81. EnviroNetBase: Environmental Handbooks Online Basics of Oil Spill Cleanup, Second Edition, The. Constant media attention on oil spills has created global awareness of their risks and the damage they do. http://www.environetbase.com/ejournals/books/book_summary/summary.asp?id=71

82. Newton's Apple: Teacher's Guides 1005 oil spills, What parts of the environment are affected by an oil spill? Teacher s Guides Index Show 1005 oil spills. How do you clean up an oil spill? http://www.ktca.org/newtons/10/oilspill.html

#1005 Oil Spills What parts of the environment are affected by an oil spill? How does the ecosystem work to help clean up an oil spill? What technology is available to help clean up an oil spill? What can humans do to prevent oil spills? Teacher's Guides Index Show # 1005 Oil Spills How do you clean up an oil spill? Peggy gets a progress report on the clean up of one of the most well-known oil spills, the Exxon Valdez. Segment length: 9:30 Insights When an oil spill occurs, often due to a ruptured oil tanker or leaking oil rig, people around the world are awed by the damage to the environment. Many oil spills are caused by human error, but there are also naturally-occurring oil spills, such as seepages from oil deposits beneath the ocean floor. Regardless of their origins, oil spills have an impact on the environment. The initial impact of an oil spill on the environment is familiar to those who hear about the event and see its effects on the evening news: a film of oil spreading across the surface of the body of water; oil-stained beaches and shorelines; waterfowl and marine mammals coated with oil, struggling to survive; and the carcasses of wildlife littering the shoreline. The environment sustains some of its most visible damage within the first few days or months of the spill. But what are the long-term effects of a large spill? Some evidence suggests that the oil from the Exxon Valdez spill may have entered the food chain, and that the crude oil itself could continue to wreck havoc with the environment. Since oil floats and crude sinks, both the surface and the bottom of the ocean ecosystem could be affected for a long time.

83. EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL: Ten Years Later CONTINUED RISK OF TANKER SPILLS. We have adequate knowledge for dealing with oil spills and improvements in Diesel and crude oil spills are most common. http://arcticcircle.uconn.edu/SEEJ/Alaska/miller2.htm

EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL: Ten Years Later Technical Background Paper for Alaska Wilderness League by Pamela A. Miller, Arctic Connections 3/99 I am satisfied that tanker traffic to and from Port Valdez, and operation of an oil port there will not cause any significant damage to the marine environment or to fisheries interests." L.R. Beyon, British Petroleum Environmental Studies speaking for Alyeska in 1971 Our nation's largest oil spill. Four minutes after midnight on March 24, 1989 the Exxon Valdez hit Bligh Reef in Alaska's Prince William Sound. Eleven million gallons of oil spewed into one of the most bountiful marine ecosystems in the world. It killed birds, marine mammals, and fish and devastated the ecosystem in the oil's path. North Slope crude spoiled lands and waters that had sustained Alaska Native people for millennia. Exxon says that the Sound has recovered. They’re wrong. Could it happen again? Before the Exxon Valdez spill, conservationists warned about the potential impacts of a major spill. In fact, just hours before the disaster, a group of Valdez residents had gathered at the city council chambers to discuss the impact of oil on their community.

84. IPIECA - Publications Oil Spill Publications. Volume 2 A Guide to Contingency Planning for oil spills on Water. Second edition published 2000 (First published 1991). http://www.ipieca.org/publications/oilspill.html

HOME WHAT IS IPIECA MEMBERSHIP PUBLICATIONS ... CONTACT US Oil Spill Publications Publications on oil spill issues are listed on this page; for details of publications on other issues, select from the links on the right. Note: printed copies of the reports on this page are available directly from the IPIECA Secretariat Climate change Biodiversity Oil spill response Social Responsibility Health issues Global Initiative (GI) Newsletter IPIECA produces the GI Newsletter as part of its commitment to improving oil spill contingency planning. The current issue can be downloaded here in PDF format; for past issues see the archive links on the GI Newsletter page. Download the latest issue here. Corporate brochures IPIECA's corporate brochures provide an introduction to the various working groups and forums working within and alongside IPIECA: IMO / IPIECA Global Initiative: in Africa and beyond .

