21. Fresh Water Ecosystems Stream Biology and ecology Streamsand their larger cousins, riversare complex BodiesThe project covers water bodies such as rivers, seas and oceans. http://www.eagle.ca/~matink/themes/Biomes/watereco.html

Home Page Ontario Curriculum Teacher Resources Libraries ... Themes Fresh Water Ecosystems Table of Contents Fresh Water Ecosystems Lesson Plans Fresh Water Ecosystems All Along A River This ThinkQuest site has information on how rivers are formed and other physical aspects of rivers, as well as case studies of the Singapore River and the Rhine. Discover Canada's Lakes The surface area and number of lakes in North America far exceed those of any other continent. Canada has at least 3 million lakes and in some regions, there are as many as 30 lakes for every 100 sq. km. Here you can read an overview about lakes from across Canada or sail to particular Canadian lakes. Discover Canada's Rivers Here you can read a brief introduction on Canada's Rivers and then go canoeing to different rivers all over the country. Discover Canada's Wetlands This site contains information on just about every aspect of wetlands. If you explore all of these topics you will be very well informed about Canada's wetlands. Everglades Ecosystem Offers an introduction to the national park in South Florida and profiles the animals that reside there. Find out what's threatening the habitat.

22. LITERATURE van Rijn L. (1990), Principles of fluid flow and surface waves in rivers, estuaries,seas and oceans. Schneider DC (1994), Quantitative ecology. http://www.ing.unitn.it/~tubino/gita/Literature biogeomorphologia.htm

BASIC LITERATURE (in italic the name of the WLer who has the piece of literature) Introduction to biogeomorphology: Viles H. (editor, 1988), Biogeomorphology . Basil Blackwell Ltd. Oxford, United Kingdom. 365pp. ISBN 0-631-15405-1 (BTUD No. 2068-519-1). Library TUdelft Thornes, J.B. (Ed., 1990). Vegetation and Erosion; Processes and Environments. Martin Baptist Brown, A.G., 1997. Biogeomorphology and diversity in multiple-channel river systems. In: Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters, Vol. 6, Floodplain forests special issue: 179-185. Blackwell Science Ltd. Martin Baptist Rozemeijer M.J.C. (1999), Van ei tot kinderkamerbewoner. Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, General Directorate, Report RIKZ/AB-99.135X (in Dutch). Marcel Rozemeijer Analysis of ecological data: Numerical Ecology . Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Alessandra Crosato River ecology: Welcomme R.L. (1979), Fisheries ecology of floodplain rivers . Longman Inc., New York. Alessandra Crosato Wetzel R.G. (1975)

23. Ecology Notes BI ecology is the study of interactions between organisms (biotic part) and EvaporationTranspiration (water loss from lakes, rivers, oceans ) (water loss from http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/ecology_notes_bi.htm

Ecology Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms (biotic part) and their nonliving environment (abiotic factors) Biotic factors producers, consumers, or decomposers Abiotic factors include climate, soil, temperature, water, air, sunlight, humidity, pH, and atmospheric gases. Habitat is the place a plant or animal lives, while its niche is its total way of life. Life is organized into levels: Organism (any single living thing) Population (members of the same species living in one place) Community (all the populations living in an area) E cosystem (community living in a similar habitat such as a forest) B iomes Biosphere Producers: Make their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis Includes Consumers: Can't make their own food May be herbivores (feed only on plants), carnivores (feed only on animals), or omnivores Decomposers: Break (detritus) Recycle nutrients Called detritivores Include Sunlight is the ultimate energy for all life on earth, but only producers can get their energy directly from the sun. Trophic levels 1st Trophic Level is producers that use sunlight directly 2nd Trophic Level includes herbivores that feed directly on plants Higher Trophic Levels are carnivores feeding on each other Chains show who eats whom in an ecosystem.

24. Untitled Document What we are concerned about when we are dealing with ecology is how living beingsare related to each Some fall on the oceans, seas, rivers, again some http://www.metu.edu.tr/home/wwwdoga/yeeproject/basicecology.htm

Home Preface Introduction Biodiversity ... Evaluation BASIC ECOLOGY "The deeper we look into nature the more we recognize that it is full of life, and the more profoundly we know that all life is a secret, and we are all united to all this life." Albert Schweitzer ACTIVITIES ILLUSTRATIONS What is ecology? What we are concerned about when we are dealing with ecology is how living beings are related to each other and the conditions they are living in. A living being affects and is affected by other beings of its own species and of other species. What all beings in general require for survival (energy, shelter, etc.) and also for the continuing existence of their species are the main factors determining the nature of these relationships. Besides that the non-living environment has a great influence on the lives of all other living and non-living things forming the ecosystems. Physical Environment Soil, air and water mainly make up this non-living environment. In addition to these, the sunlight effects the living conditions to a great extent. The production of food inside plant bodies, which initiates the chain of life, would not take place in the absence of sunlight. The existence of plants and all other living beings in return would cease if it were not for the sun. Temperature also depends mainly on sunlight. In return, humidity, which is a measure of the amount of water vapour present in air, is dependent on temperature. Temperature and humidity are two important factors to influence the living beings greatly.

