21. Nuclear Energy Tomorrow Fusion It creates nuclear energy by combining atoms. Unlike Fission, fusion cangenerate energy from unradioactive materials such as hydrogen. http://library.thinkquest.org/C001667/nav.cgi?section=les&article=3&page=a

22. EFDA-JET, The World's Largest Nuclear Fusion Research Experiment JET is the world s largest nuclear fusion research facility. the unknown; to investigatefusion s potential as clean, and virtually limitless energy source for http://www.jet.efda.org/

Site Index What's New Search FAQ ... Contacts JET is the world's largest nuclear fusion research facility. Its unique features allow us to explore the unknown; to investigate fusion's potential as a safe, clean, and virtually limitless energy source for future generations. Situated at Culham in the UK, the J oint E uropean T orus is run as a collaboration between all European fusion organisations and with the participation of scientists from around the globe. VIPs at JET's 25th Anniversary Focus On - Plasma Heating and Current Drive "JET's powerful Additional Heating systems allow us to heat plasma, drive plasma current, and provide us with the key tools to optimise the plasma performance." More... Jean-Marie Noterdaeme, Leader of the Heating Task Force JET News 25 May 2004 JET is reporting success in using intense light flashes to detritiate the tiles in the divertor region. This new 'photon cleaning' technique involves placing a special flash-lamp and optics system at the end of a robotic arm and manipulating it within the JET torus from a remote control room. Video clip 23 May 2004 At JET's 25th Anniversary event, Mr Busquin reaffirmed ITER's position as the main step towards eventually producing commercially viable, clean, safe and cheap energy and stressed the importance of JET.

23. Nuclear Energy: Nuclear Fusion Related content from HighBeam Research on nuclear energy nuclear fusion.nuclear fusion (Earth Explorer). fusion forces hot reactions. http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0860069.html

HOTWORDS CITE PRINT EMAIL in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Home Almanacs Atlas Encyclopedia ... Father's Day Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map Career Center Job Search Post Your Resume Continuing Ed. more . . . Also from Infoplease Search Infoplease Info search tips Search Biographies Bio search tips Encyclopedia nuclear energy Nuclear Fusion hydrogen bomb , such temperatures are provided by the detonation of a fission bomb. The energy released during fusion is even greater than that released during fission. Moreover, the fuel for fusion reactions, isotopes of hydrogen, is readily available in large amounts, and there is no release of radioactive byproducts. In stars ordinary hydrogen, whose nucleus consists of a single proton, is the fuel for the reaction and is fused to form helium through a complex cycle of reactions (see nucleosynthesis deuterium and tritium For sustained, controlled fusion reactions, a fission bomb obviously cannot be used to trigger the reaction. The difficulties of controlled fusion center on the containment of the nuclear fuel at the extremely high temperatures necessary for fusion for a time long enough to allow the reaction to take place. For deuterium-tritium fusion, this time is about 0.1 sec. At such temperatures the fuel is no longer in one of the ordinary states of matter but is instead a plasma laser beams aimed at tiny pellets of fusion fuel.

24. MSN Encarta - Nuclear Energy The release of nuclear energy can occur at the low end of the binding energy curve(see accompanying chart) through the fusion of two light nuclei into a http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761558960_2/Nuclear_Energy.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money Web Search: logoImg('http://sc.msn.com'); Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade to Encarta Premium Search Encarta Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Send us feedback Related Items Nuclear Weapons, explosive devices designed to release nuclear energy Plutonium, used as fuel in nuclear reactors more... Magazines Search the Encarta Magazine Center for magazine and news articles about this topic Further Reading Editors' Picks Nuclear Energy News Search MSNBC for news about Nuclear Energy Internet Search Search Encarta about Nuclear Energy Search MSN for Web sites about Nuclear Energy Also on Encarta Encarta guide: The Reagan legacy Compare top online degrees Proud papas: Famous dads with famous kids Also on MSN Father's Day present ideas on MSN Shopping Breaking news on MSNBC Switch to MSN in 3 easy steps Our Partners Capella University: Online degrees LearnitToday: Computer courses CollegeBound Network: ReadySetGo Kaplan Test Prep and Admissions Encyclopedia Article from Encarta Advertisement Page 2 of 2 Nuclear Energy Multimedia 10 items Article Outline Introduction The Atom Nuclear Energy from Fission Nuclear Power Reactors ... Nuclear Fusion A The Nuclear Fuel Cycle Any electric power generating plant is only one part of a total energy cycle. The uranium fuel cycle that is employed for LWR systems currently dominates worldwide nuclear power production and includes many steps. Uranium, which contains about 0.7 percent uranium-235, is obtained from either surface or underground mines. The ore is concentrated by milling and then shipped to a conversion plant, where its elemental form is changed to uranium hexafluoride gas (UF

