41. Fusion In Stars - Zoom Astronomy nuclear fusion is an atomic reaction that fuels stars Stars are giant nuclear reactors thatalter the atomic structure and release an enormous amount of energy. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/stars/fusion.shtml

Become a member of Enchanted Learning. Click here for more information on site membership. $20.00/year or other amount (directly by Credit Card $20.00/year (transaction via PayPal Other Amount (transaction via PayPal As a thank-you bonus, site members have access to a banner-ad-free version of the site, with print-friendly pages. (Already a member? Click here. Zoom Astronomy The Stars Lifecycle ... Activities, Links NUCLEAR FUSION IN STARS: NUCLEOSYNTHESIS WHY ARE STARS HOT AND BRIGHT? Nuclear Fusion and Nucleosynthesis Stars are giant nuclear reactors. In the center of stars, atoms are taken apart by tremendous atomic collisions that alter the atomic structure and release an enormous amount of energy. This makes stars hot and bright. Nuclear fusion is an atomic reaction that fuels stars. In fusion, many nuclei (the centers of atoms ) combine together to make a larger one (which is a different element). The result of this process is the release of a lot of energy (the resultant nucleus is smaller in mass than the sum of the ones that made it; the difference in mass is converted into energy by the equation E=mc Stars are powered by nuclear fusion in their cores, mostly converting

42. Howstuffworks "How Nuclear Bombs Work" nuclear fusion You can bring two smaller atoms, usually hydrogen or hydrogen isotopes one(helium or helium isotopes); this is how the sun produces energy. http://people.howstuffworks.com/nuclear-bomb1.htm

ComputerStuff AutoStuff ElectronicsStuff ScienceStuff ... PeopleStuff Top Subjects Fireworks Nostradamus Nuclear Power Tattoos Sponsored By: Categories Culture Good Will Government Public Works ... Browse the People Library Explore Stuff Lidrock.com Big List of Articles Get the Newsletter Search HSW and the Web Search Google Main People How Nuclear Bombs Work by Craig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D. Table of Contents Introduction to How Nuclear Bombs Work Physics of Nuclear Devices Designs of Nuclear Bombs Fission Bombs Critical Mass Gun-Triggered Fission Bomb Implosion-Triggered Fission Bomb Modern Implosion-Triggered Design Fusion Bombs Teller-Ulam Design of a Fusion Bomb Consequences of Nuclear Explosions Health Risks Lots More Information Physics of Nuclear Devices Nuclear bombs involve the forces, strong and weak, that hold the nucleus of an atom together, especially atoms with unstable nuclei (see How Nuclear Radiation Works for details). There are two basic ways that nuclear energy can be released from an atom: Nuclear fission - You can split the nucleus of an atom into two smaller fragments with a neutron. This method usually involves isotopes of uranium (uranium-235, uranium-233) or plutonium-239.

43. Nuclear Fusion - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia nuclear fusion is the energy source which causes stars to shine , and hydrogenbombs to explode. Any two nuclei can be forced to fuse with enough energy. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion

Nuclear fusion From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. In physics nuclear fusion (a thermonuclear reaction ) is a process in which two nuclei join to form a larger nucleus, thereby giving off energy . Nuclear fusion is the energy source which causes stars to "shine", and hydrogen bombs to explode. Any two nuclei can be forced to fuse with enough energy. When lighter nuclei fuse, the resulting nucleon has too many neutrons to be stable, and the neutron is ejected with high energy. Most lighter nuclei will produce more energy than initially required to cause them to fuse, making the reaction exothermic and chain or transiently self-sustaining, and generating net power. For the opposite case, heavy nuclei with too few neutrons are also unstable and lead to nuclear fission . Unlike fusion however, fission reactions require so little extra energy for very heavy nuclei that they occur spontaneously, all the time. This is not the case with fusion, where the lowest mass nucleon, hydrogen , still requires considerable energy to fuse. The total energy contained in a nucleus, the