25. The Educational Encyclopedia, Biomes, Oceans, Lakes, Coral Reefs And Seas Coral reef fish ecology coral reefs are unique ocean ecosystems in that they have Tropicaloceans coral reefs a reef is a coral community rivers of the world. http://users.telenet.be/educypedia/education/biomesseas.htm

Science Animals Biology Botany Bouw ... Resources Geography Alaska-Antartica-tundra Beauty of the earth Biomes Deserts ... Montains Oceans and seas Oceans, lakes, coral reefs and seas visit also Environment Atlas of the oceans covering about 70% of the earth's surface, the oceans are a highly productive system which continuously recycles chemicals, nutrients and water through the 'hydrological cycle', which powers climate and weather, and which regulates global temperature by acting as a giant heat reservoir from the sun, a tip Baltic sea region database Canada: great lakes Carbon dioxide lakes carbon dioxide lakes, causes, medical effects, Lake Monoun, Lake Nyos, Lake Kivu China lakes Deep ocean floor hot springs and strange creatures De Noordzee in Dutch Drilling the ocean floor Hotspots under the Earth the vast majority of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur near plate boundaries, but there are some exceptions Hot springs and strange creatures How deep can various animals and mechanical devices go? deep water is inhospitable for human divers and other animals because it's cold and dark, and the weight of water overhead exerts intense pressure. Many animals can withstand the harsh conditions at surprising depths, but humans need the protection of mechanical divers Large lakes of the world Largest lakes of the world Marine ecosystems shorelines, temperate oceans, tropical oceans

26. BIL 160 - Lecture 20 ECOSYSTEM ecology the study of entire ecosystems, including the The oceans arethe most influential of all 1. Freshwater lakes/ponds; rivers/streams. http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/160/160S04_24.html

Click HERE for your print-friendly copy of the notes. Don't print the big font pages! ECOLOGY: The Study of Ecosystems Ecology (from the Greek oikos meaning "house" or "dwelling", and logos meaning "discourse") is the study of the interactions of organisms with each other and their environment. The hierarchy. Define each of the following. species - population - community - ecosystem - biosphere - Ecology is a SCIENCE, not a sociopolitical movement (e.g., environmentalism). The Ecologist engages in the hypothetico-deductive method to pose questions and devise testable hypotheses about ecosystems. Often, this involves the generation of complex mathematical models to simulate ecosystems. These models represent idealized systems to which real systems can be compared for their predictive value. Sometimes, when a very large scale project is logistically impossible to perform, a computer model is used to predict expected results. An ecosystem consists of biotic components - the living organisms abiotic components - non-living factors, such as light, temperature, water, nutrients, topography, etc.

27. OSIRIS - WATER ECOLOGY oceans, CABILETUC, ZIGENS, SAGEMASS, BLUE STRIPED FLAPJACK. Estuaries/rivers, KHNUMS,ZIGENS, PHOTOFLUG. To help us learn and study the water ecology of OSIRIS, the http://curriculum.calstatela.edu/courses/builders/worlds/planets99/osiris/wate.h

WATER ECOLOGY by ecologist KIMBERLY Several distinguishable water ecosystems exist on the planet OSIRIS the oceans which cover over 89 % of the planet's surface (Earth's ocean coverage = 70%) the deep,cold waters of the Greater OSIRIS Crater Lake the coral reefs and the estuaries and rivers Due to factors caused by biological stressors geological events and severe weather conditions along with the fact that the OSIRIS oceans account for most of the planet surface, the probability of biomes (environmental divisions based on similar climate, plants and animals) are very few. What this means is both the land and water ecosystems existing on OSIRIS are extremely diverse and unique, at least at this point in the planet's life. However, these factors which create such diversification also contribute greatly to how living and nonliving things interact (the ecosystems) on the planet. Below is a table listing the main ecosystem zones and some of the plant and animal life that exists there: Zones Plant Life Animal Life Oceans CABILETUC, ZIGENS, SAGEMASS

