61. Opium Wars Return to Old News home page. Emperor of China Declares War on Drugs. by Paul Chrastina as the First and Second opium wars, British naval and marine forces seized The Chinese opium wars. by http://www.oldnewspublishing.com/opium.htm

OLD NEWS Return to Old News home page Emperor of China Declares War on Drugs by Paul Chrastina Lin accepted the assignment, knowing that it represented one of the most difficult problems faced by the Chinese empire. The sale of opium had been made illegal in China in 1800, but the black-market narcotics trade flourished in defiance of the law, and there were an estimated two million Chinese opium addicts. Addiction was especially common around the port city of Canton, where foreign merchants smuggled large quantities of the narcotic drug into China. Lin knew that the opium was brought to China in large British clipper ships, which also carried legal trade items. The cargo masters of these ships sold their opium to clandestine Chinese buyers at Lintin Island in Canton Bay. After the foreign merchants unloaded their contraband cargo, they proceeded peacefully up the Pearl River to Canton, where they held permits to buy tea and silk, and to sell a variety of legal trade goods. To the foreign clipper ships anchored at Canton, Commissioner Lin sent messages demanding that they turn over all of the opium they had aboard, as well as any supplies of the drug that might be stored at Lintin Island. He also commanded them to sign guarantees promising never to bring opium to China again, on pain of trial and execution if found guilty. Commissioner Lin laid down the terms under which the foreign merchants could regain their freedom and their right to trade in Canton. First, they must turn over all of the opium concealed aboard their ships, then they must sign a binding pledge not to bring any more opium to China in the future. Until these requirements were met, the foreigners would not be permitted to purchase any tea, rice, or silk for export.

62. TNI Drugs & Democracy: War And Opium In Afghanistan The Transnational Institute offers online resources, links for latest news and more background information. Includes the report Merging wars Afghanistan, Drugs and Terrorism in English and Spanish. http://www.tni.org/drugs/research/afghani.htm

WAR AND OPIUM IN AFGHANISTAN LATEST NEWS A drug on the market The Economist, March 1st 2002 Afghan Officials Vow To Cut Opium Despite Protests Reuters, March 2, 2002 Afghanistan's Deadly Crop Flourishes Again The Guardian Weekly, February 28, 2002 Special report: Drugs trade after the Taliban Financial Times January 10, 2002 MORE PRESS REPORTS MORE INFORMATION ON DRUGS IN AFGHANISTAN Drugs and the Taliban Geopolitical Drugs Newsletter N° 1 - October 2001 Poppy Fields, Killing Fields and Druglords John K. Cooley Unholy Wars Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism Pluto Books - 2000 The Political Economy of War and Peace in Afghanistan Barnett R. Rubin June 1999 Illegal Drug Trade in Russia Letizia Paoli Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law October 2000 UNDCP Global Illicit Drug Trends 2001 Afghanistan Afghanistan Opium Poppy Survey 2002 Pre-Assessment UNDCP (PDF file) Afghanistan Annual Opium Poppy Survey 2001 UNDCP (PDF file) Afghanistan Annual Opium Poppy Survey 2000 UNDCP (PDF file) UNDCP Strategic Studies on Afghanistan: An Analysis of the Process of Expansion of Opium Poppy Cultivation to New Districts in Afghanistan Strategic Study Nr. 1

63. The Opium War And The Opening Of China The opium War also game rise to other problems such as the birth of proletariat Allof these issues are vital to Chinese modern history and must be examined at http://historyliterature.homestead.com/files/extended.html

The Opium War and the Opening of China Table of Content Abstract Introduction The Closed China The Opium War and Its Background ... Bibliography Abstract This extended essay, "Opium War and the Opening of China", aims to examine the effects of the Opium War on the opening of China. The essay studies this issue at social, economical, political and intellectual levels along with its background. The Opium War forcefully and suddenly opened China to the world. The consequences of such abrupt exposure were deep and long lasting. This essay analyzes the impact of Opium War at each level and its overall effects. Introduction China, with its rising political, military and economic powers, is quickly merging into the international community. Facing the rising China, the world has raised many questions. What role will China play at the international level? What style of foreign policy will China follow? How will China administer Hong Kong after the British handover in 1997? Above all, will China continue its economic reforms and its "Open-Door Policy" which are the main contributors to its successes? All of these questions can be answered by examining the effects when China was first opened, forcefully, by British gun-boats and battle ships in the Opium War. The humilation and the lessons learned at the Opium War 150 years ago are deeply rooted in Chinese mentality and still guides Chinese thinking in international relations. What effects did the Opium War have on the opening of China?