25. Nuclear Energy nuclear energy. fission reaction large atoms split into smaller atoms, and energyis produced In a fusion reaction small atoms come together to form larger atoms http://id.mind.net/~zona/mstm/physics/mechanics/energy/nuclearEnergy/nuclearEner

Nuclear Energy Energy Mechanics Physics Contents ... Home In a fission reaction large atoms split into smaller atoms, and energy is produced. Click the following link for demonstrations and explanations concerning fission. Fission In a fusion reaction small atoms come together to form larger atoms, and energy is released. Click the following link for demonstrations and explanations concerning fusion. Fusion Energy Mechanics Physics ... E-mail

26. BUBL LINK / 5:15 Internet Resources: Nuclear Energy US fusion policy, and reports on physics and engineering design considerations.Author Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Subjects nuclear energy, nuclear http://bubl.ac.uk/link/n/nuclearenergy.htm

BUBL LINK / 5:15 Catalogue of Internet Resources Home Search Subject Menus A-Z ... About Nuclear energy A-Z Index Titles Descriptions EEVL Database of Engineering Resources: Nuclear Engineering American Experience: Meltdown at Three Mile Island Basics of NMR Belarusian Chernobyl Tragedy ... World Nuclear Association Page last updated: 17 March 2003 Comments: bubl@bubl.ac.uk EEVL Database of Engineering Resources: Nuclear Engineering Links to annotated and evaluated online resources relevant to nuclear engineering. Author: EEVL, Heriot-Watt University Subjects: engineering links, nuclear energy, nuclear physics DeweyClass: ResourceType: index Location: uk Last checked: American Experience: Meltdown at Three Mile Island Set of documents about a nuclear accident which took place in the United States in 1979. Features include an overview of how a nuclear reactor operates, a Shockwave animation of what happened at Three Mile Island, a nuclear power timeline, brief biographies of key personalities, and a teacher's guide. Author: PBS/WGBH Subjects: disasters, nuclear energy

27. Fission And Fusion changed into energy. fusion. energy can also be produced by combininglight nuclei in a process is called nuclear fusion. As an energy http://reactor.engr.wisc.edu/fission.htm

College of Engineering University of Wisconsin - Madison University of Wisconsin Nuclear Reactor Tour Nuclear Energy Atoms are the building blocks from which matter is formed. Everything around us is made up of atoms. Nuclear energy is contained within the center of the atom in a place known as the nucleus . Particles within the nucleus are held together by a strong force. If a large nucleus is split apart (fission) , generous amounts of energy can be liberated. Small nuclei can also be combined (fusion) with an accompanying release of energy. Using this strong force that holds the nucleus together to produce energy is essentially what the field of nuclear power generation is about. In the fission process certain heavy elements, such as some forms of Uranium , are split when a neutron strikes them. When they split, they release energy in the form of kinetic energy (heat) and radiation . The process not only produces energy but also additional neutrons that can be used to fission other Uranium nuclei and start a chain reaction.