28. From The Forest To The Sea Also See Table of Contents and Endorsements FOREWORD TO FROM THE FOREST TOTHE SEA THE ecology OF WOOD IN STREAMS, rivers, ESTUARIES, AND oceans . http://www.chrismaser.com/bk-fts.htm

Also See: Table of Contents and Endorsements FOREWORD TO "FROM THE FOREST TO THE SEA: THE ECOLOGY OF WOOD IN STREAMS, RIVERS, ESTUARIES, AND OCEANS" The forest and the sea have always been connected in human mind and myth, as well as ecologically. For most of our history, we have gone "down to the sea in ships" made from trees, emulating driftwood, which was probably the original model for the whole process. In any event, the knitting together of sea and land by rivers, logs, fish, soil, and tides is basic to the ecology of all coastal margins where forests occur. Because most great rivers rise in forested places and run to the sea, the connection is fundamental and well-nigh universal and extends far inland and upland from the coast. How interesting, then, and how devastating a commentary on the current state of our disciplinarily fragmented science, that the people who study forests and the people who study salt water rarely interact. How peculiar that is has been only in the last two decades that we realized that much of the "sediment" in the coastal rivers that found its way to estuaries and coastal waters of the Pacific Northwest, the setting for this marvelously inquisitive book, was solid wood. Wood is the forest's gift to the sea; water is the sea's gift to the forest.

29. SAIN Resources About Coastal And Oceans Ecosystems ecosystems, Coastal ecosystems, oceans, Water bodies Water, Freshwater ecology, Freshwaterecosystems Freshwater environments, rivers, Watersheds, Biodiversity http://sain.nbii.gov/phpqueries/coasts_oceans.php

Use the 'text only' version of this web page for browsers not JavaScript enabled. Link to 'text only' contained in page footer. Use the 'text only' version of this web page for browsers not JavaScript enabled. Link to 'text only' contained in page footer. Use the 'text only' version of this web page for browsers not JavaScript enabled. Link to 'text only' contained in page footer. Use the 'text only' version of this web page for browsers not JavaScript enabled. Link to 'text only' contained in page footer. Listings of online resources about Stingers (Cuidaria) Spiny Skinned (Echinodermata) Mollusks (Mollusca) Arthropods (Arthropoda) Vertebrates (Vertebrata) Jellyfish and similar Star Fish and similar Snails (Gastropods) (Bivalves) (Cephalopods) Chitons and related (Chitons, Scaphopods, Neopilina) Crustaceans (Crustacea) Insects (Insecta) Arachnids (Arachnida) Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds ... Mammals Catalog of Online Resources Periodicals Federal Government State Governments Multimedia Images Sound Video Parks ... Teacher Resources Catalog of Online Resources Viruses Bacteria Protists (Mycology) Plants (Botany) Algae Mosses Ferns Herbs ... Visualization and Analysis Tools Evaluations and Methodologies Partners Infrastructure Contact Us Catalog of Online Resources Species Conservation Invasive Species Ecosystems Farmlands ... Water Quality SAIN resources about Coastal and Oceans Ecosystems

30. U.S. EPA : Mid-Continent Ecology Division - MED - 1996 Publications MidContinent ecology Division, National Health and sources in marine geotechnicalpollution surveys in rivers. In oceans 96 MTS/IEEE Conference Proceedings http://www.epa.gov/med/publications/96_pub.htm

Mid-Continent Ecology Division - MED Recent Additions Contact Us Print Version Search: EPA Home ORD NHEERL Division Home ... Links U.S. EPA : MED - 1996 Publications A B C D ... Z Adams, J.V., M.C. Fabrizio, and G.L. Curtis. 1996. Comparison of prey fish density estimates from acoustic and bottom trawl surveys in northeastern Lake Michigan . National Biological Service, Great Lakes Science Center, Ann Arbor, MI for Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN. #1996-18 Ankley, G. T. 1996. Evaluation of metal/acid-volatile sulfide relationships in the prediction of metal bioaccumulation by benthic macroinvertebrates . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15:2138-46 #595 Ankley, G.T. 1996. Research for assessing the ecological risk of endocrine disruptors . SETAC News, 16(4):11-12. #1996-14 Ankley, G. T., W. J. Berry, D. M. Di Toro, D. J. Hansen, R. A. Hoke, D. R. Mount, M. C. Reiley, R. C. Swartz, and C. S. Zarba. 1996. Letter to the editor: Use of equilibrium partitioning to establish sediment quality criteria for nonionic chemicals: A reply to Iannuzzi et al . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15:1019-24 #596 Ankley, G. T., D. M. Di Toro, D. J. Hansen, and W. J. Berry. 1996.