44. Solar Energy & Nuclear Fusion Solar energy and nuclear fusion. Why Solar energy? Our Ancestors Use ofSolar energy and the Recent Discovery of nuclear fusion Nadia Piscini, http://www.chem.wm.edu/chemWWW/courses/chem105/projects/group3/page1.html

Solar Energy and Nuclear Fusion Why Solar Energy? The sun transmits enough energy to earth every forty minutes to supply the entire population for one year. The task for researchers an scientists is to figure out an effective and efficient way to trap, store, and use this energy. An overview of solar energy follow with thest topics: Photosynthesis: A Natural Process Involving Solar Energy. Amy von Keyserling Implementations of Solar Energy. David LaChance Pros and Cons of Solar Energy. Amy Collins What about Nuclear Fusion? The core of the sun is estimated to be 27 million degrees Fahrenheit. At this extreme temperature, hydrogen atoms melt, or fuse together releasing tremendous amounts of heat and light. It is hypothesized that this thermonuclear reaction could be used to produce electrical energy for earth's inhabitants. A look at Nuclear Fusion Follows: In the Heat of the Moment: Nuclear Fusion Explored. Heather White A Historical Prospective Solar energy has been in use for thousands of years in all imaginable cultures. Nuclear fusion is, in comparison, a very new discovery. Both their use is, however, still not advanced enough to substitute the present energy sources. A historical prospective follows: Our Ancestors' Use of Solar Energy and the Recent Discovery of Nuclear Fusion Nadia Piscini

45. Introduction nuclear energy fission and fusion. Renewable energy hidroelectricenergy, solar, wind, wave, geothermal, biomass energy, etc http://www-fusion.ciemat.es/fusion/Intro/Intro-eng.html

FUSION: THE ENERGY OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY The impact of fusion Controlled thermonuclear fusion is one of the few energy supply options capable of supplying energy on a large scale for the twenty-first century. According to recent estimates, the world population will grow to around 10 billion about halfway through the next century. In 1990, the primary energy consumption per head per year in the industrial countries was about 2.2 x 10 Joules, or 5.1 t.p.e. (tonnes of petrol equivalent) and about 10 times less in the developing countries. Depending on the scenario for the evolution of the world energy demand, the primary world energy consumption might increase by a factor of two or three by the year 2050. The energy sources having a capability of covering a substantial share of the energetic needs are the following: Fossil fuels: basically carbon, seeing as how the petrol and gas reserves will have diminished considerably in the next century. Nuclear energy: fission and fusion. Renewable energy: hidro-electric energy, solar, wind, wave, geothermal, biomass energy, etc ... The fossil fuels have a strong environmental impact; they create problems like acid rain and an increase of CO

46. INEEL - Advanced Nuclear Energy Ongoing work is conducted in the areas of fusion energy safety, regulation of nuclearenergy, fuels and materials research, nuclear physics, thermalhydraulics http://energy.inel.gov/nuclear/

Security/Privacy HOME A-Z Index Staff Directory ... Jobs Thursday June 10, 2004 Nuclear and Energy Systems Advanced Nuclear Energy Natural Resources Nuclear and Energy Systems Advanced Nuclear Energy The Advanced Nuclear Energy Directorate is a lead lab for the DOE in nuclear reactor technology working on advanced systems and technologies. ANE has helped design, construct and operate 52 nuclear reactors during the INEEL's 50-year existence. The INEEL's Advanced Nuclear Energy, in partnership with Argonne National Laboratory, is the DOE's lead nuclear energy laboratory . The INEEL is equipped with highly specialized facilities and equipment such as the Advanced Test Reactor , which provides the INEEL with the ability to conduct experiments under unique nuclear environments. The Advanced Test Reactor is the world's premier test reactor, offering high thermal neutron flux and large test volumes for performing irradiation services. Advanced Nuclear Energy is ready to meet the increasing demands for safe, secure and environmentally responsible energy by developing competitive nuclear energy systems through cutting-edge research and development, vital collaborations and key technology demonstrations with an enduring infrastructure that supports our efforts. The Advanced Nuclear Energy Directorate is responsible for developing and executing the INEEL's Generation IV Reactor Initiative The Generation IV initiative, both nationally and internationally, will require the development of technologies that make definite advances in safety performance, waste reduction and proliferation resistance, while providing a nuclear energy option that is economically competitive with other energy options anywhere in the world and that is ready for deployment about 20 years hence.

