Information about parkinsons disease. Read more about the symptoms ofparkinsons disease and the major factor causing parkinsons disease. http://www.amershamhealth.com/parkinsons_disease/parkinsons_disease.html

Parkinsons Disease - the symptoms, factors and causes Information about Parkinsons Disease. Read more about the symptoms of Parkinsons Disease and the major factor causing Parkinsons Disease. Amersham has a nuclear imaging product to help differentiate Essential Tremor from Parkinsonian Syndromes related to idiopathic Parkinsons Disease. Access for medical professionals only. Information about Parkinsons Disease. Read more about the symptoms of Parkinsons Disease and the major factor causing Parkinsons Disease. Dopamine - Parkinsonian Syndromes are characterised by a severe loss of dopamine neurons and dopamine transporter expressed on them. In some cases Parkinsons disease causes neurogenic bladder. Other conditions which can cause neurogenic bladder include cerebrovascular disease, multiple sclerosis, motorneuron disease, spinal cord injury, spina bifida, diabetes, pelvic surgery or intervertebral disc herniation. ... PET imaging agents - the use of radionuclides to image the cerebral blood pool, cerebral perfusion and and transmembranous transport or cerebral receptor-ligand interactions.

29. Parkinson's Disease Message Board parkinsons disease new products and services. Aging Alternative Medicine BackCare Beauty Exercise Fitness Free Stuff Health Products Herbal Products http://www.healthboards.com/parkinsons-disease/

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30. Disease Category Listing (117): Parkinson's Disease Clinical Trials Parkinson s Disease. Alabama. Blackpool, Lancashire,United Kingdom; Cognatec parkinsons disease Patients with Dementia. http://www.centerwatch.com/patient/studies/cat117.html

Clinical Trials: Parkinson's Disease Alabama Anniston; Research Site Parkinson's Disease - Onset of Motor Complications. Birmingham; Research Site Parkinson's Disease - Onset of Motor Complications. Hoover; Research Site Parkinson's Disease - Onset of Motor Complications. Huntsville; North Alabama Neuroscience Research Associates Looking for Patients with Early Parkinson’s Disease. Arizona Mesa; Pivotal Research Centers, LLC Parkinson's? Mesa; Pivotal Research Centers, LLC Are you experiencing tremors, stiffness and slowness Peoria; Research Site Looking for Patients with Early Parkinson's Disease. Peoria; Pivotal Research Centers, LLC Parkinson's? Peoria; Pivotal Research Centers, LLC Are you experiencing tremors, stiffness and slowness Phoenix; Research Site Parkinson's Disease - Onset of Motor Complications. Phoenix; Radiant Research - Phoenix North Are you or a loved one interested in participating in a clinical trial for Parkinson's Disease? Tucson; Research Site Looking for Patients with Early Parkinson's Disease. Tucson; Advanced Clinical Therapeutics LLC

31. Parkinsons Disease In South Africa Prominent People who suffer from parkinsons disease Please note that while weare providing the links on our WebPages for your convenience, we take no http://www.dyna.co.za/parkinsons.htm

Parkinson's Disease in South Africa The day after my "Bilateral Subthalmic Deep Brain Stimulation" operation! Contact me How I discovered that I had Parkinson's At first my husband noticed something strange. I walked without swinging my right arm - it just hung down loosely at my side. I was unaware of any pain or discomfort and was rather reluctant to go to the doctor. Then we wondered whether I had a tumour on the brain and on the recommendation of a doctor friend, we consult a Neurologist. After a Magnetic Resonance Scan it was established that there was no tumour. By process of elimination, it was diagnosed that I had Parkinson's. Having had absolutely no record of my family having this disease, I was astounded. However, one must face reality. My symptoms Looking back now, various Parkinson's symptoms developed which were initially overlooked. I did not have much of a tremor as such, only a slight one under stress. One of my more recent symptoms was "frozen feet". This feels as though your brain is not getting through to your feet. In other words, you tell your feet to move

32. The Neurobiology Of Parkinsons Disease, Part 2 The Neurobiology of parkinsons disease, part 2 further research and parallels toAlzheimers? Rani Shankar. parkinsons disease is thought to function similarly. http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro98/202s98-paper2/Shankar2.html