31. Report On The Health Of The World's Oceans (4) - Suite101.com curb the introduction of pollutants into our streams, rivers, and ultimately theoceans. http//www.suite101.com/article.cfm/ecology/71821 Copyright © 1996 http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/ecology/71821

Topics Articles Links Courses DIRECTORY COMMUNITIES BOOK CIRCLE SUITE U ... MY SUITE Search Suite101.com Within: Ecology Environment Search The Web Member Central Join Our Community! Login What's New Become a SuiteU Affiliate ... MemberUpdate Suite University About Suite University Suite University News Visit the University Course Listing ... FREE Demo Course New Topics Parenting Babies and Toddlers Views of a Young Appalachian Woman SpiritWell Travel Book Reviews ... More... Suite Events Teacher Appreciation Event 2004 Family Focus 2004 In Tune With Johann Sebastian Bach More about Suite101 About Suite101.com Advertise With Suite For more information - Select a related topic - Aquatic Animals Arctic Wildlife Backyard Birdwatching Alm Birding Ecology Living With Nature Living with Wildlife Lizards, Turtles and Snak Massachusetts Natural His Microbiology Natural Horsemanship Paleontology Science of the Sky Snails and Shells Water for Life Wild Cats Wildlife Wildlife News and Humor - Select a related course - Ecological Gardening: Org Environmental affairs - G Environmental Health Issu Inspecting For Wildlife D Our National Wildlife Tre Trap-Neuter-Return: Manag Visit Environment Detailed Topic List Home Science and mathematics ... Ecology Ecology By Van Waffle Topic Page Articles Links ... Community Bookstore Subscribe Related Subject(s): Ecology Nature conservation Natural history Environmental Health Issues - Instructor's Guide ... Ecological Gardening: Organics and Beyond Create an ecosytem in your own backyard Trap-Neuter-Return: Managing Feral Cat Colonies The only method proven to humanely and effectively help feral cats while eliminating nuisance behavior

32. Domain Earth Ecology Links American oceans Campaign For a better idea of what we re up against, refer to the Current Issues and Facts section of this website rivers, Lakes Groundwater. http://www.domainearth.com/links/ecology.html

Please select from the following areas of interest: Forests Oceans Soil Wetlands AIR POLLUTION Do you think air pollution doesn't really cost us anything? According to a report released by the American Lung Association in 1996, more than 90 million Americans still live in areas that are classified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as violating federal health standards for ozone. The report found that ozone is linked to approximately 10,000 to 15,000 hospital admissions and an estimated 30,000 to 50,000 emergency room visits in the 13 metropolitan areas that were examined. For more facts: http://www.lungusa.org/noframes/global/news/report/viron/virozonefac.html American Lung Association Since 1904, the American Lung Association (ALA) has been a leading source of information and public education on lung health. http://www.lungusa.org Canada's Parent's Guide to Air Quality and Health Air pollution knows no boundaries. This site's general information on what causes air pollution and what to do about it applies to air quality in every major metropolitan area in the world. http://atlenv.ns.doe.ca/udo/air.html

33. Forest Ecology On-Site Activities features of the Earth (mountains, hills, valleys, plateaus, plains, oceans, lakesand rivers). At Jones Gap State Park Forest ecology Worksheet (same http://www.discovercarolina.com/html/s05nature105a02.html

Forest Ecology On-site Activities /Interpreter Led Content Area: Science Grade Level: Time to Complete: 1.5 hours Title of Program: Forest Ecology 1. South Carolina State Standards Addressed: (R) I.A.1.a- Use the senses and simple tools to gather information about objects or events such as size, shape, color, texture, sound, position and change (qualitative observations). (R) I.A.2.a- Compare, sort and group concrete objects according to two attributes. (R) I.A.4.a- Use drawings, tables, graphs, written and oral language to describe objects and explain ideas and actions. Organisms can survive only in habitats in which their needs can be met. Compare and contrast the basic needs of plants and animals. Organisms can survive only in habitats in which their needs can be met. Select and describe an appropriate habitat for a plant or animal.

