1. Agriculture World - Agri-Business / Real Estate North Carolina cooperative extension service. ohio cooperative extension service.University of Arkansas coop.ext. service. University of California coop. ext. http://www.agricultureworld.net/linksgeneral.htm

AGRICULTURE WORLD LINKS TO GENERAL AGRICULUTRE INFORMATION Agricultural Organization Extension Services Ag Health Organizations Environmental Agencies ... Training Agricultural Health Organizations AgrAbility Agricultural Safety and Health Network Farm Safety and Health in Minnesota Clinicians Network ... University of Wisconsin Center for Agricultural Safety and Health Environmental American Crop Protection Association American Water Works Association EPA Integrated Risk Information System Farm*A*Syst and Home*A*Syst ... U.S. Trade Representative Food Safety American Meat Institute Fight Bac! Food Safety Food Safety - Gateway to Government Food Safety Information ... Wisconsin Division of Food Safety Injury Prevention Children's Safety Network Consumer Product Safety Commission National Institute for Farm Safety, Inc.

2. Turfgrass Insects Links TAMU; Bees in Turf North Carolina coop ext. service; Clover Mitesand their Control U.Conneticut IPM; Clover Mite ohio St. ext. http://www.uoguelph.ca/GTI/links/relidx10

Turfgrass Insects Images of Insects and their Relatives Insects and other Common Pests [U. of Conneticut IPM] Management of Turfgrass Pests [Ohio State Ext] Midwest Biological Control News Kansas Department of Agriculture-Plant Health Division Insect Management in Turfgrass [North Carolina Co-op Extension Service] Guidelines: Pests of Turfgrass [UC Davis Ext. Doc.] Turfgrass Insects [Colorado State - IPM Doc] Turfgrass Insecticides [Florida gopher directory] Turfgrass Insects [Florida gopher directory] Turfgrass Pests and Beneficials Index [UNL Entomology] Turfgrass Entomology Sources of Information [UNL Entomology] GTI Bulletin Board - Insects and other animal pests Managing White Grubs on Home Lawns [Nova Scotia Agriculture and Marketing] Grubs in Lawns [OMAF Factsheet] All About White Grubs [Cornell] All About White Grubs [U.of Conneticut IPM] Wasps and Fly Parasites of White Grubs [University of Maryland] Controlling White Grubs in Turf [NCSU TurfFiles] Identification of White Grubs in Turfgrass [Ohio St. Ext. Doc.]

3. Turfgrass Management/Extension Services Links Lawn and Its Care Rutgers coop ext; Lawn Construction extension publications; cooperativeextension service U. Georgia and the Home Lawn ohio State extension http://www.uoguelph.ca/GTI/links/rel1c.htm

University/Government/Public Sector Lawn Care Factsheets [Nova Scotia Dept. Agr.] Maintenance of Lawns in Newfoundland Turf Lawn Maintenance [OMAF Factsheet] Lawn Renovation [OMAF Factsheet] Winterizing Turf [OMAF INFOsheet] Thatch Control [OMAF INFOsheet] Cornell Turfgrass Information Center [New York] RCE Electronic Documents [Rutgers - PDF format][New Jersey] Your Lawn and Its Care [Rutgers Coop Ext] [U.of Conneticut IPM] [U.of Conneticut IPM] Thatch -Problems and Corrective Measures [U.of Conneticut IPM] Turf and Seed [Maryland Dept. of Agr.] Virginia Cooperative Extension Publications in the Sustainable Landscape Management Series [Virginia Co-op Extension] NCSU - TurfFiles Home Page [Clemson University] University of Georgia Cooperative Extension publications Cooperative Extension Service [U. Georgia] Florida Lawn Handbook Turfgrass Science at the Fort Lauderdale REC Tips for Turfgrass [Florida Agricultural Information Retrieval System] MSU Turfgrass Science MSU TurfGrass Information File Turfgrass Info. Center

4. Abbreviated Titles 1995 : A-Al Agron coop ext Serv* Agronomy Department series ohio Agricultural Research andDevelopment Center, Department of Agronomy, cooperative extension service 100 http://www.nal.usda.gov/indexing/lji95/abrtia.htm

Abbreviated Titles A-Al *Previously used abbreviated title

5. Abbreviated Titles 1995 : D-E Sociology HD1411.O3 ESS ohio State Univ coop ext Serv Dep Agric Econ Rural Sociol*ESS ohio State University, cooperative extension service, Department of http://www.nal.usda.gov/indexing/lji95/abrtie.htm