This paper was written by a student in a course at Bryn Mawr College, and reflects that student's research and thoughts at the time the paper was written. Like other things on Serendip , the paper is not intended to be "authoritative" but is instead provided to encourage others to themselves learn about and think through subjects of interest, and, by providing relevant web links, to serve as a "window" to help them do so. Web links were active as of the time the paper was posted but are not updated. Biology 202 1998 Second Web Reports On Serendip The Neurobiology of Parkinsons Disease, part 2: further research and parallels to Alzheimers? Rani Shankar In my previous paper, the basic pathogenesis and neurobiology of Parkinsons Disease was discussed. Parkinsons Disease is recognized as a progressive neurodegenerative condition that is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Parkinsons Disease is characterized by a deficit in dopamine, a neurotransmitter produced in the substantia nigra, that is responsible for maintaining normal motor functioning. This paper will continue the exploration of Parkinsons Disease research, also examining Lewy Bodies, genetic factors, and drawing parallels and possible links to Alzheimers Disease. Lewy Bodies, aggregated eosiphilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies found in substantia nigra, are a hallmark characteristic of Parkinsons disease identified by pathological studies. As mentioned in my previous paper, Lewy Bodies are not able to be used to diagnose Parkinsons, as they are only observable during an autopsy, but are a fool-proof method of identifying the disease, after the fact. Lewy Bodies are present in dementia and found in some cases of Alzheimers Disease. In Parkinsons, the cells of the substantia nigra die, so that the normal dark brown pigment (hence, the name, nigra) is instead pale. The Lewy Bodies are among the dying nerve cells left in the substantia nigra

33. Genetics Of Parkinsons Disease And Related Disorders The Mayo Clinic Parkinson s Research Group is a worldwide leader in researchfor Parkinson s Disease. Familial parkinsons disease Pages. http://www.mayo.edu/fpd/

Familial Parkinsons Disease Pages Navigator , or MicroSoft's Internet Explorer do, so we suggest that you upgrade. Meanwhile, you can proceed to the Mayo Internet Server , and proceed from there. Thank you.

34. "James", A Site About Parkinson's Disease Extensive information about this disease as well as where to go for support and what you can do to fight the effects. Some internet resources as well as general information. It is a project of the Adrienne Coles Memorial Trust. http://james.parkinsons.org.uk/

Search this site "James", a site about Parkinson's Disease This web site is about Parkinson's Disease; what it is, where you can get support, what you can do to fight its effects, and how the Internet can help. It is a project of the Adrienne Coles Memorial Trust If you are looking for information specifically about Parkinson's, we have a section of information and links to many other sites . We also have an area of more general medical information and a section on the important topic of caring Major features of this site are A searchable archive of the PARKINSN list , and Helen Rose's book "An old age pensioner at 18" . This site is based in the UK, and whilst most of the content is international, we have an area for items of UK interest We also host a number of European mailing lists from this site: PARKLISTE (in French - the web site is hosted elsewhere) PDUK (UK issues) NEDERPARK (in Dutch) DEUPARK (in German) , and BELGAPARK (for Belgians) If you want to stay up to date with what's happening in the Parkinson's world, but don't have the time to stay on the mailing lists, we suggest you join PDNEWS , our announcement list. We monitor what's going on and send just a few posts every week to the list.

35. Parkinson's: Information From WebMD A consumer health site for Parkinson's disease. Includes a caregiver section. http://my.webmd.com/medical_information/condition_centers/parkinsons/default.htm

WebMD Today Home WebMD News Center Member Services WebMD University My WebMD Find a Physician Medical Info Check Symptoms Medical Library Quizzes, Calculators Clinical Trials ... Women, Men, Lifestyle Who We Are About WebMD Site Map You are in Choose a Topic All Conditions ADD/ADHD Allergies Alzheimer's Arthritis Asthma Back Pain Breast Cancer Cancer Dental Depression Diabetes Eye Health Heart Disease Hepatitis HIV/AIDS Hypertension Men's Conditions Mental Health Migraines/Headaches Multiple Sclerosis Osteoporosis Parkinson's Sexual Conditions Stroke Weight Control Women's Conditions Parkinson's Disease Health Center Parkinson's disease is diagnosed in more than 50,000 Americans each year. Find information here on Parkinson's disease symptoms and treatments from medication to surgery. Plus, find daily help in our online support group. Understanding Parkinson's Disease from Your source for the facts you need: Your Guide Get the Facts Risk Factors Tests You Take ... e-newsletter Parkinson's Disease Recommended Patient Resources Reagan's Death May Sway Stem Cell Debate Backers of embryonic stem cell research are increasing pressure to expand funding for the controversial research technique as Capitol Hill prepares for the funeral of former President Ronald Reagan. Go To Article Make the Choices That are Right for You We Knew You'd Want to Know High-Tech Treatments Using Breakthrough Technology Could physical therapy help people with Parkinson's Disease?

36. Austin Parkinsons A support group for person's with Parkinson's disease and their caregiver's. Schedule's with location of meeting's,date's and scheduled speaker's. http://www.angelfire.com/tx/austinparkinsons