34. Ecology / KCM Corporation are a lot of environmental problems that are global warming by CO2 gas, air pollutionby exhaust gas, water pollution in oceans and rivers, waste generations http://www.kyoritsu-kcm.co.jp/english/company/eco.html

We are struggling to improve the environment of the Earth There are a lot of environmental problems that are global warming by CO2 gas, air pollution by exhaust gas, water pollution in oceans and rivers, waste generations and so on. It is the important mission for us, the human race, to protect the beautiful Earth covered with clear water and green forests, and to keep clean for the future generations. According to ISO 14001, Environmental Manegement System, we make a plan for concrete environmental improvement and struggle actively and continuously to save energy, conserve natural resources and prevent from environmental pollutions. KCM Corporation Japanese HOME Products About KCM ... Site Map

35. ECOLOGY PHOTOGRAPHIC FISH GuineaBissau (Geba and Corubal rivers) to west favagineus West Indian to CentralPacific oceans. All images © Joseph W. Dougherty/ecology PHOTOGRAPHIC unless http://ecology.org/ecophoto/fish/FISH.html

ECOLOGY PHOTOGRAPHIC 2000_10_01_06_11.tif Temperate Eastern Pacific Ocean 1998_07_01_02_05.tif Roatan, Bay Islands of Honduras 1998_07_01_02_13.tif Eleuthera, Bahamas 1000_01_06_04_03.tif Orthonopias triacis Monterey, CA 1000_01_06_07_20.tif Sebastes atrovirens Point Lobos, Monterey (Carmel) CA 1000_01_06_03_02.tif Hypsypops rubicundus Channel Islands, CA shown with Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus 1998_07_00_01_02.tif 2001_09_06_02_22.tif Hawaii (Maui) 2001_09_06_02_27.tif Hawaii (Maui) 2001_09_06_03_01.tif Hawaii (Maui) 2001_09_06_03_04.tif Hawaii (Maui) 2001_09_06_03_07.tif Hawaii (Maui) 2001_09_06_03_08.tif Hawaii (Maui) 1998_07_01_02_10.tif 2002_10_31_JD_8148.TIF 2002_10_31_JD_8152.TIF 2002_10_31_JD_8161.TIF 2002_10_31_JD_8165.TIF Melanochromis chipokae Johnson 1975 East Africa: Endemic to Lake Malawi. Occurs in Chipoka (southwest arm of Lake Malawi). 2002_10_31_JD_8166.TIF 2002_10_31_JD_8169.TIF 2002_10_31_JD_8172.TIF 2002_12_20_JD_8499.TIF Caribbean 2002_12_23_JD_8585.TIF Phenacogrammus interruptus Boulenger 1899 Central Africa: Congo Democratic Republic (Zaire).

36. Environmental Yellow Pages - Aquatic Ecology animals, and plants of Canada s oceans, rivers, lakes, and fish to the Merrimack Riverand other Fisheries Research Research in ecology, management, evolution http://www.enviroyellowpages.com/ECOLOGY1.html

Need Help Finding a Service? CLICK HERE - It's Free Home Search Add Listing ... To Your Site Advertise Business Center Media Kit Free Directories Upgrade Your Listing Search Options Chemistry Search United States Finance Cleanups Click Here Equipment Sales Remediation Employment Work for EYP Submit Resume View Resumes Services Environmental Insurance Environmental Software ... Water Wastewater Information About P2 Associations Contact Us Ecology ... Compliance Info: printers photo processors automotive repair haz-waste regulations plastic manufactures enforcement process Click for Guides Home Resources Ecology Aquatic Ecology Aquatic Ecology Page Guide to aquatic life and ecology resources on the Internet, with sections on algae, plants, animals and aquatic ecosystems. Bioindicators of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress Information about the Biological Indicators Program in the Environmental Sciences Division (ESD) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Biological indicators have been developed and applied at a variety of field sites in the eastern United States to assess and evaluate the effects that environmental stressors such as contaminants have on the health of aquatic organisms. Biological Markers of Water Pollution A review of the literature on the use of enzyme induction in aquatic organisms to measure environmental pollution.