28. Plasma Physics And Nuclear Fusion Web Sites on Controlled nuclear fusion; The Numerical Tokamak Project, one of DOE fusion programme sGrand Challenges; fusion Research at LLNL,; fusion energy Division of http://www.ipp.mpg.de/~Wolfgang.Suttrop/ppcfsites.html

Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion web sites This is a list of web sites that particularly describe (world-wide) experiments to study the physics of nuclear fusion by magnetic confinement. There are more comprehensive plasma physics web site indices around, e.g. Plasma on the Internet Weizmann Institute of Science Nuclear fusion servers (University of Karlsruhe) Magnetic confinement fusion plasma experiments ALCATOR-C tokamak , U.S.A.) ASDEX Upgrade tokamak IPP Garching , Germany ) CASTOR tokamak( IPP ASCR , Czech Republic) COMPASS-D tokamak UKAEA , United Kingdom) DIII-D tokamak General Atomics Fusion Group , U.S.A.) FTU tokamak ENEA Centro Frascati , Italy ) Joint European Torus (JET) , operated under EFDA (European Fusion Development Agreement) JT-60U tokamak JAERI , Japan ) H-1 Toroidal Heliac Plasma Research Laboratory at the Autralian National University LHD stellarator NIFS , Japan ) MAST spherical tokamak UKAEA , United Kingdom) MST toroidal reversed field pinch University of Wisconsin , WI, U.S.A. ) MT-1M tokamak RMKI Department of Plasma Physics , Hungary) NSTX spherical torus ( Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory , U.S.A.)

29. Nuclear Fusion .............................. nuclear fusion is the energy source of the future. It is what provides the sunand the stars with the energy to shine continuously for billions of years. http://www.geocities.com/thesciencefiles/fusion/nuclearfusion.html

N uclear fusion is the energy source of the future. It is what provides the sun and the stars with the energy to shine continuously for billions of years. Fusion has been used here on earth to produce nuclear bombs , but has not yet been controlled so that we can obtain useful energy. We will try to show how fusion works, and describe current efforts to tame this limitless energy source. Fusion is what happens when two atomic nuclei are forced together by high pressure ... high enough to overcome the strong repulsive forces of the respective protons in the nuclei. When the nuclei fuse, they form a new element, and release excess energy in the form of a fast-moving neutron. The energy is 'extra' because the mass of the newly formed nucleus is less than the sum of the masses of the original two nuclei; the extra mass is converted to energy according to Einstein's equation E=mc This energy can be used to do useful work! The nuclei used by the sun, and in experiments on earth, that undergo fusion, are two isotopes of hydrogen called deuterium and tritium The simple hydrogen atom, which has one proton in its nucleus, has two

30. Nuclear Fusion energy Production in the Sun by nuclear fusion. Matter is made of atomsHere is a tour of the atomic world. We need to know the players http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~soper/Sun/fusion.html

Energy Production in the Sun by Nuclear Fusion Matter is made of atoms Here is a tour of the atomic world. We need to know the players in the game and the rules that is the particles and their interactions The middle of the Sun is a very hot gas. It is ionized: all of the electrons have been ripped away from the nuclei because it is so hot. The nuclei available are mostly H, quite a lot of He, and a few H and He. (There are a few other types, but they are not so important for us.) What is happening in the middle of the Sun is analogous to burning methane: C H + 2 O > C O + 2 H O In this reaction, the final molecules have less internal energy than the starting molecules. Since energy is conserved, the extra energy is released as energy of motion of the molecules. That is the gas gets hotter. The amount of energy involved is 5.5 eV each time the reaction above happens. As we have seen, much more energy than that must be involved in the reactions inside the Sun and other stars. The evidence is strong that the overall reaction is "burning" hydrogen to make helium: H + 2 e > He + 2 neutrinos + 6 photons In this reaction, the final particles have less internal energy than the starting particles. Since energy is conserved, the extra energy is released as energy of motion of the nuclei and electrons in the solar gas, the production of lots of low energy photons and, finally, the energy of the neutrinos, which just zip right out of the Sun. That is the gas gets hotter and has lots of photons (and neutrinos). The amount of energy involved is 26 MeV = 26 x 10

31. Nuclear Energy The Sun is an example of a natural nuclear reactor of atoms of helium, generatinga continuous supply of heat and light energy. This is called a fusion reaction http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0035358.html