64. Britain Stole Hong Kong From China Britain's East India Company would wage three wars on the people of China in order to secure the right to sell opium there . Marxist analysis of the opium wars. http://www.magnet.ch/serendipity/wod/hongkong.html

65. The First Opium War - Suite101.com Related Subject(s) China history opium War, 18401842 , opiumtrade China history 19th century Just say no. This http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/oriental_history/19388

Topics Articles Links Courses DIRECTORY COMMUNITIES BOOK CIRCLE SUITE U ... MY SUITE Search Suite101.com Within: Asian History History and Politics Search The Web Member Central Join Our Community! Login What's New Become a SuiteU Affiliate ... MemberUpdate Suite University About Suite University Suite University News Visit the University Course Listing ... FREE Demo Course New Topics Parenting Babies and Toddlers Views of a Young Appalachian Woman SpiritWell Travel Book Reviews ... More... Suite Events Teacher Appreciation Event 2004 Family Focus 2004 In Tune With Johann Sebastian Bach More about Suite101 About Suite101.com Advertise With Suite For more information - Select a related topic - African History American Reconstruction a Ancient Biographies Ancient British History Autograph Collecting Biographies British Social History Canadian Politics Civil War 1856-62 Crimean War Current Events - The Paci East Asian History Framing Political Issues Great American Plains History of the Bizarre an Inspirational People International Affairs and International Trade and P John Kerry Libertarian Liechtenstein Life in Canada Maine People North American Genealogy Peace Process Political Pro's Politics Conservative Postcolonial Studies Presidential Elections 19 Republicans Royal History Russian History and Cultu Shropshire Past and Prese The American Civil War The Old West The Rutherford Report The Underground Railroad Tudor England United States Labor Histo US History 1929-1945 - Select a related course - An Introduction to Classi Ancient India B.C. 323 to

66. Digital China/harvard: The Opium War the conference in general). And, if you ve found a link on the OpiumWar, whether the history or the film, add it to this site! http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/ChinaDragon/opiumwar.html

In the 1842 Treaty of Nanking , the first treaty in the modern history of China, London gained Hong Kong island as a reparation from the Qing Court, desperate to stave off escalation of the military conflict then underway. (The image to the left is a fragment of that treaty.) One particularly important document which led to the Opium War (and, ultimately, this conference and site) was drafted over 150 years ago: Commissioner Lin's Letter of Advice to Queen Victoria , decrying the evils of Britain's opium trade with China, and demanding its termination. Click here to read that letter. China News Digest's outlined history of the Quing Dynasty may be a good starting place for information on the Opium War as an historical event , or set of events. (A good pictorial history of the era is available through China.COM .) Several other general historical accounts are available on the web: see, for example, this account at CNN's HK97 site ... or this account at the Public Broadcasting System site... or this one posted by Fox News ... or this article , at Asiaweek . The U.S. Library of Congress Federal Research Division offers its own brief historical account of the Opium War, as part of its publication

67. British Military History 1854 1856) Charge of the Light Brigade. Second opium War (or The World War I (1914- 1918); World War II (1939 - 1945) British military history of World http://www.fact-index.com/b/br/british_military_history.html