85. List Of Major Oilspills Compiled By George Draffan Industrial Disasters. Major oil spills. compiled by George Draffan. Endgame. 2002 November. Spain. Prestige carrying 20 million gallons http://www.endgame.org/oilspills.htm

Industrial Disasters Major Oil Spills compiled by George Draffan Endgame 2002 November Spain Prestige carrying 20 million gallons (70,000 metric tons) of fuel oil broke up off the Spanish coast. 2001 January Ecuador Ecuadorean-registered ship Jessica, spilled 175,000 gallons of diesel and bunker oil into the sea off the Galapagos Islands. 2000 June South Africa Some 1,400 tonnes of heavy fuel oil leaked from the bulk carrier Treasure off Cape Town, affecting penguins on Dassen and Robben Islands. 2000 January Brazil A ruptured pipeline spewed about 340,000 gallons of heavy oil into Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro. 1999 December France The stern of the Maltese tanker Erika sank off the northwest of Brittany after splitting in two, spilling 25,000 tonnes of viscous fuel oil. 1997 December Sea of Japan Japan Russian tanker Nakhodka spilled 19,000 tonnes of oil after breaking in two in the Sea of Japan. 1996 February UK UK Liberian-registered Sea Empress hit rocks near Milford Haven, Wales, spilling 72,000 tonnes of oil. 1994 October Portugal Portugal Panamanian tanker, Cercal, spilled about 2,000 tonnes of crude into the sea after striking a rock near Leixoes harbour, in Oporto.

86. Lesson Plans - Liquid Density And Oil Spills Liquid Density and oil spills. Overview Students are probably aware that oil and water form separate layers when mixed together, but they may not have thought http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/lessons/14/g68/trythisoil.html

Check out: X14: The Garden Standard #14: How human actions modify the physical environment Aral Sea Liquid Density and Oil Spills A Trip to the Beach? Aquatic Invaders Fallout from Chornobyl Research and Conservation: Doing the Legwork Rivers: Lifelines of the Land Threats to Ocean Life: Can Marine Sanctuaries Help? Who Pays the Price When a Sea Disappears? Working Together for the Manatee Complete Index Liquid Density and Oil Spills Overview: Students are probably aware that oil and water form separate layers when mixed together, but they may not have thought of this fact in terms of density . They will conduct a simple experiment demonstrating the variable densities of corn syrup, water, glycerin, and vegetable oil. Students will then transfer this concept to an examination of cleanup methods used in the Exxon Valdez oil spill. They will conclude by writing paragraphs hypothesizing what would happen during an oil spill if oil and water were the same density and therefore mixed together easily. Connections to the Curriculum: Geography, physical science

87. CNN - Small Oil Spills Add Up To Environmental Hazard - April 29, 1996 Small oil spills add up to environmental hazard. And since Valdez ran aground, smaller oil barges have been responsible for two of the three worst US spills. http://www.cnn.com/EARTH/9604/29/oil.spills/

Small oil spills add up to environmental hazard April 29, 1996 Web posted at: 3:30 p.m. EDT From Correspondent Bruce Burkhardt (CNN) Images of birds covered in crude oil, their wings tarred to their bodies, standing on beaches blanketed with black ooze have become almost commonplace. Environmentalists, however, say the impact on the environment of major spills from oil tankers is just a drop in the barrel compared to oil spilled every day. "What people don't think about is what happens at an oil refinery," said Brent Blackwelder with Friends of the Earth. Pipelines routinely leak and break, he said. ( 128K AIFF sound or 128K WAV sound Pipeline spills reported to the U.S. Department of Transportation average 12 million gallons of petroleum products a year. The Exxon Valdez oil spill, by comparison, spewed out 11 million gallons. Furthermore, the Environmental Protection Agency says that more than a quarter of the nations' one million underground gasoline and oil tanks leak. And since Valdez ran aground, smaller oil barges have been responsible for two of the three worst U.S. spills. The General Accounting Office says an average of 16,000 small oil spills seep into waterways each year half of them during loading or unloading operations. In more recent years, the GAO estimates that