Your browser does not support inline frames or is currently configured not to display inline frames. // Show bread crumbs navigation path. breadcrumbs('four'); //> ENCYCLOPAEDIA Hutchinson's Encyclopaedia Men's Health ... Wildlife Frames not supported Frames not supported Encyclopaedia Search Click a letter for the index A B C D ... Z Or search the encyclopaedia: nuclear energy Chapelcross nuclear power station, Dumfriesshire, Scotland, opened in 1959, and was built at the same time as the Calder Hall plant at Sellafield in West Cumbria, England. Its four carbon-dioxide-cooled reactors were once used to produce plutonium for nuclear weapons, and are currently used to produce tritium. Accidents in the handling of nuclear waste at Chapelcross, and concern about the transportation of nuclear waste in the UK, led to public protests at the plant in 1999. Energy released from the inner core, or nucleus , of the atom. Energy produced by nuclear fission (the splitting of certain atomic nuclei) has been harnessed since the 1950s to generate electricity, and research continues into the possible controlled use of nuclear fusion (the fusing, or combining, of atomic nuclei).

32. Nuclear Energy nuclear energy from fission and fusion. nuclear power is generated eitherthrough fusion or through fission. Fission is the splitting http://www.pa.msu.edu/courses/1997spring/PHY232/lectures/nuclear/bombs.html

Nuclear energy from fission and fusion Nuclear power is generated either through fusion or through fission. Fission is the splitting of a heavy nucleus into light nuclei which are more energetically favorable. Since Iron-56 is the most energetically favorable nucleus, both the fission of heavy nuclei and the fusion of light nuclei can release energy. Fission is the process used in the first nuclear weapons and in power plants. Fusion is the source of the sun's energy and is the source of energy in hydrogen bombs. Fusion is an inherently cleaner source of energy, but igniting it in a controlled way has proved problematic. (hydrogen bombs are set off by fission devices). Fission is set off by bringing together a critical mass of an element such as Uranium-235. If a sufficient amount of Uranium is brought together an emitted neutron will most likely be captured, changing the Uranium to U-236, rather than escaping from the surface. Since U-236 decays and produces 2 neutrons, the number of neutrons grows exponentially, and practically all the U-235 nuclei decay in short order. This is called a chain reaction . In a power plant the chain reaction is modified with neutron absorbing rods. Examples Nuclear physics' index

33. Nuclear Energy: Nuclear Fusion nuclear fusion, although it was known theoretically in the 1930s as the process bywhich the sun and most other stars radiate their great output of energy, was http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/sci/A0860069.html

Encyclopedia nuclear energy Nuclear Fusion hydrogen bomb , such temperatures are provided by the detonation of a fission bomb. The energy released during fusion is even greater than that released during fission. Moreover, the fuel for fusion reactions, isotopes of hydrogen, is readily available in large amounts, and there is no release of radioactive byproducts. In stars ordinary hydrogen, whose nucleus consists of a single proton, is the fuel for the reaction and is fused to form helium through a complex cycle of reactions (see nucleosynthesis deuterium and tritium For sustained, controlled fusion reactions, a fission bomb obviously cannot be used to trigger the reaction. The difficulties of controlled fusion center on the containment of the nuclear fuel at the extremely high temperatures necessary for fusion for a time long enough to allow the reaction to take place. For deuterium-tritium fusion, this time is about 0.1 sec. At such temperatures the fuel is no longer in one of the ordinary states of matter but is instead a plasma laser beams aimed at tiny pellets of fusion fuel.

34. NUCLEAR ENERGY Chain. How long would its lifetime be at as a nuclearfusion poweredobject? This is the available energy from hydrogen fusion. This http://www.ucolick.org/~bolte/AY4/notes7/node2.html