Main Page See live article Alphabetical index British military history For details of British military history see: Table of contents 1 Institutions 2 Alliances 2.1 Scottish 2.2 English ... 4 See also Institutions Royal Navy British Army New Model Army Kitchener's Army ... National Service Alliances Scottish Auld Alliance English Anglo-Portuguese alliance Triple Alliance Grand Alliance British Anglo-Portuguese alliance Triple Alliance (1717) Triple Alliance (1788) NATO Western European Union Military encounters Roman Invasion Manduessedum Battle of Mons Graupius Norman Conquest ... Hundred Years' War (1337 to 1453) Battle of Agincourt Wars of the Roses Italian Wars Eighty Years' War (1598 - 1648) Spanish Armada Bishops' Wars British Civil War First Anglo-Dutch War Anglo-Spanish War (1654 - 1660) Second Anglo-Dutch War War of Devolution Third Anglo-Dutch War King Philip's War ... Battle of Sedgemoor (1685) - last battle on English soil War of the Grand Alliance (or King William's War Jacobite Rebellions Battle of Culloden (1746) - last battle on the British mainland War of the Spanish Succession Queen Anne's War War of Jenkins' Ear War of the Austrian Succession ... American War of Independence (1775 to 1783) Napoleonic Wars Battle of Trafalgar British-American War First Anglo-Afghan War First Opium War Crimean War Charge of the Light Brigade Second Opium War (or The Arrow War Anglo-Zulu War Boer War ( 1880 - 1881 and 1899 - 1902) Anglo-Irish War World War I World War II British military history of World War II ... Mau Mau Uprising Cyprus Emergency (1955 - 1959) Suez Crisis Konfrontasi Aden Emergency (1963 - 1967)

68. ThinkQuest : Library : Discovering China: The Middle Kingdom Between 1839 and 1842 the British fought an opium War against China to force theChinese to keep buying the drug opium from British India, although opium use http://library.thinkquest.org/26469/history/1900.html

Index Asia Discovering China: The Middle Kingdom The site explores 20th Century China to try and understand this enormous country. Users will discover that China is not as far away as it seems. There is interactive insight into major influences on twentieth century Chinese history, from Colonialism to Marxism, from monarchy to democracy and communism, with a particular eye on the Cultural Revolution. The role of China in international affairs is examined, and important Chinese historical figures are profiled. Visit Site 1999 ThinkQuest Internet Challenge Awards Silver Languages English Students Yuki Kanagawa University High School, Yokohama, Japan Michael Clovis High School, Clovis, CA, United States Alex The Grove, Cape Town, South Africa Coaches Patricia Imperial Premium, Clovis, CA, United States Michio Kanagawa University High School, Kawasaki, Japan Debangsu Abidjan Want to build a ThinkQuest site? The ThinkQuest site above is one of thousands of educational web sites built by students from around the world. Click here to learn how you can build a ThinkQuest site.

69. China.StartTips.com opium War I. ·opium War II. ·Boxer Rebellion 1899. ·Boxer Rebellion againstImperialism. ·Boxer Rebellion history. ·The Boxer Rebellion. ·May 4th Mouvement. http://www.china.starttips.com/

China StartTips .com China.StartTips www.StartTips Jouw.StartTips Global Country Info All Official China Info China Today China Homepage (E+NL) China on Site ... zoek... Global History History for Beginners Complete Chinese History Interactive Map: Chinese Expansion Chinese Chronology ... zoek... Feodal History History of the Middle Kingdom Daily Life in Ancient China The 4 Great Inventions Confucian Examinations ... zoek... Dynasties All Dynasties Dynasties: History and Characteristics Sanhuang Wudi Xia ... Qin (more: Qin Huangdi) Han Three Kingdoms Jin Northern Wei ... zoek... Japanese Occupation Mukden Incident Nanjing Massacre *** More Nanjing Information: search Chinatown Page zoek... New China History Kuo Min-tang Xian Incident Long March Long March Map ... zoek... Regional History Hong Kong and History Macau and History Taiwan and History zoek... ... zoek... Wars Feodal Period Wuchang Uprising Opium War – How Britain stole HK Opium Wars Opium War I ... zoek... Politics Sun Yat-sen on National Reconstruction People’s Republic of China Leaders of the People’s Republic Leaders of the Republic ... zoek... Political System People’s Republic of China 1 Country 2 Systems Structure of the State Government Organizations of the People’s Republic ... zoek...