Abbreviated Titles : D-E *Previously used abbreviated title

6. COUNTY ohio, Sherilyn, Ward, Beaver Dam Elementary, 183 Highwat 62 PERRY, Jan, Gibson, PerryCounty ext service, 933 Perry Park POWELL, Mike, Reed, coop extension service, POBox http://www.kyagr.com/enviro_out/education/programs/FLP/FAC.htm

COUNTY AFFILIATION ADDRESS CITY STATE ZIP PHONE EMAIL ADAIR Tony Rose Adair Co. Ext. Service P.O. Box 309 Columbia KY trose@uky.edu ADAIR Deborah Hensley John Adair Middle 202 General John Adair Drive Columbia KY dhensley@adair.k12.ky.us ANDERSON Barbara Schaars Ward Elementary 730 W Broadway Lawrenceburg KY ANDERSON Francine Sloan Saffell Street Elementary School 210 Saffell Street Lawrenceburg KY fsloan@anderson.k12.ky.us ANDERSON Julie Jones Saffell Street Elementary School 210 Saffell Street Lawrenceburg KY jjones@anderson.k12.ky.us BARREN Debra Spillman Hiseville Elementary 454 AM Wade Road Glasgow KY hspill@scrtc.com BOONE Mary Katherine Dickerson KY Conservation Districts 6028 Camp Ernst Road Burlington KY BOONE Gail Mendes Ryle High School 10379 US 42 Union KY BOYLE Elizabeth Wisman Centre College 600 W. Walnut St. Danville KY ewism00@centre.edu BOYLE Jamie Hester University of Kentucky 1637 Perryville Road Danville KY jahester@boyle.k12.ky.us BRACKEN Chris Simmeral Bracken Co. Ext. Service P.O. Box 66 Brooksville KY CSIMERAL@UKY.EDU BREATHITT Laurie Taylor University of Kentucky 130 Robinson Road Jackson KY ltaylor@ca.uky.edu

7. On-Farm Composting: A Review Of The Literature Poultry eggs. PublMiss-State-Univ,-coop-ext-Serv. State College, Miss. 18. NorthCarolina cooperative extension service. 1996. 22. ohio State University. http://www.agric.gov.ab.ca/sustain/compost/animalmortality.html

On-Farm Composting: Animal Mortality Composting On-Farm Composting - A Review of the Literature AAFRD, Chernos, Rod, and Smith, Rich. "Mortality Composting Trial ." Web page, [accessed 19 January 2000]. Available at http://www.agric.gov.ab.ca/livestock/pindex/poultry/ppw02.html Blake, J. P., and J. O. Donald. 1992. Alternatives for the disposal of poultry carcasses. Poult-Sci 71, no. 7: 1130-1135. Compost Education and Resources for Western Agriculture. 2000. "CERWA answers your compost questions." Web page, [accessed April 2000]. Conner, D. E., J. P. Blake, and J. O. Donald. 1991. Microbiological safety of composted poultry farm mortalities. In Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng , (91-4053) 12 p. St. Joseph, Mich: American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Cummins, C. G., C. W. Wood, and D. P. Delaney. 1993. Co-composted poultry mortalities and poultry litter: composition and potential value as a fertilizer. J-Sustain-Agric 4, no. 1: 7-19. Donald, J. O., and J. P. Blake. 1991. Construction of a dead-poultry composter. Circ-ANR-Ala-Coop-Ext-Serv-Auburn-Univ. Auburn, Ala. : The Service

8. Pubs Main coop. ext. Bulletin 815, Agdex 231, ohio cooperative extension service, ohio StateUniversity, Columbus, OH 43235; Ph 614292-1607 ($7.25 + postage) Most http://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/pubs/pubsmain.html

Sources of Information on the Culture and Management of Grapes Bordelon, B. 1995.  Growing Grapes.   Purdue Univ. Coop. Ext. Sev., HO-45. (free) Agriculture Communications Service, Media Distribution Center, 301 S. 2nd Street, Lafayette, IN, 47901-1232 (Ph: 800-398-4636), or on the Web as a PDF file Bordelon, B. 1995.  Grape Varieties for Indiana.   Purdue Univ. Coop. Ext. Sev., HO-221 (free).  Agriculture Communications Service, Media Distribution Center, 301 S. 2nd Street, Lafayette, IN, 47901-1232 (Ph: 800-398-4636, or on the Web as a PDF file Cahoon, G., M. Ellis, R. Williams and L. Lockshin.  1991.  Grapes: Production,  Management and Marketing.   Bulletin 815, Agdex 231, Ohio Cooperative Extension Service, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH  43235; Ph: 614-292-1607  ($7.25 + postage) Most complete publication of grape growing in the Midwest, and adaptable to Iowa conditions.  Pruning and training systems are well illustrated. Capps, E.R., A.H. Smith, T.K. Wolf, A.H. Smith, and B.J. Walker.  1998.Â