NUCLEAR ENERGY There are two paths to deriving energy from nuclear reactions Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion First, what is a Nuclear Reaction ? Remember that the nucleus of every atom is composed of protons ( ) and neutrons ( ). If you add or subtract a nucleon to a nucleus this is a nuclear reaction. The Forces of Nature Gravity is the force the prevents the Sun from expanding despite the fact that it is a hot gas and keeps the Earth forever falling towards the Sun in it's orbit and keeps all the people in this room in their seats. One way to look at gravity is that it is an attractive force between objects with mass Electric Force is a force felt between charged particles like electrons (e-) and protons (p+). There are both attractive and repulsive electrical forces. Like charges repel, opposites attract . The Electrical Force holds atoms and molecules together and is useful for all kinds of nifty gadgets that have been built in the last 150 years. Fun note: The electric force is what keeps you from falling through the chair and floor and earth and being cooked in the center of the Earth. You are suspended above your chair by the repulsive force of the protons in your body against the protons in the chair. Nuclear Force . If you think about it for a minute, nuclei of atoms which contain protons (positively charged) and neutrons (no charge) should not be stable. All those ``like'' charged protons should be repelling one another and fly right out of the nucleus. Since nuclei ARE stable, it can be inferred that there is another force that is stronger than the electrical force which glues those nuclei together. This is the Nuclear Force or the Strong force. The Nuclear force would right now be binding EVERYTHING together except for the fact that it acts over only

35. Nuclear Fusion Journal nuclear fusion Editorial office International Atomic energy Agency (IAEA)Wagramerstrasse 5 PO Box 100 A1400 Vienna, Austria. nf@iaea.org. http://epub.iaea.or.at/fusion/

36. The Energy Story The energy Story. Chapter 7 nuclear energy Fission and fusion. nuclearfusion. Another form of nuclear energy is called fusion. http://www.hamburger-bildungsserver.de/klima/energie/energy/energy-118.html

The Energy Story Chapter 7: Nuclear Energy - Fission and Fusion Another major form of energy is nuclear energy, the energy that is trapped inside each atom. One of the laws of the universe is that matter and energy can't be created nor destroyed. But they can be changed in form. Matter can be changed into energy. The famous scientist Albert Einstein created the mathematical formula that explains this. It is: E = mc This equation says: E [energy] equals m [mass] times c [c stands for the speed of light. c means c times c, or the speed of light raised to the second power or c-squared.] Please note that some web browser software may not show an exponent (raising something to a power, a mathematical expression) on the Internet. Normally c-squared is shown with a smaller "2" placed above and to the right of the c. Scientists used Einstein's famous equation as the key to unlock atomic energy and also create atomic bombs. The ancient Greeks said the smallest part of nature is an atom. But they did not know 2,000 years ago about nature's even smaller parts. As we learned in chapter 2 , atoms are made up of smaller particles a nucleus of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons which swirl around the nucleus much like the earth revolves around the sun.

37. CORDIS FP6: What Is FP6: Activity Areas: Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion energy challenge of the 21st century The role of nuclear energy Scientific andTechnical Committee Euratom (STC) 2003. Useful links fusion energy web site http://www.cordis.lu/fp6/fusion.htm

Legal Notice : The information in this website is subject to a and a notice. Expressions of Interest National Contact Points Partners Service Sitemap Europa-DG Research-FP6 ERA on CORDIS CORDIS News FP6 Mini-guide Technology Marketplace You are here: FP6 Home What is FP6? Activity Areas > Fusion Energy Research Fusion Energy Research Fusion energy research objectives: Fusion is an important long-term option for energy supply. Current research is focussed on demonstrating the scientific and technological feasibility of fusion energy and assessing its sustainable qualities. One of the most important developments in this area is the work on the proposed international project of fusion experimental reactor ITER. Current Programme Activities Thematic areas: Next step/ITER The objective of this proposed international project of fusion experiment is to demonstrate the scientific and technological feasibility of fusion energy production, bearing in mind the socio-ecomic aspects. This objective will be attained through: Continuation of Next Step activities -negotiations with the EU's international partners and supporting technical studies- with a view to participating in its construction in the second half of FP6 Completion of the ITER site studies Establishment of an appropriate legal framework

38. CORDIS: Nuclear Energy: Overview The goal of the nuclear energy Programme is to help exploit the full potential ofnuclear energy, both fusion and fission, in a sustainable manner, by making http://www.cordis.lu/fp5-euratom/src/overview.htm

