1. The Energy Story - Chapter 13: Nuclear Energy - Fission And Fusion Chapter 13 nuclear energy Fission and fusion. Power plant drawing courtesy nuclearInstitute. nuclear fusion. Another form of nuclear energy is called fusion. http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter13.html

Chapter 13: Nuclear Energy - Fission and Fusion Another major form of energy is nuclear energy, the energy that is trapped inside each atom. One of the laws of the universe is that matter and energy can't be created nor destroyed. But they can be changed in form. Matter can be changed into energy. The world's most famous scientist, Albert Einstein , created the mathematical formula that explains this. It is: E m c This equation says: E [energy] equals m [mass] times c c stands for the velocity or the speed of light. c means c times c, or the speed of light raised to the second power or c-squared.] You can listen to Einstein's voice explaining this at: www.aip.org/history/einstein/voice1.htm Please note that some web browser software may not show an exponent (raising something to a power, a mathematical expression) on the Internet. Normally c-squared is shown with a smaller "2" placed above and to the right of the c. Scientists used Einstein's famous equation as the key to unlock atomic energy and also create atomic bombs. The ancient Greeks said the smallest part of nature is an atom. But they did not know 2,000 years ago about nature's even smaller parts.

2. Office Of Science Computing Research Basic energy Sciences - Biological and Environmental Research- fusion energy Sciences - High energy and nuclear Physics - Workforce http://www.er.doe.gov/

Contact Site Map Privacy Policy (15MB PDF) Director's Message (101KB PDF) Executive Summary (2.5MB PDF) For more information... For more information... DOE Labs: Regional Economic Development Hubs "DOE National Laboratories: Engines of Innovation," Presentation by Dr. Raymond L. Orbach, Director, Office of Science, at the EDA National Economic Development Conference, Washington, DC (124KB PDF) Remarks by Dr. Raymond L. Orbach, Director, Office of Science, to the Tennessee Valley Corridor 2004 Knoxville-Oak Ridge Summit, Knoxville, TN Fusion Science Centers DOE Funds Fusion Science Centers at University of Maryland/UCLA and University of Rochester DOE Nanoscale Science Research Centers

3. LENR-CANR.org Comprehensive treatment of Low energy nuclear Reactions (LENR), or Chemically Assisted nuclear Reactions (CANR). Contains library with fulltext papers, and introductions and history of Cold fusion for both the general public and researchers in the field. http://www.lenr-canr.org/

Search lenr-canr.org Search WWW LENR-CANR CONTENTS LENR-CANR Home Page Introduction to LENR-CANR News, links, visitor tally A look at experiments Special Collections ... Library Support LENR-CANR Thank you everyone! This site features a library of papers on LENR, L ow E nergy N uclear R eactions, also known as Cold Fusion. (CANR, C hemically A ssisted N uclear R eactions, is another term for this phenomenon.) It features a library of more than 300 original scientific papers in Acrobat format, reprinted with permission from the authors and publishers. The papers are linked to a bibliography of over 3,000 journal papers, news articles and books about LENR. Click on the CONTENTS listed on the left to see: The Introduction to LENR-CANR section features A Student's Guide to Cold Fusion , by Edmund Storms, and other essays by Storms, Peter Hagelstein and Talbot Chubb. News, links to other web sites about LENR, visitor tally. A look at experiments: photographs of laboratories and equipment, poster session material. Special collections of papers, including papers from the ICCF-9 and ICCF-10 conference, notable papers, an interview, and a collection of paper by U.S. Navy authors. The Library guide: instructions for finding papers and downloadable versions of the bibliography.

4. Nuclear Fusion Basics nuclear fusion energy basics and advantages, presented by EFDA. http://www.jet.efda.org/pages/content/fusion1.html

EFDA-JET Home Fusion Basics Next : Section 2 Nuclear Fusion Basics Section 1 - The Nuclear Fusion Reaction Nuclear Fusion is the energy-producing process which takes place continuously in the sun and stars. In the core of the sun at temperatures of 10-15 million degrees Celsius, Hydrogen is converted to Helium providing enough energy to sustain life on earth. For energy production on earth different fusion reactions are involved. The most suitable reaction occurs between the nuclei of the two heavy forms (isotopes) of Hydrogen - Deuterium (D) and Tritium (T); eventually reactions involving just Deuterium or Deuterium and Helium ( He) may be used. Most suitable fusion reaction. At the temperatures required for the D-T fusion reaction - over 100 Million deg. C - the fuel has changed its state from gas to PLASMA. In a plasma, the electrons have been separated from the atomic nuclei (usually called the "ions"). Understanding plasma required major developments in physics. Plasmas are now used widely in industry, especially for semi-conductor manufacture. Advantages of Fusion A vast, new source of energy.