88. CNN.com - Nature - New Hurdles Hamper Galapagos Oil Spill Cleanup - January 26, an error occurred while processing this directive, New hurdles hamper Galapagos oil spill cleanup. INTERACTIVE. Top 10 oil spills. IMAGE GALLERY. http://www.cnn.com/2001/NATURE/01/26/galapagos.spill/

nature CNN Sites CNN CNN Asia CNN Europe CNNfn CNNSI myCNN Education AllPolitics Languages MAINPAGE WORLD U.S. WEATHER ... IN-DEPTH EDITIONS CNN.com Asia CNN.com Europe set your edition Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Danish Japanese Korean Arabic Time, Inc. Time.com People Fortune EW New hurdles hamper Galapagos oil spill cleanup In this story: Favorable currents protect animals Tanker captain says he is only partly to blame RELATED STORIES, SITES PUERTO BAQUERIZO MORENO, Ecuador Efforts to move the Ecuadorean tanker aground on rocks off the Galapagos Islands were hampered by a lack of equipment Friday but the threat from the oil spill was fading, experts said. The Ecuadorean Navy had hoped to bring the Jessica to an even keel but a U.S. Coast Guard team said they ran out of cables key to the salvage operation in the exotic archipelago made famous by British naturalist Charles Darwin's visit in the 19th century. VIDEO CNN's Harris Whitbeck reports on the cleanup effort Play video (QuickTime, Real or Windows Media) RESOURCES The Galapagos Islands: a natural treasure endangered INTERACTIVE Top 10 oil spills IMAGE GALLERY See some animals of the Galapagos AUDIO Hear oceanographer Jean-Michel Cousteau describe the threat to the islands' ecosystem 196K/18.1 sec.

89. Links To More Information About Oil And Oil Spills Links to More Information about Oil and oil spills. 1 st Oil Spill ADVISOR, March/April 95 oil spills in One year after the http://www.osradp.lsu.edu/links.htm

Links to More Information about Oil and Oil Spills st Oil Spill Cleanup Exercise - Corpus Christi The first oil spill clean up training exercise between Texas, the U.S. Coast Guard and Mexico will took place Dec. 1995. http://www.glo.state.tx.us/press_releases_etc/12-04_big_drill_this_week.txt Academic Essay Spilled oil poses a serious threat to marine environments, organisms and resources that are part of a complex food chain that includes human food resources. A study using the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill as a case study. http://www.students.stir.ac.uk/users/95/m/dm065/dm065/site/academic/exxonessay.html Advent Oil and Gas Corp. Advent specializes in acquiring and divesting of oil and gas producing properties in the Domestic U.S.A. http://www.ghgcorp.com/advent/ ADVISOR, March/April 95: Oil Spills in ... One year after the Valdez incident, the president signed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) into law. A primary goal of OPA is to expand prevention and preparedness activities, and enhance response capabilities of the federal government. http://www.glc.org/docs/advisor/95/oil/spills.html

90. Marine Oil Spill Prevention Education Marine Oil Spill Prevention Education. The cumulative impact of repeated small oil spills can devastate the marine environment. The http://www.wsg.washington.edu/outreach/mas/marine_oil_spills/oilspill.html

Marine Oil Spill Prevention Education The cumulative impact of repeated small oil spills can devastate the marine environment. The few drops of oil or gasoline spilled during fueling or boat repairs can have dire consequences on marine waters and on the habitats that support marine life. Elimination of these small oil spills is essential to ensuring the health and productivity of our coastal waters, not only for us but for future generations. Washington Sea Grant Program established an Oil Spill Prevention Education Program to help eliminate the causes of these small spills. Educational materials and strategies have been developed not only to enhance public awareness of the impact of oil spills, but to change boater attitudes and encourage the adoption of safe oil-handling procedures and recycling as alternative to pollution-prone operations and disposal. Through WSGP Marine Advisory Services' "hands on" approach, marine operations in Washington have started adopting proven oil recycling technologies to help reduce the threat of oil spills from boats and marinas. Successful WSGP-sponsored oil filter recycling pilot programs have demonstrated that effective oil recycling can be readily integrated into marine operations. Contact: Eric Olsson Marine Oil Spill Education Specialist Washington Sea Grant Program 3716 Brooklyn Ave NE Seattle, WA 98105

91. Show Number 1005 Oil Spills What parts of the environment are affected by an oil spill? What can humans do to prevent oil spills? oil spills How do you clean up an oil spill? http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/newton/Oilspil