9. Finding Customers: Market Segmentation, CDFS-1253-94 coop. ext. service, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas. Business Sense, NDSUextension service. March 1988. All educational programs conducted by ohio http://ohioline.osu.edu/cd-fact/1253.html

Ohio State University Fact Sheet Community Development 700 Ackerman Road, Suite 235, Columbus, OH 43202-1578 Finding Customers: Market Segmentation CDFS-1253-94 Small Business Series Nancy H. Bull Gregory R. Passewitz A key factor to success in today's market place is finding subtle differences to give the business a marketing edge. A business that targets specialty markets will promote its products more effectively than a business aiming at the "average" customer. What makes the business unique? How can these unique features be promoted to "targeted" customers? Undifferentiated Marketing Some businesses treat the market as a whole, focusing on what is common to the needs of customers, rather than on what is different. Often called undifferentiated marketing, this technique relies on mass advertising and is implemented on the basis of cost savings to the business. Undifferentiated marketing is successful when the competition is scarce or the product has mass appeal. Differentiated Marketing Differentiated marketing builds greater loyalty and repeat purchasing by considering customer needs and wants. Differentiated marketing creates more total sales with a concentrated marketing effort in selected areas. Concentrated or target marketing gains market position with specialized market segments. Target marketing of products or services reduces the cost of production, distribution, and promotion. With differentiated marketing, there is the risk of the market going sour or a competitor entering the same market.

10. A Links Page To Gardening And Landscaping Horticulture Solutions Illinois coop. ext. service Horticulture and Crop Scienceat ohio State University Missouri Horticulture Publications Nebraska http://www.donnan.com/links.htm

Donnan Landscape Services McMurray, PA Est. 1979 Introduction Home Links About us Site Map ... What's new Landscape Services Introduction Great Beds Installation Lawn Rx ... Trimming Home Services Introduction Deck cleaning Deck sealing Powerwashing ... Driveways Of Interest Green news Garden FAQ Safety Local Reference Introduction History Locale: Bethel Park Bridgeville Canonsburg Finleyville ... Washington Harvesting the Best of the Web for you Over 500 useful links Gail's #1 Bookmark! Help build the WW2 Memorial in Pittsburgh REMEMBRANCE One Thousand Reasons Horticulture Agriculture Bonsai Composting Drought ... Weeds General Interest Battlefields Computers Education Forests ... XYZ Links Agriculture Green Net @griculture Online American Farm Bureau Penn State - College of Agricultural Sciences ... back to index Battlefields Battle of Gettysburg Fort Ligonier Fort Necessity National Battlefield Pennsylvania Gettysburg Monuments Project ... back to index Bonsai Pittsburgh Bonsai Society The American Bonsai Society The Online Bonsai icon collection back to index Composting RotWeb Compost It's Mulch Better back to index Computers Adelphia PowerLink Apple Bandwidth Meter CD-Recordable FAQ ... back to index Drought PENN STATE - Drought Related Information back to index Education Americans for the Arts CampusTours.com

11. Fungus Gnats- ENT/rsc-29 image courtesy of D. Morrison, NC coop. ext. service, Scotland Co. Some informationused in this publication was adapted from W. Lyon, ohio State University http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ent/notes/Urban/fungusgnat.htm

Insect Notes Home Page FUNGUS GNATS INDOORS Insect Note - ENT/rsc-29 Fungus gnats can be a serious pest in greenhouses where they can damage the roots of plants. They also feed on fungi and decaying plant material. For more information about fungus gnats as pests of ornamentals, consult Ornamentals and Turf Insect Note 29 Occasionally, fungus gnats become a nuisance indoors in both residential and commercial buildings when adults emerge in large numbers from potted plants or some other chronic source of moisture (and subsequent mold growth). Adults are attracted to lights and are often first noticed at windows or light fixtures. Identification Adult fungus gnats are about to inch long, slender, somewhat mosquito-like, with dark-colored antennae and delicate with long legs. Some species are gray to black in color, while others are orange-to-yellowish in color. Identification can be made by the vein patterns in the single pair of wings, which may be smoke-colored or light in color. One of the most common species, the darkwinged fungus gnat adults has eyes that meet above the base of the antennae. The eggs are extremely small, oval, smooth, shiny white and semi-transparent. Larvae or maggots are legless, thread-like, white, with black heads and inch long fully-grown. They are somewhat transparent so food in their guts can be seen through the body wall. The larvae spin silk-like cocoons in which they form pupae.