47. LINKS | Nuclear Engineering @ MIT The Virtual nuclear Tourist Site showing the nuclear power plants around theworld. Back to Top. fusion Information. US fusion energy Sciences Program. http://web.mit.edu/ned/www/main/links.html

BACK TO: Links National Laboratories Government Agencies University Nuclear Engineering Departments Nuclear Organizations ... Other Nuclear Directories National Laboratories Argonne National Laboratory Argonne West International Nuclear Safety Center Brookhaven National Laboratory ... Back to Top Government Agencies OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (France) US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) NRC news releases, periodic reports on the performance of nuclear power plants (SALP reports), staff listings, semiannual "Watch List" of nuclear power plants, weekly summary report of agency activities, and description and status of selected technical issues. Back to Top University Nuclear Engineering Departments University of California-Berkeley University of Florida Kansas State University Kungl Tekniska Hvgskolan (KTH, Sweden)

48. Nuclear Reactions nuclear energy can be produced by either of two types of reactions fission, thesplitting apart of a massive atomic nucleus, or by fusion of lighter nuclei http://cassfos02.ucsd.edu/public/tutorial/Nukes.html

University of California, San Diego Gene Smith's Astronomy Tutorial Nuclear Reactions Nuclear energy can be produced by either of two types of reactions: fission , the splitting apart of a massive atomic nucleus, or by fusion of lighter nuclei into a heavier nucleus. Atomic Particles Particle Symbol Charge Mass (g) Mass (amu) Family proton p 1.673 x 10 baryon neutron n 1.675 x 10 baryon electron/ positron e e 9.109 x 10 5.485 x 10 lepton neutrino lepton photon photon Terrestrial Energy-Releasing Reactions Energy Source Chemical Fission Fusion Sample Reaction C + O -> CO n + U -> Ba + Kr H + H -> He + n Typical Inputs (to Power Plant) Bituminous Coal UO (3% U + 97% U Typical Reaction Temperature (K) Energy Released per kg of Fuel (erg/gm) 3.3 x 10 2.1 x 10 3.4 x 10 Efficiency (E/mc 3 x 10 How a nuclear fission reactor works. The Virtual Nuclear Tourist has a wealth of nuclear (fission) information, including sections on Chernobyl Three-Mile Island , and environmental effects Try your hand at controlling a nuclear reactor The High Energy Weapons Archive and Trinity Site are sites with historical and current information about nuclear weapons.

49. NUCLEAR--LANL--Energy & Environment Return to top. nuclear fusion energy Sciences. fusion energy, the process which powersthe stars, involves fusing together light atoms to release nuclear energy. http://www.lanl.gov/energy/compendium/nuclear/

COMING SOON Compendium of Technology Program Offices Who to Contact ... Education COMING SOON Nuclear Energy Research at Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos conducts research in both nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Nuclear fission achieves energy release by splitting heavy atoms (as in a present-day nuclear reactor), whereas nuclear fusion achieves energy release by combining light atoms (as in the process occurring in the core of a star). Nuclear Technology and Applications (Nuclear Fission) Nuclear Fusion Energy Sciences Nuclear Technology and Applications Research Technology development programs carried out within the Nuclear Technology and Applications portfolio aim at major national and international needs, including: New nuclear energy technology that supports the goals and objectives of the President's National Energy Policy; Technologies that support recommendations on advanced nuclear fuel cycle development made by the Directors of six leading Department of Energy national laboratories to the Secretary of Energy (Nuclear News, September 2002, p.91); Near-term space exploration missions that require significant levels of electrical power for their success;

50. AllRefer Encyclopedia - Nuclear Energy : Nuclear Fusion (Physics) - Encyclopedia AllRefer.com reference and encyclopedia resource provides complete information onnuclear energy nuclear fusion, Physics. Includes related research links. http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/N/nuclener-nuclear-fusion.html