70. Modern History: The Opium War And Foreign Encroachment The text of the Treaty of Nanking is from Changing China Readings in the Historyof China from the opium War to the Present, edited by J. Mason Gentzler. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/china/modern/opium.htm

print close The Opium War and Foreign Encroachment Reading: The Opium War and Foreign Encroachment Primary Source: The Treaty of Nanking, August 1842 Primary Source: Letter of Advice to Queen Victoria Discussion Questions and Suggested Activities The Opium War and Foreign Encroachment Two things happened in the eighteenth century that made it difficult for England to balance its trade with the East. First, the British became a nation of tea drinkers and the demand for Chinese tea rose astronomically. It is estimated that the average London worker spent five percent of his or her total household budget on tea. Second, northern Chinese merchants began to ship Chinese cotton from the interior to the south to compete with the Indian cotton that Britain had used to help pay for its tea consumption habits. To prevent a trade imbalance, the British tried to sell more of their own products to China, but there was not much demand for heavy woolen fabrics in a country accustomed to either cotton padding or silk. The only solution was to increase the amount of Indian goods to pay for these Chinese luxuries, and increasingly in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the item provided to China was Bengal opium. With greater opium supplies had naturally come an increase in demand and usage throughout the country, in spite of repeated prohibitions by the Chinese government and officials. The British did all they could to increase the trade: They bribed officials, helped the Chinese work out elaborate smuggling schemes to get the opium into China's interior, and distributed free samples of the drug to innocent victims.

71. Korea-jp Korean opium for Japan s wars. The cast of players of the Japan s opium War andsex slavery of Korean school girls Doihara, General Kenji (18831948). http://www.kimsoft.com/korea-jp.htm

Korean Opium for Japan's Wars Very little has been reported about the opium fields in northern Korea. During the occupation, Korean farmers were forced to grow opium for Japan's opium operations in China. This secret opium war was conducted with full approval from Tokyo as a state po licy, under the directives of an official Japanese umbrella organization, the China Affairs Board. Editor's note : I grew up near one of the opium farms at the Korea-Manchuria border. Japanese police spent more time protecting opium crops than fighting Korean partisans. Koreans were allowed to keep the opium seeds - which young school kids (y ours truly include) would steal to eat The Board was responsible for political, economic, and cultural affairs in occupied China. This organization was run by Prince Konoye, and the ministers of war, the navy, finance and foreign affairs of the time. Japan's opium trafficking was designed to w eaken the Chinese people's will to resist and to provide substantial revenues to finance Japanese military and economic aggression. Japan's opium policy in Taiwan by Danny Chi 1. Money. Got lots of money from the Taiwanese. (So Japan could beat the Chinese "losers".)

72. MSN Encarta - China China and instructed them to give up opium and alcohol Western powers protested andprepared for war. Republic of China, and China’s long history of monarchy http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573055_10/China.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money Web Search: logoImg('http://sc.msn.com'); Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade to Encarta Premium Search Encarta Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Send us feedback Related Items capital, Beijing Chinese Art and Architecture more... Magazines Search the Encarta Magazine Center for magazine and news articles about this topic Further Reading Editors' Picks China Facts and Figures Quick information and statistics News Search MSNBC for news about China Internet Search Search Encarta about China Search MSN for Web sites about China Also on Encarta Encarta guide: The Reagan legacy Compare top online degrees Proud papas: Famous dads with famous kids Also on MSN Father's Day present ideas on MSN Shopping Breaking news on MSNBC Switch to MSN in 3 easy steps Our Partners Capella University: Online degrees LearnitToday: Computer courses CollegeBound Network: ReadySetGo Kaplan Test Prep and Admissions Encyclopedia Article from Encarta Advertisement Page 10 of 12 China Multimedia 94 items Dynamic Map View map of China Article Outline Introduction Land and Resources Population Arts and Culture ... History a The Scholar-Officials and Neo-Confucianism The Song period was in many ways the great age of the scholar-official. Printing had been invented in the late Tang, and by Song times books were more widely available and much less expensive. Increased access to education and the expanded civil service examination system brought more scholars into government service than ever before. As competition for civil service positions increased, the prestige of scholar-officials also grew, and by the end of the Song period, the scholar-official had achieved significant cultural, social, and political importance.