12. FSCPE Contacts State Budget and Management 20321 Mail service Center Raleigh ndsu.nodak.edu Websitewww.ext.nodak.edu ohio Dr. Jian He (E,P,A) .614) 466 http://www.census.gov/population/www/coop/coop.html

FSCPE Contacts Alabama Mr. Tom Littlepage (E, SDC)...............(334) 242-5697 P. O. Box 5690 Montgomery, Alabama 36103-5690 Phone: 334-242-5697 FAX: 334-242-0776 Email: State Data Center: www.adeca.alabama.gov Alaska Dr. Gregory Williams (E,P).......(907) 465-6029 Research and Analysis Section Alaska Department of Labor P. O. Box 25501 Juneau, Alaska 99802-5501 Express: 1111 West 8th Street, Room 301 Juneau, AK 99801 FAX: 907-465-4506 Email: Website: www.labor.state.ak.us/research/research.htm State Data Center: www.labor.state.ak.us/research/cgin/cen.htm Arizona Mr. Samuel Colon (E,A)...................(602) 542-5984 Arizona Dept. of Economic Security Population Statistics Unit P. O. Box 6123-045Z Phoenix, Arizona 85005-6123 Express: 1789 W. Jefferson St., First Floor, South Wing, Site Code 045Z, Phoenix, AZ 85007 FAX: 602-542-7425 Email: State Data Center: www.de.state.az.us/links/economic/webpage/page2.html Arkansas Mr. Dave Rasmussen (E,P).......................(501) 569-8542 Institute for Economic Advancement College of Business Administration University of Arkansas at Little Rock 2801 South University Avenue Little Rock, Arkansas 72204

13. USDA, Forest Service 3/6. ohio Congressman John Boehner’s 2004 Farm Forum. Meredith Stone, ext.10. USDA, Forest service. Private Landowners, Farmers and Ranchers Outreach. http://www.fs.fed.us/spf/coop/library/outreachcalendar.htm

USDA, Forest Service Private Landowners, Farmers and Ranchers Outreach *Shaded area’s represent activities that the Cooperative Forestry Staff will coordinate and attend. February Date Outreach Conference/Activity Contact Information Farm Summit Chester County 2020 Trust “Keep Farming First” West Chester, PA See link for details. The Federation of Southern Cooperatives/Land Assistance Fund - 21 st James H. Gray Center 100 West Oglethorpe Boulevard Albany, GA Visit link for info. Agriculture Day The Virgin Islands of the United States Department of Agriculture National Bankers Association Conference for Community Banks JW Marriott Desert Springs Resort Palm Desert, CA See link for details. (800)BANKERS or Joanne Buck jbuck@aba.com Mid-Atlantic Direct Marketing Conference The Clarion Hotel and Conference Center Cherry Hill, NJ See link for details. vanvranken aesop.rutgers.edu st Texas/Mexico Border Coalition “Risk Management through Environmental Stewardship” St. Anthony Hotel

14. Links Of Interest To Boaters And Anglers PA Wildlife Federation PSU coop ext Pond Management PSU Rescue EPA - Surf YourWatershed Farm service - CREP Dept of Environmental Cons ohio Department of http://www.state.pa.us/PA_Exec/Fish_Boat/links.htm