AllRefer Channels :: Health Yellow Pages Reference Weather SEARCH : in Reference June 11, 2004 You are here : AllRefer.com Reference Encyclopedia Physics ... nuclear energy By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z N nuclear energy, Physics Related Category: Physics hydrogen bomb , such temperatures are provided by the detonation of a fission bomb. The energy released during fusion is even greater than that released during fission. Moreover, the fuel for fusion reactions, isotopes of hydrogen, is readily available in large amounts, and there is no release of radioactive byproducts. In stars ordinary hydrogen, whose nucleus consists of a single proton, is the fuel for the reaction and is fused to form helium through a complex cycle of reactions (see nucleosynthesis ). This reaction takes place too slowly, however, to be of practical use on the earth. The heavier isotopes of hydrogen : deuterium and tritium : have much faster fusion reactions. For sustained, controlled fusion reactions, a fission bomb obviously cannot be used to trigger the reaction. The difficulties of controlled fusion center on the containment of the nuclear fuel at the extremely high temperatures necessary for fusion for a time long enough to allow the reaction to take place. For deuterium-tritium fusion, this time is about 0.1 sec. At such temperatures the fuel is no longer in one of the ordinary states of matter but is instead a plasma , consisting of a mixture of electrons and charged atoms. Obviously, no solid container could hold such a hot mixture; therefore, containment attempts have been based on the electrical and magnetic properties of a plasma, using magnetic fields to form a "magnetic bottle." Another method has used

51. Nuclear Energy An Overview nuclear fusion is the process of joining, rather than splitting,such atomic particles with similar releases of energy. FISSION. http://www.energy.ca.gov/nuclear/overview.html

Nuclear Energy (An Overview) Also See Our Nuclear Issues Web Page Nuclear energy in California produced 40,417 million kilowatt/hours (GWh) of electricity in 1999, or 14.66 percent of electricity from all sources. The total dependable capacity of California's nuclear-supplied power is more than 5,300 megawatts, including the two operating nuclear power facilities in California and portions of nuclear facilities in other states owned by California electricity companies. There are two fundamental ways to release energy from nuclear reactions: fission and fusion of atomic nuclei. Electricity generating technologies based on fission are commercially available, whereas fusion is still in the early stages of research and development and is at present only a theoretical possibility for controlled power generation. Nuclear fission is the process of splitting the nuclei of atoms, which releases energy from within those atoms. Nuclear fusion is the process of joining, rather than splitting, such atomic particles with similar releases of energy. FISSION Of the several types of fission reactors, the most common type in the United States is light water reactors (so called because normal (light) water is used to cool the reactor core; some reactors use heavy water, which contains hydrogen atoms with an additional neutron in the nucleus), based on pressurized water reactor (PWR) and boiling water reactor (BWR) technology. PWRs and BWRs use uranium-235, a naturally-occurring radioactive isotope of uranium, as the fuel. As the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom is hit by a neutron, it splits into two smaller atoms of other elements, and releases energy and extra neutrons. Those neutrons hit more atoms of the original uranium-235, creating a fission chain reaction that releases more energy and neutrons.

52. Atomicarchive.com: Nuclear Fusion nuclear fusion. nuclear Fission. nuclear energy can also be releasedby fusion of two light elements (elements with low atomic numbers). http://www.atomicarchive.com/Fusion/Fusion1.shtml

Search: Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion Effects of Nuclear Weapons Example Scenario Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Fission Nuclear energy can also be released by fusion of two light elements (elements with low atomic numbers). The power that fuels the sun and the stars is nuclear fusion. In a hydrogen bomb, two isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium are fused to form a nucleus of helium and a neutron. This fusion releases 17.6 MeV of energy. Unlike nuclear fission, there is no limit on the amount of the fusion that can occur. About Us Support Privacy Site Map Related Media View the QuickTime movie (size: 286K) Related Sections Glossary Nuclear Fission