var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "angelfire.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" AUSTIN PARKINSONS CAPITAL AREA PARKINSON'S SOCIETY 2004 Officers for the Capital Area Parkinson Society are: The next meeting of The Capital Area Parkinson's Society will meet at Seton Hospital on 15th, 2004 in the McFadden Auditorium at 2 PM. Dr. Eric J. Pappart, Assistant Professor of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio will be our Guest speaker. Dr Pappart will be familiar to many of you having known him thru his association with the Brown Schools in South Austin and his private practice in San Marcos. Dr Pappart will speak on the subject, "Is that a part of Parkinsons Disease? Access to our meeting location is most convenient from the south side. Free parking is usually available on the south side of the medical center in the parking lot between the parking garage and the medical center annex. The entrance to the parking lot is to your left as you enter the south parking lot from Medical Parkway. NOTE; CONSTRUCTION AT SETON MAY CLOSE OR LIMIT PARKING BOTH IN THE PARKING LOT WE ARE USING AND THE PARKING GARAGE. FREE PARKING WILL BE AVAILABLE ACROSS MEDICAL PARKWAY IN THE GARAGE. ENTER THE GARAGE ON WEST 37th STREET. Just a reminder: 2004 dues are now payable. Contact Sam Anderson, Treasurer. Dues have been increased to 15.00 for 2004.Our dues take care of the parking, the newsletter. and numerous other things. We have received several Memorial's recently. Memorials and donations are always greatly appreciated. We try to help anyone who contacts us to the best of our ability.

37. Parkinson's Western Australia Information about the disease, seminars, membership and contacts. http://www.quartec.com.au/parkinsons/

This site has moved to www.parkinsonswa.org.au

38. AUSTIN AREA PARKINSONS Support group for the disease. Includes meeting schedule. http://www.angelfire.com/tx5/austinareaparkinsons/

var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "angelfire.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" AUSTIN AREA PARKINSONS The web site for the Capitol Area Parkinsons Society (A Parkinsons Support Group) can be seen at www.angelfire.com/tx/austinparkinsons FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CLICK ON LINKS BELOW National Parkinson Foundation, Inc. Index of Parkinsons page Young onset Parkinsons People versus PD ... Ask the Parkinsons Dietitian SUPPORT STEM CELL RESEARCH Email Senator Hutchison: senator@hutchison.senate.gov Contact your congressman Congressional committee's Toll free number to congressional offices 1-800-504-0031 JOIN US LIFE IS WORTH LIVING Email: chiefsam@webtv.net

39. CNN.com - Health - Study Finds Family Links In Parkinson's Disease - December 14 CNN http://cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/aging/12/14/bc.health.parkinsons.reut/index.html

aging Editions myCNN Video ... Feedback CNN Sites CNN CNN Europe CNNfn CNNSI myCNN CNNfyi AllPolitics Languages Search CNN.com CNNSI.com CNNfn.com The Web HEALTH TOP STORIES New treatments hold out hope for breast cancer patients MORE TOP STORIES Thousands dead in India; quake toll rapidly rising Israelis, Palestinians make final push before Israeli election Davos protesters confront police MORE ... MORE MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA NAS SPORTS Jordan says farewell for the third time ... LOCAL EDITIONS: CNN.com Europe change default edition MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists Enter your address: DISCUSSION: chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: CNNfyi.com CNN.com Europe AsiaNow Spanish ... Korean Headlines TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: CNN anchors transcripts Turner distribution SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: Study finds family links in Parkinson's disease BOSTON, Massachusetts (Reuters) Researchers have uncovered new evidence that Parkinson's disease can run in families, according to a study of 772 Icelanders who developed the illness after age 50. Doctors have known for a few years that the form of Parkinson's that strikes earlier in life, as it did with U.S. television star Michael J. Fox, comes from a genetic mutation that makes them prone to the disease.

40. Functional Neurosurgery For Parkinson's Disease Can you help with our Familial Parkinson s disease project here? SURGERYFOR PARKINSON S disease. INTRODUCTION. This page contains http://medweb.bham.ac.uk/http/depts/clin_neuro/teaching/tutorials/parkinsons/sur

Can you help with our Familial Parkinson's disease project here? SURGERY FOR PARKINSON'S DISEASE INTRODUCTION This page contains a lot of graphics, so please patient if you are using a modem. There has been a recent resurgence of interest in surgery for Parkinson's disease. This has been largely for 2 reasons: improvements in neurosurgical techniques and neuroimaging. the incomplete efficacy of current anti-Parkinsonian drugs when taken chronically for a significant number of patients. Current stereotactic surgical techniques for Parkinson's disease include: thalamotomy pallidotomy deep brain stimulation striatal grafting of dopaminergic fetal tissue In the current discussion, I will only deal with pallidotomy, but we will be providing more information on the other surgical aspects in the near future. PALLIDOTOMY The history of this operative procedure in Parkinson's diseases is fascinating, in that in 1960 Svennilson and Leksell had noted that in the last 20 of their series of 81 Parkinsonian patients who had had a thermolytic lesion of the globus pallidus , there was a marked relief of tremor and rigidity. In these last 20 cases, the surgeons had altered the area to be lesioned from the anterodorsal to the posteroventral region of the medial globus pallidus (GPm). These results were largely overlooked for the next 2 decades, until: In 1992, Laitinen et al described 38 patients with Parkinson's in whom he had performed a lesion of the posteroventral region of the GPm. 37 patients had a marked improvement in their rigidity and hypokinesia.

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