5. UCB Inertial Fusion Energy Tutorial Introduction Audience - energy from fusion - How to Build an IFE Power Plant - How Much Will IFE Electricity Cost? - Linkages to National and International Security nuclear Stewardship - Conclusions - waste disposal, fusion power addresses the primary concerns for nuclear energy sources, while retaining This characteristic of nuclear energy sources, the potential for very http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/thyd/icf/IFE.html

UCB ICF Target-Chamber Research IFE: A Tutorial on the Technology and Economics Introduction Audience Energy from Fusion How to Build an IFE Power Plant ... ICF Glossary INERTIAL FUSION ENERGY: A TUTORIAL ON THE TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS Per F. Peterson Professor University of California, Berkeley Scientists have conceived of a number of approaches to harness fusionthe source of energy that heats the starsas a future nonpolluting energy source. These web pages explore one potential route, called inertial confinement fusion , providing a largely nontechnical introduction to the technology. Introduction F usion's promise as an energy source comes from its inexhaustible fuel supply, and from its potential for almost negligible environmental impact compared to the environmental costs of competing energy sources: the air pollution and carbon dioxide emission from fossil fuel combustion; high-level radioactive waste generation from nuclear fission; and the emissions from the production of the larger quantities of concrete, steel, glass and other materials required to collect dilute solar energy. Significant technical barriers must be overcome before fusion could compete economically with these other energy sources. These notes focus on a specific technologyinertial confinement fusion (ICF)and outline reasons to be optimistic that the inertial route to fusion energy also promises economical viability. Thus, besides discussing the basics of fusion reactions, how ICF "targets" work, and what major components would go into an inertial fusion energy (IFE) power plant, these notes also present the latest economic estimates for IFE power.

6. University Of California At Berkeley, Nuclear Fusion Home Page nuclear fusion Section. nuclear fusion promises clean energy with an essentially infinite fuel supply also heats the stars. nuclear fusion research at UC Berkeley focuses on http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/fusion/fusion.html

University of California at Berkeley Department of Nuclear Engineering Nuclear Fusion Section Nuclear fusion promises clean energy with an essentially infinite fuel supply, harnessing a reaction that also heats the stars. Nuclear fusion research at UC Berkeley focuses on four disciplines: Magnetic Confinement Fusion Magnetic fields can confine fusion fuel at temperatures and densities sufficiently high for the fuel to burn. Berkeley research in magnetic confinement fusion focuses on theory, and experiments with the Berkeley Compact Toroidal Experiment. Inertial Confinement Fusion When compressed to a sufficiently high density, the inertia of fusion fuel can confine it long enough to burn. Berkeley research in inertial confinement fusion supports national efforts to reach ignition in ICF targets, and to design power plants to harness energy these targets would produce. Our Tutorial on Inertial Fusion Energy provides a nontechnical introduction to this energy source. Neutron Sources The Rotating Target Neutron Source at U.C. Berkeley provides the largest source of fusion-energy neutrons in North America. Plasma Sciences Plasma sciences research at U.C. Berkeley focuses on the theory and application of plasmas in a range of important uses.

7. Fusion Energy Educational Web Site fusion energy Educational Web Site This site is a collection of resources about nuclear fusion. It provides a large set of definitions for the terms most commonly used in fusion research, and a http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://fusedweb.pppl.gov/&y=0212B96AA25DB56

8. Professor Quester Answers - Nuclear Power The Professor Answers In 1938, the German physicist Hans Bethe first suggested thatnuclear fusion might be what provides the energy of stars such as the Sun. http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/ask_quester/answers_nuclear.html

Professor Quester Answers Questions on Nuclear Power Dear Professor Quester: I was wondering... when you split two positively charged atoms, you make nuclear energy. But, when they try to make cold fusion, they split two negatively charged atoms and can't do it. Why can't you try to split a positive and a negative atom to make cold fusion? (I know you have to have nickel to do it also!) -Thanks (John, 8th grade, Queen of Angels School, B.C. Canada) The Professor Answers: Dear John: It's not really a question of two positively charged atoms versus two negatively charges ones when discussing nuclear power. First, you already know that atoms are made up of protons (positive charge), electrons (negative charge) and neutrons (neutral charge). Because atoms have the same number of electrons and protons, the positive and negative charges balance equally. The force that holds the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus is called nuclear force. Each atom of Uranium-235, the fissionable isotope of uranium, contains 92 protons, 92 electrons and 143 neutrons. That's what makes it an isotope; having more neutrons. Although each atom is balanced, all nuclei are unstable to a certain degree. The bigger the nucleus, the more unstable it is. It is this instability that makes U-235 perfect for fission to occur. The balanced, but large, unstable U-235 nucleus is bombarded by neutrons. When a neutron hits the nucleus, the nucleus splits into two smaller, more stable nuclei. These smaller nuclei need fewer neutrons to make them stable and two or three neutrons are usually released. These then cause other nuclei to break up and can start a chain reaction. The energy needed to hold all of the particles together in the new nuclei is less than that required in the original nucleus and the "spare" energy is released, mostly as heat.