What parts of the environment are affected by an oil spill? How does the ecosystem work to help clean up an oil spill? What technology is available to help clean up an oil spill? What can humans do to prevent oil spills? Oil Spills How do you clean up an oil spill? Peggy gets a progress report on the clean up of one of the most well-known oil spills, the Exxon Valdez. Segment length: 9:30 Insights When an oil spill occurs, often due to a ruptured oil tanker or leaking oil rig, people around the world are awed by the damage to the environment. Many oil spills are caused by human error, but there are also naturally-occurring oil spills, such as seepages from oil deposits beneath the ocean floor. Regardless of their origins, oil spills have an impact on the environment. The initial impact of an oil spill on the environment is familiar to those who hear about the event and see its effects on the evening news: a film of oil spreading across the surface of the body of water; oil-stained beaches and shorelines; waterfowl and marine mammals coated with oil, struggling to survive; and the carcasses of wildlife littering the shoreline. The environment sustains some of its most visible damage within the first few days or months of the spill. But what are the long-term effects of a large spill? Some evidence suggests that the oil from the Exxon Valdez spill may have entered the food chain, and that the crude oil itself could continue to wreck havoc with the environment. Since oil floats and crude sinks, both the surface and the bottom of the ocean ecosystem could be affected for a long time.

92. EW - Marine Oil Spills Most marine oil spills in the Waikato Region are minor, caused by pleasure boat activities. However, serious Marine oil spills. Marine oil http://www.ew.govt.nz/regionalservices/civil/spill.htm

Print Version Em ail Us Site Map Home Regional Services Civil Defence and Emergency Management Marine Oil Spills On This Site: Main Sections About EW Environmental Info For Schools News and Events ... Resource Consents Related Links: Who to Contact Latest Emergencies Being Prepared Lifelines ... Waikato Civil Defence Emergency Management Group Marine Oil Spills Marine oil spills are potential human-made hazards that threaten the coastal marine areas of the Waikato Region. They can range from small spills from recreational boats to larger, more serious oil spills from commercial vessels passing through our waters. Find out about marine oil spills and how they are dealt with in the Waikato Region. On this page: How marine oil spills happen Cleaning up marine oil spills What we are doing What you can do ... Useful links Marine oil spills can cause serious damage to our coastal environments and the animal and plant life living in them. Environment Waikato works with other agencies to prevent and plan for marine oil spills so we can minimise the impact these incidents may have on our environment. If you spill oil anywhere in the marine environment you are responsible for: cleaning up the spill any costs involved in cleaning up the spill immediately notifying Environment Waikato's Marine Oil Spills Response Team no matter how big or small the spill is.

93. Oil Spills - Web Guide - People In Action oil spills. Web Guide. (US, UK, Canada). Related Resources. oil spills Message Board. People in Action - Web Guide oil spills peopleinaction.info/ oilspills, http://peopleinaction.info/oilspills/

Home New Web Guide Places ... Ecology : Oil Spills Advanced Oil Spills Web Guide Ecology Prestige Oil Spill Mareas Negras ... Oil Spills Message Board Links Google Directory: Oil Spills List of links. English - directory.google.com Intertanko and Bimco: Time has come for global recognition for places of refuge Press release (Nov. 20, 2002) on the Prestige accident, from Intertanko and Bimco, the leading international shipping associations: "This incident highlights the industry's concern surrounding coastal states' continued reluctance to admit ships into ports of refuge. When ships are not granted such refuge, the potential for a serious incident is frequently increased..." English Prestige Oil Spill - www.intertanko.com / artikkel.asp?id=4952 Yahoo! News Full Coverage: Oil Spills Oil spill news. English Prestige Oil Spill Many news and images of the Spanish massive oil spill from the tanker Prestige . With archives since November 2002. Image: Workers collect oil sludge from A Pedrina, northwestern Spain. (AP). English Prestige Oil Spill Spain - uk.fc.yahoo.com / e / environmentalissue.html

94. Information On The Bouchard April 2003 Buzzards Bay Oil Spill Bay, the state legislature s Buzzards Bay Oil Spill Commission is scheduled to release proposed new legislation to help minimize future oil spills in Buzzards http://www.buzzardsbay.org/oilspill-4-28-03.htm

Buzzards Bay Project National Estuary Program Buzzards Bay Oil Spill : Bouchard Barge No. 120 Our Mission: To protect and restore water quality and living resources in Buzzards Bay and its surrounding watershed through the implementation of the Buzzards Bay Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan. Last update: June 9, 2004 Click here to add this site to your favorites. We have 350 pages, so try our Home Contact us / About Us Town Information Emergency Response ... Oil Pollution General Information Weather and Tides Climate and Precipitation Boating Information Eelgrass Habitat ... Home Bouchard No. 120 Spill Pages and Subpages: Recent Updates Past Updates Health Issues Filing a Claim ... Cleanup Methods Bouchard No. 120 related photopages: Fairhaven Pictures Mishaum Pictures First Flight Pictures Long Island Restoration Related BBP website Pages: Reporting Violations Oil Spill Response Oil Pollution Information Today's Bay Conditions ... Web Stats Note: Our most recent updates are on the middle of this page. Also: Visit Massachusetts DEP's Bouchard website . Their pages includes dozens of great pictures. Largest Oil Spill in Buzzards Bay in nearly 35 Years On April 27, the Tank Barge