CATEGORIES PA Gov't Non-profit - PA Non-profit - PA Regional Other Gov't ... Commercial - Flyfishing FEATURED LINKS Water Works Wonders (Take me fishing...) June is National River Month PA Gov't Non-profit - PA Non-profit - PA Regional Commonwealth of Pennsylvania PA Game Commission PA DCNR (state parks/forests) PA DEP (Environmental Protection) ... PA Legislation OTHER PFBC Boat Pennsylvania - Online Safety Courses North East Marina Erie WCO Report Am. Fisheries Society - PA Chapter ... USGS PA Streamflow MESSAGE BOARDS Wolf Tracks 3-C-U Trout - Erie County Allegheny National Forest - USDA Berks County Youth Field Day ... Wilkes U. Center for Environmental Quality Other Gov't Non-profit - National Non-profit - Northeast States NATIONAL US Coast Guard US Dept of Ag - Forest Service US Fish and Wildlife Service US Geological Survey (USGS) ... Farm Service - CREP STATE Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife Maryland Dept of Natural Resources New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife New York Dept of Environmental Cons ... Water Works Wonders INTERNATIONAL UK Fishing Forums, Fishing News

15. US EPA Software For Environmental Awareness of Alaska cooperative extension service www.uaf.edu/coopext/ace.html cooperativeextension service www.ext.nodak.edu PUBLICATIONS - Many print and ohio. http://www.epa.gov/seahome/farmasyst/states.htm

Software for Environmental Awareness Serving Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin and 35 Tribes Contact Us Print Version Search: EPA Home SEAHOME Titles Topics ... Links State Farm-A-Syst and Cooperative Extension Contacts All the links on this page are to sites outside the EPA. "Links to Web sites outside the U.S. EPA Web site are for the convenience of the user. The Standards of Ethical Conduct do not permit the U.S. EPA to endorse any private sector Web site, product, or service. The U.S. EPA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at this location. This link is being provided consistent with the intended purpose of the EPA Web site." AL AK AS AZ ... WY National Farm-A-Syst home page www.uwex.edu/farmasyst You can find information on Farm-A-Syst programs and contacts for every state from this site. ALABAMA Alabama Cooperative Extension System (ACES) www.aces.edu

16. Selected Books Alaska http//www.uaf.edu/coopext/publications ohio http//ohioline.ag.ohio-state.edu/lines/farm.html. Virginiaextension service http//www.ext.vt.edu/resources http://library.tamu.edu/vgn/portal/tamulib/ssl/content/renderer/0,2774,1724_1819

@import url("/vgn/portal/views/style"); /*IE and NN6x styles*/ LibCat Chiron E-Resources Site Map ... My Portal Friday, June 11, 2004 E-Resources Research Guides Tutorials Subject Specialist Librarian ... Agribusiness Catalogs Indexes/Databases Selected Journals Selected Books Related Links Bibliographies Citation Style Guides Datasets Images Software Class Guides Library E-Resources Subject Guides Life Sciences ... Agribusiness > Selected Books Selected Books AgNIC Agribusiness Selected Electronic Books, Publications and Working Papers Cooperative Extension Service and Experiment Station Publications Working Papers Cooperative Extension Service and Experiment Station Publications The following list of links point to Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service publications from each state on all subjects including agribusiness. Alabama Experiment Station http://www.ag.auburn.edu/aaes/communications/publicationslist.html Alabama Extension Service http://www.aces.edu/pubs/ Alaska http://www.uaf.edu/coop-ext/publications/ Arizona http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/

17. Wauu.DE: Recreation: Guns: Competition Shooting: 4H - Shooting Sports http//www.uaf.edu/coopext/4h/shootingsports/. Baker County http//tutorus.com/Club4H.htm.Delaware County, ohio 4-H South Carolina County extension service links http://www.wauu.de/Recreation/Guns/Competition_Shooting/4H_-_Shooting_Sports/

Home Recreation Guns Competition Shooting : 4H - Shooting Sports Search DMOZ-Verzeichnis: All Categories Categories Onlye Links: Adair County, Missouri 4-H Hunter safety course required for shooters and volunteer leaders must be certified. http://outreach.missouri.edu/adair/4h/shooting.htm Alaska State 4-H Shooting Sports Program Air rifle, air pistol, rim-fire rifle, archery, muzzleloading rifle and shotgun plus training and general information. http://www.uaf.edu/coop-ext/4h/shootingsports/ Baker County, Oregon 4H Sticks 'n' Steel air rifle shooting club with contact information. http://www.yhecoregon.org/4h_shooting.htm Carroll County, Maryland 4-H Muzzleloading, .22 rifle, shotgun, archery, hunting, safety, and competition in the Maryland Youth Hunters Education Challenge. http://www.homestead.com/CC4HHOTSHOTS/ Crawford County, Pennsylvania 4-H Competition and safety instruction in air rifle, air pistol, and archery. http://tutorus.com/Club4H.htm Delaware County, Ohio 4-H Archery, pistol, rifle, shotgun, black powder, hunting, safety, personal growth, sportsmanship, and leadership skills. http://www.midohio.net/dc4hss/