9. Aquila Technologies Group, Inc - Process Conrols And Manufacturing Services Design and manufacture of products and systems for distributed, realtime data acquisition and process control using embedded systems utilized in aircraft design and simulation, nuclear fusion research, high-energy particle acceleration experimentation, and nuclear energy applications. . http://www.aquilacontrols.com

Aquila Embedded Engineering Aquila works on a diverse range of projects, drawing upon our technical knowledge and expertise in the production of safeguards and process control products. Aquila is engaged in the design and manufacture of products and systems for distributed, real-time data acquisition and process control. Aquila products are utilized in aircraft design and simulation, nuclear fusion research, high-energy particle acceleration experimentation, and nuclear energy applications. Aquila also provides specialized equipment for transportation, surveillance, industrial testing laboratories, and manufacturing process control. We have PDF specification sheets for all our Embedded Engineering products on our Products page, as well as White Papers and other reference documents. Engineering Staff The Aquila engineering team consists of a talented and diverse group of hardware engineers, software engineers, and computer automated designers, which allows us to excel in a broad range of engineering projects. In addition, the engineering and CAD team has access to Aquila corporate resources including technical writers, production engineers, QA specialists, purchasing, and business management.

10. Office Of Science Computing Research Basic energy Sciences - Biological and Environmental Research - fusion energy Sciences - High energy and nuclear Physics http://wwwofe.er.doe.gov/

Contact Site Map Privacy Policy (15MB PDF) Director's Message (101KB PDF) Executive Summary (2.5MB PDF) For more information... For more information... DOE Labs: Regional Economic Development Hubs "DOE National Laboratories: Engines of Innovation," Presentation by Dr. Raymond L. Orbach, Director, Office of Science, at the EDA National Economic Development Conference, Washington, DC (124KB PDF) Remarks by Dr. Raymond L. Orbach, Director, Office of Science, to the Tennessee Valley Corridor 2004 Knoxville-Oak Ridge Summit, Knoxville, TN Fusion Science Centers DOE Funds Fusion Science Centers at University of Maryland/UCLA and University of Rochester DOE Nanoscale Science Research Centers

11. Nuclear Binding Energy of heavier elements in the nuclear fusion processes in stars is limited to elementsbelow iron, since the fusion of iron would subtract energy rather than http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/nucbin.html

Nuclear Binding Energy Nuclei are made up of protons and neutron , but the mass of a nucleus is always less than the sum of the individual masses of the protons and neutrons which constitute it. The difference is a measure of the nuclear binding energy which holds the nucleus together. This binding energy can be calculated from the Einstein relationship Nuclear binding energy = D mc For the alpha particle D m= 0.0304 u which gives a binding energy of 28.3 MeV. Binding energy curve. Nuclear units. Index Nuclear Structure Concepts ... Nuclear R Nave Go Back Fission and fusion can yield energy Nuclear binding energy Fusion example Fission example Further discussion ... Nuclear R Nave Go Back Nuclear Binding Energy Curve The binding energy curve is obtained by dividing the total nuclear binding energy by the number of nucleons. The fact that there is a peak in the binding energy curve in the region of stability near iron means that either the breakup of heavier nuclei (fission) or the combining of lighter nuclei (fusion) will yield nuclei which are more tightly bound (less mass per nucleon). The binding energies of nucleons are in the range of millions of electron volts compared to tens of eV for atomic electrons. Whereas an atomic transition might emit a photon in the range of a few electron volts, perhaps in the visible light region, nuclear transitions can emit

12. MIT Nuclear Engineering Department Home Page Information about the undergraduate and graduate degrees offered by MIT in nuclear engineering and energy systems, plasma physics and fusion technology and radiation science and technology. http://web.mit.edu/ned/www/