53. Nuclear Energy --  Britannica Student Encyclopedia , nuclear energy Educational material on the concepts of nuclear fissionand fusion. Lists advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy. http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article?eu=298177&query=fusion reactor&ct=ebi

54. Nuclear Energy --  Britannica Student Encyclopedia The energy released by the fission or the fusion of nuclei, in the formof heat, light, or other radiation, is called nuclear energy.  . http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article?eu=298177&query=electron&ct=ebi

55. 81.05.02: Nuclear Energy nuclear fusion occurs when and new elements are formed. nuclear fusion has thecapability of releasing greater amounts of energy than nuclear fission. http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1981/5/81.05.02.x.html

Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute Home Nuclear Energy by Mara Dunleavy Contents of Curriculum Unit 81.05.02: Introduction I. Nuclear Energy and nuclear power plants. II. Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy III. The Three Mile Island Incident ... To Guide Entry Introduction During the 1970’s, interest in different energy alternatives surfaced in this country. Obviously, this increase in public awareness was mainly due to our problems with foreign oil. Energy alternatives, like gas, coal, solar, wind, and nuclear, have been researched and each of their advantages and disadvantages have been examined and scrutinized. The energy alternative that is the subject of this unit is probably the most controversial, nuclear energy. One reason I chose this topic is because of the ignorances and fears of many people regarding nuclear energy. My students are the adults of tomorrow and should be given the facts on this energy source, its past record and what the possibilities and changes are for the future. The unit covers 4 to 6 weeks and is planned for use in a 9th grade Physical Science course. The unit is divided into the following sections:

56. Evidence Bubbles Over To Support Tabletop Nuclear Fusion Device means you ve got about a trillion times more energy potentially available to ordinaryhydrogen atoms, the conditions are hot enough to produce nuclear fusion. . http://www.spacedaily.com/news/energy-tech-04o.html

ENERGY TECH Evidence Bubbles Over To Support Tabletop Nuclear Fusion Device Rusi Taleyarkhan, an Oak Ridge National Laboratory scientist is part of a group working towards the dream of sustained fusion energy. West Lafayette - Mar 04, 2004 Researchers are reporting new evidence supporting their earlier discovery of an inexpensive "tabletop" device that uses sound waves to produce nuclear fusion reactions. The researchers believe the new evidence shows that "sonofusion" generates nuclear reactions by creating tiny bubbles that implode with tremendous force. Nuclear fusion reactors have historically required large, multibillion-dollar machines, but sonofusion devices might be built for a fraction of that cost. "What we are doing, in effect, is producing nuclear emissions in a simple desktop apparatus," said Rusi Taleyarkhan, the principal investigator and a professor of nuclear engineering at Purdue University. "That really is the magnitude of the discovery – the ability to use simple mechanical force for the first time in history to initiate conditions comparable to the interior of stars." The technology might one day, in theory, lead to a new source of clean energy.

57. Sources And Types Of Energy Source World energy Council. nuclear energy is produced either by splitting (fission)or combining (fusion) of atoms. nuclear energy (fusion). To be completed. http://www.f-e-e.org/upload/ft04-10.htm

E-Media Facts - Info - Issues Sources and types of energy Source : World Energy Council Hereafter are descriptions of sources and types of energy. Biomass Source : World Energy Council Biomass is an organic, non-fossil material of biological origin, a part of which constitutes an exploitable energy resource.  Although the different forms of energy from biomass are always considered as renewable, it must be noted that their rates of renewability are different.  However, as a statistical average, they may be considered as renewable yearly. Coal Source : World Energy Council Coal is a combustible, organogenic sedimentary rock, formed of converted residual plant matter and solidified below overlying strata.  There are several types of raw coal (classified by reference to agreed levels of coalification) : hard/bituminous coal, brown coal (lignite), and peat. Co-generation / Combined Heat and Power / Combined cycle Source : World Energy Council A Combined Heat and Power (CHP) station / co-generation plant is a thermal power station in which all the steam generated in the boilers passes to turbo-generators for electricity generation, but designed so that steam may be extracted at points on the turbine and/or from the turbine axhaust as backpressure steam and used to supply heat for industrial processes, for district heating, etc.