95. Series Of Mishaps Worsened Sound Oil Spill years, he has been on an industrydominated committee organized by Ecology to rethink rules requiring facilities like Chevron s to prepare for oil spills. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/163405_spill05.html

Jump to Weather Traffic Webtowns Mariners ... Forums NEWS Local Transportation Consumer Education ... Special Reports COMMENTARY Opinion Columnists Letters David Horsey ... Forums COFFEE BREAK Mike Mailway TV Listings FIND IT! NWclassifieds Jobs Autos Real Estate ... Obituaries P-I ANYWHERE E-mail Newsletters News Alerts PDA Cell Phones ... RSS Feeds OUR AFFILIATES Friday, March 5, 2004 Series of mishaps worsened Sound oil spill Boat engines failed, alarms weren't detected at tanker barge, records show By ROBERT McCLURE SEATTLE POST-INTELLIGENCER REPORTER An overtightened valve. Overflow alarms that didn't go off or at least weren't heard. Two emergency-response boats that wouldn't start. That series of slip-ups made possible Puget Sound's biggest recent oil spill, which fouled tribal clamming grounds, government records show. Karen Ducey / P-I Jason Mills from Global Diving, one of the companies on contract to Foss Maritime, collects a pompom, made of material that absorbs oil but not water, at the beach at the Suquamish Tribal Reserve after the spill. As Coast Guard officials prepare to wrap up their investigation of the December spill at Chevron's fuel terminal in Edmonds, records obtained by the Seattle Post-Intelligencer paint a picture of a frantic but futile effort to contain a slick that spread quickly to beaches six miles away.

96. MSA Of NZ - Oil Spill Response OIL SPILL RESPONSE. The Maritime Safety Authority and oil spills. The MSA Plan. The New Zealand Marine Oil Spill Response Strategy. The http://www.msa.govt.nz/Protection/oilspillresponse.htm

about MSA contact us site map search this site submit MSA Home Page Marine Protection Marine Protection Rules ... Links OIL SPILL RESPONSE The Maritime Safety Authority and Oil Spills The MSA is responsible for responding to major marine oil spill incidents, maintaining a nationwide level of oil spill response preparedness and for dealing with cost recovery and procescution. There are two documents that document this preparedness. The 1999/2000 New Zealand Marine Oil Spill Response Strategy and the National Marine Oil Spill Contingency Plan. The New Zealand Marine Oil Spill Response Strategy The New Zealand Marine Oil Spill Response Strategy The National Marine Oil Spill Contingency Plan The National Marine Oil Spill Contingency Plan provides the means for a National On-scene Commander (NOSC) to be able to control any marine spill regardless of size. The Plan is a large and ever changing document and includes the operations of MSA's National Oil Spill Service Centre (NOSSC) , located in Te Atatu, Auckland. Cost Recovery and Prosecution Options Operating on the principle that the polluter pays, all costs from an oil spill response and subsequent clean up can be recovered from the spiller, under the Maritime Transport Act 1994.

97. MSA Of NZ - The New Zealand Marine Oil Spill Response Strategy That New Zealand has developed and will continue to maintain, at reasonable cost, an appropriate capability to respond to all marine oil spills likely to occur http://www.msa.govt.nz/Protection/strategy.htm

about MSA contact us site map search this site submit MSA Home Page Marine Protection Marine Protection Rules ... Links THE NEW ZEALAND MARINE OIL SPILL RESPONSE STRATEGY The Strategy That New Zealand has developed and will continue to maintain, at reasonable cost, an appropriate capability to respond to all marine oil spills likely to occur within the jurisdiction of the Maritime Transport Act 1994. New Zealand will achieve this by: The development and maintenance of a national domestic response capability commensurate with being able to respond to a national spill event with a probability of exceedance level (PEL) of 1%. (Based on the results of the 1998 Marine Oil Spill Risk Assessment, this equates to a nominal national spill size of 7000 tonnes of oil.) in conjunction with: Established arrangements for international assistance with other nations, through the provisions of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation; and within the context of: The adoption and implementation of an effective marine oil spill response plan Command and Control System.