Department News INL National University Consortium searching for Director, University Research and Education [ read job description MIT Releases Study on Nuclear Energy's Future [ read article MIT/Tsinghua Collaborate on Pebble-Bed Reactor [ read article CANES Events Jun 28 - Jul 02, 2004 Summer Course: Risk Informed Operational Decision Management Awards Ten students and faculty members were honored at the Department of Nuclear Engineering's Awards Dinner, held on May 10. Honorees included NED Professor Sidney Yip, recipient of the Outstanding Teaching Award, and graduate students Paola Cappellaro, Lorenzo Pagani, and Peter Yarsky, recipients of the Mason Benedict Fellowship for "excellence in academic performance and professional promise." The event was co-sponsored by the American Nuclear Society. Full list Search Options NED: MIT: Click here! 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 24-105, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, 617.253.5456 ned-www@mit.edu.

13. Nuclear Fusion For potential nuclear energy sources for the Earth, the deuteriumtritium fusionreaction contained by some kind of magnetic confinement seems the most likely http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/fusion.html

Nuclear Fusion If light nuclei are forced together, they will fuse with a yield of energy because the mass of the combination will be less than the sum of the masses of the individual nuclei. If the combined nuclear mass is less than that of iron at the peak of the binding energy curve, then the nuclear particles will be more tightly bound than they were in the lighter nuclei, and that decrease in mass comes off in the form of energy according to the Einstein relationship . For elements heavier than iron, fission will yield energy. For potential nuclear energy sources for the Earth, the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction contained by some kind of magnetic confinement seems the most likely path. However, for the fueling of the stars , other fusion reactions will dominate. Fusion reactors Conditions for fusion Index Fusion concepts ... Nuclear R Nave Go Back Deuterium-Tritium Fusion The most promising of the hydrogen fusion reactions which make up the deuterium cycle is the fusion of deuterium and tritium. The reaction yields 17.6 MeV of energy but requires a temperature of approximately 40 million Kelvins to overcome the coulomb barrier and ignite it. The

14. Fusion Energy And Plasma Physics Research At PPPL United States Department of energy facility devoted to plasma physics and controlled nuclear fusion research. http://www.pppl.gov/

Fusion energy and plasma physics research is the primary mission of the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL). A collaborative national center for fusion energy and plasma physics research, PPPL is managed by Princeton University for the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science. An associate mission for PPPL is to provide the highest quality of education in fusion energy, plasma physics, and related technologies. NJN Interviews PPPL Director Goldston PPPL Open House June 12, 2004 10:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m. Information about the Open House PPPL Colloquia for 2003-2004 PPPL HOTLINE, April 2004 Virtual Tour of PPPL PPPL is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science , and managed by Princeton University. DOE Eurekalert USDOE and Other Fusion Links U.S. Fusion Energy Program Policy Information ... Download PPPL Logo Updated: 14 May 2004 Send questions or comments to Carol A. Phillips at caphilli@pppl.gov Laboratory Status

15. Plasma Physics And Controlled Fusion Journal history. 1984present, Plasma Physics and Controlled fusion.1967-1983, Plasma Physics. 1959-1966, Journal of nuclear energy. http://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/PPCF

@import url(http://ej.iop.org/style/nu/EJ.css); Electronic Journals quick guide Journals sitemap: IOP home page IOP online services EJs HOME JOURNAL HOME   - Editorial information   - Scope   - Editorial board   - Submit an article   - Pricing and ordering   - Request sample copy   - EPS invited papers EJS EXTRA   - IOP Select   - IOP Physics Reviews   - BEC Matters! SEARCH   - Content finder   - Default searches AUTHORS   - Submit an article   - Status enquiry   - Get LaTeX class file   - Classification schemes   - Scope   - Editorial board REFEREES   - Submit referee report   - Become a referee   - Update personal details   - Classification schemes   - Scope   - Editorial board LIBRARIANS   - Register your institution   - Pricing and ordering   - Library branding   - How to link to IOP journals   - Librarian help USER OPTIONS   - Create account   - Lost password Login Create account Alerts Contact us Journal home Editorial information Scope Editorial board Author benefits ... Submit an article Related content Linking to IOP journals IOP Select (new window) IOP Physics Reviews IOP journal news IOP books (new window) IOP journal archive Latest issue (complete) No 7, July 2004 (S1-S118, 1009-1162)

16. Metals And Ceramics Division Diversified materials research organization, supporting all of the major energy technologies, including nuclear, fossil, fusion, and conservation. http://www.ms.ornl.gov/