73. Fortress Europe: The True Lesson Of The Opium Wars 3. F. Wakeman, ``The Canton Trade and the opium War , in Fairbank (ed.) CambridgeHistory of China, Cambridge University Press, 1978, vol. 10, part 1, p. 178. http://freespace.virgin.net/old.whig/chinese.htm

Fortress Europe? The True Lesson of the Opium Wars by Sean Gabb Published 1988 by the Libertarian Alliance, London. ISBN - 1 87604 15 1 If there is anything connecting management and unions - and sometimes government - in the European Community, it is fear of the Orient. From Hokkaido to Penang extends the great productive crescent. Its exports come in volumes and at prices disturbing to an economic balance between East and West which even twenty years ago might have seemed part of the natural order. And now the crescent is filling in. Chinese manufactures are appearing in the shops. These are still crude and often funny to look at. But the question is being asked with insistent frequency - what will happen when the principles which have made Hong Kong what it is are applied to a thousand million people? There are two possible answers to this. The first is simple. It will make a thousand million people and all those trading with them very well off. For myself, I doubt if anything costing money has given me as much joy as my Taiwanese wordprocessor. What the Chinese proper will try selling me in ten years time I await with eager hope. The second, however, seems at the moment rather more likely. It is that we shall be dragged behind a cordon of Euro-tariffs and Euro-quotas. In the name of `fair trade' we shall be forced to buy European goods of increasing relative dearness, or not to buy at all. The case for protectionism has been demolished so often and so utterly that showing its economic cost would be a routine use of common sense. Much more interesting is to wonder how politically feasible it can remain. For how long can a market of any size be shut to a more dynamic outsider? There was a time when of all the Europeans the British were best able to know the answer to this. And there really is no better answer to it now than to look at certain events of the last century, when the boot was on the other foot.

74. Drug Policy Alliance: History 104: Opium And World Power 1800-2000 The Canton Trade and the opium War Frederic Wakeman, Jr. In Denis Twitchettand John K. Fairbank, The Cambridge history of China (Cambridge, Cambridge http://www.drugpolicy.org/library/features/collegecours/richards2.cfm

Home Publications and Library Features College Courses in Drugs and Drug Policy History 104: Opium and World Power 1800-2000 For keyword(s): For title: Join the Drug Policy Alliance's work to promote drug policies based on science, compassion, health, and human rights. Overview The Lindesmith Library Catalog College Courses in Drugs and Drug Policy Reform Rockefeller Drug Laws! Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs Opium Cultivation Continues to Rise in Afghanistan How Did We Get Into this Mess? Race, Class and the History of U.S. Drug Policy GEOPIUM History 104: Opium and World Power 1800-2000 "History 104: Opium and World Power 1800-2000". Taught by John Richards, Duke University, Durham, NC. Semester II, 1999-2000. Reading List Opium: A History Martin Booth (London: Simon and Schuster, 1996). (Booth) Hep-Cats, Narcs, and Pipe Dreams: A History of America's Romance with Illegal Drugs Jill Jonnes (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996) (Jonnes). Opium, Empire and the Global Political Economy: A Study of the Asian Opium Trade 1750-1950 Carl A. Trocki (London and New York: Routledge, 1999). (Trocki) Course Outline Part I: The Nineteenth Century Week 1 Introduction Web-based course discussion topic: What is addiction?

75. First Opium War Timeline at Ningpo and Chinhai Chinese Emperor attempts to stamp out opium Convention ofCheunpi Failure of Chinese counteroffensive First opium War HMS Hyacinth and http://www.timelines.info/history/conflict_and_war/18th_&_19th_century_conflicts

Can't see the timeline? Click Here Home Conflict and War Opium Wars First Opium War Do you have any comments and suggestions about this timeline, please e-mail and tell us at: suggestions@timelines.info Events 20,000 chests of Opium seized by Chinese Battle at Chinkiang British and American sailors kill a chinaman British capture Bogue forts British expelled and travelled to Hong Kong British occupiedheights overlooking Canton British refuse to give up culprit Chinese defeated at Ningpo and Chinhai Chinese Emperor attempts to stamp out Opium Convention of Cheunpi Failure of Chinese counter-offensive First Opium War HMS Hyacinth and Volage repell 29 war junks Shanghai was occupied without a fight The Treaty of Nanking Categories Home Search Key Comments ... Terms of Use