37. From The Forest To The Sea: The Ecology Of Wood In Streams, Rivers, Estuaries An From the Forest to the Sea The ecology of Wood in Streams, rivers,Estuaries and oceans. From the Forest to the Sea The ecology http://www.uswaternews.com/books/bksbycategory/13aEcolNatural/ft1884015174.html

From the Forest to the Sea: The Ecology of Wood in Streams, Rivers, Estuaries and Oceans From the Forest to the Sea: The Ecology of Wood in Streams, Rivers, Estuaries and Oceans is a fascinating new scientific work that discusses the role wood plays in very complex and diverse aquatic ecosystems. Until now almost nothing has been published on this little understood topic. 1. Wood in streams and rivers is a source of food energy for invertebrate organisms; habitat for vertebrate organisms, such as fish; and a structural component that shapes, diversifies, and stabilizes channels while helping to dissipate the water's energy before it can scour channels. 2. Wood in estuaries is a major source of food and habitat for obligatory, wood boring, marine invertebrates that in their feeding , break it down and pass usable carbon into the water's current where it enters the detrital based marine food web. 3. Wood along the coastline stabilizes sand spits, beaches, and dune complexes, as well as battering rocky shores where it creates new habitats for intertidal organisms and provides small splinters of wood to the coastal food chain.

38. Research Magazine :: Summer 1999 : A River Runs To It recently, they knew surprisingly little about the coastal ecology of Georgia someaspects of the complex interaction of rivers and oceans have perplexed http://www.ovpr.uga.edu/researchnews/summer99/river.html

Search : Research Magazine Archive Summer 99 A River Runs to It by Steven Koppes Can Georgia estuaries survive impending coastal development? An aquarium gurgles gently along the wall of a conference room at the UGA School of Marine Sciences. The sound seeps into the room slowly, humbly, steadily, the way five Georgia rivers empty into the vast Atlantic Ocean. These rivers once seemed relentlessly endless in their volume. But to some they have begun to look as vulnerable and finite as the water in that aquarium. Scientists say that, until recently, they knew surprisingly little about the coastal ecology of Georgia, where rivers supply water for drinking, crop irrigation, and pulp and paper mills even for the nourishment of near-coast seafood harvests. In fact, some aspects of the complex interaction of rivers and oceans have perplexed researchers. "For a long time we thought the rivers came down and dumped water into the ocean and that was the end of it," UGA marine scientist Richard Wiegert said. "Here is this huge ocean. What impact do these rivers have? "Through their delivery of nutrients, through their delivery of pollutants if they are polluted and through their change in salinity, they really do have an impact," he said. "We recognize that now."

39. Ecology, Environment, And Evolution ecology is that science that explores how organisms interact with each other and theonly large fertile areas may be where rivers empty into oceans). http://www.freelancetraveller.com/features/science/xbio101/xbio4.html

Freelance Traveller Home Page Search Freelance Traveller Site Index Freelance Traveller The Lab Ship Xenobiology 101: Part 4 - Ecology, Environment, and Evolution by Robert O'Connor Freelance Traveller Home Page The Lab Ship Xenobiology 101 Introduction Ecology is that science that explores how organisms interact with each other and their environment. For surface life, factors that determine climate will influence the variety of environment types present. A key determinant of climate is the amount of energy available from the primary and the ability of the world to retain some of this input. The properties of the atmospheric gas mix are important in this regard. For example, carbon dioxide and methane are well known "greenhouse" gases, as they limit the amount of infrared radiation reflected into space. The presence of life is critical to maintaining atmospheric composition. The present levels of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere are due to photosynthesis. Life with alternate biochemistries using gaseous reactants will doubtless affect the atmospheres of their worlds in a similar fashion. Local differences in the albedo or surface reflectivity of a planet causes heat gradients to develop in the atmosphere. For example, water (oceans) is less reflective than land which is usually less reflective than clouds.

40. Ecology - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia such as lentic ecosystems (lakes, ponds) or lotic ecosystems (rivers); as oceanicecosystems (seas, oceans). leads to the essential concepts in ecology of food http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology

Ecology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Server will be down for maintenance on 2004-06-11 from about 18:00 to 18:30 UTC. Ecology is the branch of science that studies the distribution and abundance of living organisms , their habitats , and the interactions between them and their environment abiotic (non-living) elements like climate and geology , and biotic ones like other species. The term was coined in by the German biologist Ernst Haeckel from the Greek oikos meaning "house" and logos meaning "science." Human ecology is a related but distinct academic discipline which studies humankind , the organized activity of this species, and its environment; it overlaps biological ecology, sociology , and other disciplines. Outside scientific contexts, the word ecology is often used as synonym of " the environment ", i.e. the ensemble of all wild organisms that are living mostly in their ages-old environment and manner, with little human interference; and especially of that part of it that is most important to humans economical medical aesthetical ... hedonistic , sentimental, etc.. This sense usually applies when one says that something is good or bad for the "ecology", and in political ecology Others may use the word ecology to mean not a science, but a

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