98. What Could Help Prevent Oil Spills? | Csmonitor.com World Europe posted November 21, 2002 What could help prevent oil spills? Anthony csmonitor.com What could help prevent oil spills? Eighty http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/1121/p25s01-woeu.html

WORLD USA COMMENTARY LEARNING ... Text Edition Search: Africa Americas Asia Pacific Europe ... Global Issues Also see: Iraq in Transition A daily update World Stories: for 06/11/2004 Global interest rates up as inflation looms A comic actor's grief resonates with Israelis Panda population jumps, but outlook not black and white Checkpoint Charlie under wraps ... more projects... Most-viewed stories: (for 06/09/04) Antidote to 'Iraq is Vietnam' What UN resolution on Iraq will accomplish For Bush, a good week Democrats strike back on faith issue ... Europe posted November 21, 2002 What could help prevent oil spills? Anthony Palmiotti is director of continuing education at the SUNY Maritime College, New York. Mr. Palmiotti holds an unlimited tonnage merchant marine license and teaches oil spill cleanup at the college. Palmiotti was interviewed by Ben Arnoldy, The Christian Science Monitor's online producer. csmonitor.com: About how many vessels fit the profile of the Prestige? E-mail this story Write a letter to the Editor Printer-friendly version Related stories: Why aging oil tankers still ply the seas E-mail Newsletter Get all of today's headlines, or alerts on specific topics.

99. Oil Spills, Thrills And Chills! oil spills, Thrills and Chills! Social Studies Activities. Internet Activity for Simulated Oil Spill. Guest Speakers. Culminating Activities. http://k12science.ati.stevens-tech.edu/~ryurecko/

Oil Spills, Thrills and Chills! Five oil spills in the first half of 1990 dumped a total of 1,045,000 gallons (3,000 tons) of heating oil, fuel oil, and crude oil into the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull. Important to the prevention of future spills is the "fair tide" rule which gives right of way to the vessel with least maneuverability, stopping marine collisions before they have a chance to happen. The real-time currents and water levels utilized by the Coast Guard to enforce this rule at Bergen Point will serve also to provide the source of real-time information necessary for our students to plot and predict the path of a simulated oil spill. Awareness breeds concern - concern fosters responsibility. Lesson Plans Introduction to the Project Field Trip Environmental /Language Arts Activities Math/Science Activities ... Culminating Activities Created, developed, and facilitated by Franny Mirabelli, Rosalie Moran, Dolores Yurchak, and Rose Marie Yurecko PUBLIC SCHOOL #14 BAYONNE, NEW JERSEY For more information E-mail Rosalie Moran at rmoran@14.bayonne.net

100. Oil Spills Fact Sheet oil spills A Fact Sheet. What Happens When oil spills When oil spills and mixes with water it can contaminate drinking water, kill fish and poison wildlife. http://www.awma.org/education/oilspills.htm

Member Services Events Publications Education Oil Spills - A Fact Sheet REVISION May 1, 2000 Tarred beaches, dead and dying wildlife, damaged fisheries, contaminated water supplies. These are the short-term effects of an oil spill. In the long-term, toxic materials from oil can remain in the water and on the land for many years. They can build up in the food chain to lethal levels, and destroy or disrupt and area's ecosystem. How Oil Spills Occur: Petroleum is used as a vehicle fuel, heating source for homes and industry, for electricity generation, and as a feedstock for the chemical industry. Because of the huge demand for oil, enormous quantities are moved from production areas to where the oil is used. Oil is pumped from the ground, refined, transported and stored. There are many steps in this process during which oil can spill from well heads, drill rigs, tankers, pipelines and storage tanks. Oil may leak from ocean-going ships during accidental and deliberate spills. Spills can happen on land or water when oil is incorrectly handled, there are railway or truck accidents, tankers or barges collide, the insides of tankers are washed, and when natural oil deposits seep. Sometimes when people change the oil in their cars, they dump the used, dirty oil on the ground or down the storm sewer. The rain carries the oil with the metals and particles from the car engine into streams and creeks. If you added up all the oil dumped on the ground in a year, it would equal or surpass a serious oil tanker spill.

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