76. A Moment In Time: The Opium Wars - Part II A Moment in Time Archives The opium wars Part II Volume 2, Number 2, Date01/01/1900. The Chinese opium wars. New York Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich, 1975. http://www.ehistory.com/world/amit/display.cfm?amit_id=1419

77. A Moment In Time: The Opium Wars - Part I A Moment in Time Archives The opium wars Part I Volume 2, Number 1, Date01/01/1900. The Chinese opium wars. New York Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich, 1975. http://www.ehistory.com/world/amit/display.cfm?amit_id=1418

78. First Opium War - Encyclopedia Article About First Opium War. Free Access, No Re The Treaty of Nanjing is the agreement which ended the First opium War betweenthe United Kingdom and China. 21 among 659 Chinese cities. history. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/First Opium War

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia First Opium War Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition The First Opium War was a trade-inspired war World War II was the one of the first massively multiplayer game developed by the creators of SPACE at Coldfire Studios The Official name is WWII "war of Supremacy. WWII is a massively multiplayer, turn based game that recreates the struggle between the Axis, ( Germany, Italy, Japan) and Allied, (United States, Great Britain, Russia) powers of the second world war. The players square off in Click the link for more information. between the United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was formed from the merger of the Kingdom of Great Britain itself a merger of the Kingdoms of Scotland and England in 1707 ) and the Kingdom of Ireland in 1801. The merger was facilitated by the decision of the Irish Parliament in College Green, Dublin in August 1800 to vote itself out of existence by passing the Act of Union. Click the link for more information. and the Qing Empire The Qing dynasty (Manchu: daicing gurun ; Wade-Giles: Ch'ing dynasty) (1636-1912), also called the

79. Second Opium War - Encyclopedia Article About Second Opium War. Free Access, No A Missionary is a propagator of religion (see history of Christian Missions assassinatedby local Chinese authorities; this act sparked the Second opium War. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Second Opium War

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Second Opium War Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition The Second Opium War or Arrow War began in Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century Decades: 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s - Years: 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 - Events January 8 - Borax is discovered (John Veatch). January 29 - Queen Victoria institutes the Victoria Cross February 18 - The American Party (Know-Nothings) convene in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to nominate their first Presidential candidate, former President Millard Fillmore. Click the link for more information. and ended in Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century Decades: 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s - Years: 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 - Events April 3 - The Pony Express makes its first run. July 2 - Vladivostok, Russia is founded. July 11 - Mutsuhito becomes Crown Prince of Japan. Click the link for more information. On October 8 October 8 is the 281st day of the year (282nd in leap years). There are 84 days remaining in the year. Events 451 - At Chalcedon, a city of Bithynia in Asia Minor, the first session of the Council of Chalcedon begins (ends on November 1).

80. The Opium War Through Chinese Eyes. hopes and fears, as precisely like you and I. Read it. The opium WarThrough Chinese Eyes. Related Products history of military. http://www.historyofmilitary.com/The_Opium_War_Through_Chinese_Eyes_0804706115.h

The Opium War Through Chinese Eyes. The Opium War Through Chinese Eyes. by Authors: Arthur Waley Released: 01 September, 1979 ISBN: 0804706115 Paperback Sales Rank: List price: Our price: You save: Book > The Opium War Through Chinese Eyes. > Customer Reviews: Average Customer Rating: The Opium War Through Chinese Eyes. > Customer Review #1: a balanced view The Opium War Through Chinese Eyes. > Related Products The Chinese Opium Wars The Opium Wars: The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another The Opium War, 1840-1842: Barbarians in the Celestial Empire in the Early Part of the Nineteenth Century and the War by Which They Forced Her Gates Ajar Foreign Mud: Being an Account of the Opium Imbroglio at Canton in the 1830s and the Anglo-Chinese War That Followed ... history of military

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