18. Assets Across America: State Asset Networks Univ. of Arkansas coop ext. The site provides information on after school activitiesas well as youth service opportunities available in the area. ohio http://www.ctassets.org/aaa/statenetworks.cfm

Join our free listserv! State Asset Networks 31 state networks were found. Community Development Cultural Diversity Education and Schools Faith Communities ... AAA Home Alaska: Alaska ICE www.alaskaice.org Alaska ICE gives Alaskans at the local level the information, tools and assistance to work together in the shared responsibility for preparing Alaska's youth for the future. This initiative is based on the Search Institute's Youth Developmental Assets. Contact: Sally Rue, Director Alaska Initiative for Community Engagement 316 W 11th St Juneau, AK 99801 Tel: (907) 586-1486 Fax: (907) 586-1450 E-mail: Alaskaice@assb.org Arizona: Contact: Sharon Evinson Tel: (480) 837-1267 E-mail: SNJ56632@aol.com Arkansas: Univ. of Arkansas Coop Ext. Service (CES) www.uaex.edu The University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service sponsors a Statewide Asset Building initiative. Contact: Elizabeth Jones University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service 2301 S. University Avenue Little Rock, AK 72203 Tel: (501) 671-2027 Fax: (501) 671-2294 E-mail: ejones@uaex.edu

19. SELECTED LIBRARY CALL NUMBERS 154 Florida. 167 Michigan. 168 Minnesota. 180 ohio. 183 Pennsylvania. 194 Wisconsin.201 Canada. ext. services. 544.3/.M5 MSU coop. ext. service. 544.5 Other Countries. http://www.msuplants.com/ref_info/LIBCLASN.htm

SELECTED LIBRARY CALL NUMBERS USEFUL IN HORTICULTURE and SYSTEMATICS (Library of Congress System + U.S.D.A.) Jesse L. Saylor Department of Horticulture Michigan State University GN 780/.D4/G513 The Bog People BS THE BIBLE AND EXEGESIS Bible and Science Animals Birds Plants, trees, and flowers (see also SB 434.3/.B52; see QK 99 for medicinal plants of the Bible) Q SCIENCE Q 1-219 Science periodicals Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bulletins QE GEOLOGY QE 901-996 Paleobotany QH NATURAL HISTORY QH 1-199 General natural history Periodicals, societies, etc. Biography of naturalists General works of Linnaeus Linnaeana Classification, nomenclature, terminology QH 201-277 Microscopy QH 301-705 General biology Periodicals, societies, etc. General morphology Theory of descent, evolution, origin of species General ecology General cytology Economic biology QK BOTANY QK 1-474 Botany (general) Periodicals, societies, etc. Collected works (nonserial) Voyages and expeditions Encyclopedias Dictionaries Terminology (see also QK 96, Nomenclature) Indexes, Nomenclators, Checklists

20. 1997 LCI Annual Meeting And Conference On Animal Production Food Safety Univ. of Missouri coop. ext. service. 2. Hog Composting Development Team.1996. Composting swine morality in ohio Participants Training Manual. http://www.animalagriculture.org/Proceedings/1997 Proc/Composting of Large Anima

Composting Large Animal Mortality Dr. Harold Keener The Ohio State University Introduction Animal agriculture is faced today with discovering innovative ways to dispose of their mortalities. This need has been brought on by the disappearance of rendering plants, concerns over burial and ground water pollution, and the economic cost and related issues of anaerobic decomposition in tanks. Composting of dead animals is one option that is now available (1,2,4). This brief article presents background information on composting dead animals in a rational, fashion. It discusses first the principles of composting and then composting dead animals. Basics of Composting Composting is a natural, biological process of decomposition of solid material in a predominantly aerobic environment. In it, bacteria, fungi and other small organisms break down organic materials (raw) to stable, useable organic substances called compost. The microorganisms use the most readily available parts of the waste as their food source and the compost that remains afterwards resembles humus and makes a good soil amendment. While composting occurs naturally, efficient composting requires properly prepared and maintained conditions and needs to be done so as to keep odor and other nuisance problems at a minimum. Under controlled conditions, composting is generally accomplished using two stages, primary (high rate) and secondary (curing). Items which need to be controlled in order for a composting operation to run properly include C/N ratio, moisture, porosity and temperature (4).

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