[ Highlights ] Programme Overview This overview is taken from Part 1, Section II of the Guide for Proposers for the Research and Training in the field of Nuclear Energy . It has been made available in browsable format for information purposes only. The official Guide for Proposers (Part 1) can be downloaded from the Library domain on this web service. Table of Contents Programme objectives Programme strategy Programme structure and contents Synergies with other programmes ... Implementation of the programme 1. Programme objectives The goal of the Nuclear Energy Programme is to help exploit the full potential of nuclear energy, both fusion and fission, in a sustainable manner, by making current technologies even safer and more economical and by exploring promising new concepts. The availability of secure, sustainable and competitive sources of energy is essential to economic growth, prosperity and quality of life in Europe. In view of the expected growth in demand for energy, continued use will need to be made of all potential sources. Nuclear energy has the potential to provide Europe with a secure and sustainable electricity supply at a competitive price. It also makes a significant contribution to the policy of diversifying energy supply and reducing overall emissions of CO2. Efforts to develop the safety and security of nuclear energy systems can strengthen the Community's industrial competitiveness, through exploiting the European technological advance and enhance the acceptability of nuclear energy.

39. Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Waste And Radioactive Waste :: Green Nature :: from an entirely new nuclear fusion technique (PEG are the hallmarks of CollidingBeam fusion Reactor designs ..Tri Alpha energy Incorporated (Foothill http://greennature.com/article702.html

@import url("themes/PostNuke/style/style.css"); Green Nature Jun 11, 2004 - 12:10 AM Green Nature Home Green Nature Photography Green Nature Travel Auction Aid ... Clip Art Search Index AIR Acid Rain Air Pollution Climate Change Ozone Depletion ... Whales Energy Issues Automobiles Biomass Hydropower Nuclear Power ... Wind Global Issues Africa Arctic Antarctica China ... Recycling Land Forestry GM Foods Mountains National Parks ... Organic Farming Water Coastal/Oceans Fresh Water Rivers Poll What is your favorite environment movie? A Civil Action Erin Brockovich China Sndrome Free Willy Gorillas in the Midst Silkwood The Day After Tomorrow Other Results Polls Votes: Comments: Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Waste and Radioactive Waste Background information and articles covering high profile nuclear power plants, radioactive waste issues and other nuclear questions. Next Page A Beginner's Guide to Radiation and Radiation Exposure Radiation and radioactivity occur naturally in the physical world. All living beings require some kinds of radiation just to live. An Introduction to Radioactive Waste Nuclear (or radioactive) waste is a byproduct from nuclear reactors, fuel processing plants, and institutions such as hospitals and research facilities. Learn about the health and environment effects. Chernobyl Background information and news covereing the accident at Unit 4 of the nuclear power station at Chernobyl, Ukraine, in the former USSR.

40. Nuclear Energy temperature reached sets off the fusion, or thermonuclear thousands of times as muchenergy as is To make maximum application of nuclear energy, its release http://www.upei.ca/~physics/p261/projects/nuclear2/release.html

Nuclear Energy THE RELEASE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY Elements of atomic number greater than 83 are naturally radioactive. Their nuclei emit particles spontaneously to become different nuclei. Elements of atomic number greater than 92 are so unstable they are not found in nature. Scientists assumed that if the nucleus of a heavy element were split into two or more fragments it would release great energy. Diagram of a Slow Neutron Split The impact of a slow neutron splits a U-235 nucleus into two new nuclei. These can be nuclei of any of 30 or more elements ranging in atomic number from 30 to 64. Krypton and barium are examples. Heat, radiation, and neutrons (2 or 3 for an average of about 2.5) are also produced. Such a splitting, or fission, reaction was achieved in 1939. The nucleus of a uranium isotope (U-235), when bombarded by neutrons, split into two smaller nuclei. The reaction also produced new neutrons and released about 200 mev of energy per fission. One example of the nuclear fission reaction is as follows: + neutrons The significance of this reaction is that if one pound of uranium undergoes fission, it will release energy equal to that released by the burning of 3,000 tons of coal or 9,000 tons of TNT. Later experiments proved that plutonium and thorium could also undergo nuclear fission. Plutonium is an element made artificially by bombarding uranium 238 with neutrons.

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