58. Fission, Fusion, Helium 3, Nuclear, Energy, Free Energy, Alternate Energy, Elect Isotopic lithium releases about 43 Mev per fusion to fission Lithium isotopic reactionsyield twice as much energy as uranium in a nuclear reactor; but http://www.nuenergy.org/alt/IsoLithium.htm

Clean Nuclear Energy via Isotopic Transformation The First Artificial Accelerated Decay Transformation On April 28, 1932, at a meeting of the Royal Society, Lord Rutherford announced that two of the workers in Cavendish Laboratory, J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, had successfully demonstrated the release of excess radioactive energy from lithium elements and other light elements by protons entirely artificially generated by high electric potentials. The most surprising feature at the time was the relatively low voltage necessary. The generator installed had a peak voltage of about 750,000 volts, but artificial decay started at only one-sixth of this, 125,000 volts. Indeed, later Rutherford, using deuterons (atoms of the hydrogen isotope of mass 2) instead of protons, pushed back the starting point to some 20,000 to 40,000 volts, which is well within the range of quite a small x-ray induction coil. The protons were generated in a long vertical hydrogen vacuum-tube, specially designed to withstand the high voltage, and with a window of the thinnest possible mica leaf at the end, through which they emerged to impinge on the target element being bombarded. The protons were estimated to have a velocity of one-thirtieth of that of light, and their range in air was only 1 cm. The bombarded substance was examined by the scintillations produced in

59. ENERGY FACTS: FUSION The hydrogen isotopes in one gallon of water have the fusion energy equivalentof 300 gallons of gasoline. A nuclear fusion power plant would also have no http://www.iclei.org/EFACTS/FUSION.HTM

NUCLEAR FUSION The dream of harvesting energy from the same reaction that powers our sun has been around since 1920, when Arthur Eddington suggested that the energy of the sun and stars was a product of the fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium. Since the 1950's, great progress has been made in nuclear fusion research. However, the only practical application of fusion technology to date has been the "hydrogen" or thermonuclear bomb. Researchers stress that nuclear fusion has an almost unlimited potential to supply electricity. The hydrogen isotopes in one gallon of water have the fusion energy equivalent of 300 gallons of gasoline. A nuclear fusion power plant would also have no greenhouse gas emissions, and would generate none of the long lived, high level radioactive waste associated with conventional nuclear fission power plants. Despite its theoretical potential, leading experts predict that the world is still at least 50 years and billions of research dollars away from having electricity generated from nuclear fusion. This is largely due to the enormous size and complexity of a reactor that would be capable of sustaining nuclear fusion. The Fusion Reaction Nuclear fusion involves the binding together of hydrogen atoms, creating helium, as outlined in Figure 1. The total mass of the final products is slightly less, one percent, than the original mass, with the difference being given off as energy. If this energy can be captured, it could be used to generate electricity.

60. VTT Processes - Nuclear Energy research programmes on reactor safety, nuclear waste management, fusion technologyand provide major contribution to the distributed energy systems research. http://www.vtt.fi/pro/pro1/indexe.htm

Research Nuclear energy Research Manager Seppo Vuori Research groups Reactor Technology Nuclear Power Plant Technology Nuclear Waste Management Fusion Technology ... BNCT VTT Processes is the main contractor of demanding research assignments ordered by Finnish industry and authorities. We also co-ordinate national research programmes on reactor safety, nuclear waste management, fusion technology and provide major contribution to the distributed energy systems research. VTT Nuclear . Furthermore we have close contacts to and the Finnish university organisations. ( Lappeenranta University of Technology , in particular). VTT Nuclear - Gate to all VTT nuclear services Research Programmes: SAFIR FINNUS ALWR Fusion, ... Latest publications in English Other Finnish Nuclear Organisations: TVO Fortum Posiva STUK ... Finnish Nuclear Society - ATS Updated by Eija Karita Puska

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