The Metals and Ceramics Division is a large, diversified materials research division with programs that support all of the major energy technologies, including nuclear (civilian, defense, and space), fossil, fusion, and conservation. Basic and applied research programs are focused on the thrust areas of high-temperature design, structural ceramics, and radiation effects. efficient, cost-competitive, and environmentally acceptable material's technologies; and to enhance science education and improve scientific awareness of students from precollege through postgraduate levels. The division is a matrix organization made up of fifteen research groups seven program offices , and three major user facilities here (for internal use only) Research Groups Research Programs User Facilities Organization Chart (PDF) ... Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is operated by UT-Battelle, LLC

17. National Nuclear Security Administration Secretary of energy Launches Initiatives To Bolster Security at nuclear Facilities manager to oversee the Inertial Confinement fusion Program and the construction and activation of http://www.dp.doe.gov/

Welcome to the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). This site is best viewed using a browser that supports frames. This is the "No-Frames" version of the site. The NNSA Home Page About NNSA Programs Press Releases ... Contact Us

18. Nuclear Energy Is The Most Certain Future Source. discovered how to do this in hydrogen bombs by using ordinary nuclear fission bombs 50years, fusion reactors may be close to getting more fusion energy out of http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/nuclear-faq.html

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT NUCLEAR ENERGY by John McCarthy This page discusses nuclear energy as a part of a more general discussion of why human material progress is sustainable and should be sustained. Energy is just one of the questions considered. Up to: Main page on why progress is sustainable Incidentally, I'm Professor of Computer Science at Stanford University, emeritus (means retired) as of 2001 January 1. Here's my main page . I write about sustainability as a volunteer public service. I am not professionally involved with nuclear energy. Here's a new page on Nuclear Energy Now . It is motivated by the Bush Administration in the U.S. having tentatively re-opened the question of building new nuclear plants in the U.S. I hope they persist and are successful. One of the major requirements for sustaining human progress is an adequate source of energy. The current largest sources of energy are the combustion of coal, oil and natural gas. These are discussed in the main page on energy . They will last quite a while but will probably run out or become harmful in tens to hundreds of years. Solar energy will also work but is not much developed yet except for special applications because of its high cost. This high cost as a main source, e.g. for central station electricity, is likely to continue, and nuclear energy is likely to remain cheaper. Q. What are the details on nuclear energy?

19. Nuclear Energy Since the energy required to overcome the mutual electric of the two nuclei is enormous,fusion occurs only the cores of stars and nuclear particle accelerators http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/01/7.html

Chapter Head Home Table of Contents Glossary ... Appendix Nuclear Energy Fission Fission occurs when the nucleus of an atom divides into two smaller nuclei. Fission can occur spontaneously; it may also be induced by the capture of a neutron. For example, an excited state of uranium (created by neutron capture) can split into smaller " daughter " nuclei. Fission products will often emit neutrons because the N/Z ratio is greater at higher Z. With a proper arrangement of uranium atoms, it is possible to have the neutrons resulting from the first fission event be captured and to cause more uranium nuclei to fission. This "chain reaction" process causes the number of uranium atoms that fission to increase exponentially. When the uranium nucleus fissions, it releases a considerable amount of energy. This process is carried on in a controlled manner in a nuclear reactor, where control rods capture excess neutrons, preventing them from being captured by other uranium nuclei to induce yet another uranium fission. Nuclear reactors are designed so that the release of energy is slow and can be used for practical generation of energy. In an atomic bomb, the chain reaction is explosively rapid. Fusion Fusion last updated: August 9, 2000

20. ThinkQuest : Library : Nuclear Physics In the other method, small nuclei are combined to release energy. For a more detailedlook at nuclear fission and nuclear fusion, consult the nuclear physics http://library.thinkquest.org/3471/nuclear_energy_body.html

Index Physical Science Nuclear Physics Nuclear physics remains a hot topic for discussion, especially at this excellent site. Learn the underlying principles of nuclear physics and the history of its development. Discover the uses, from general applications such as medical imaging and radioactive dating, to the more controversial nuclear energy and nuclear weapons. Read the opposing viewpoints people have for and against the use of nuclear energy and nuclear proliferation. Visit Site 1996 ThinkQuest Internet Challenge Languages English Students John New Plymouth High School, New Plymouth, ID, United States Greg TJHSST, Alexandria, VA, United States Johann TJHSST (Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technol, Alexandria, VA, United States Coaches Duane New Plymouth High School, New Plymouth, ID, United States Robert TJHSST, Alexandria, VA, United States Want to build a ThinkQuest site? The ThinkQuest site above is one of thousands of educational web sites built by students from around the world. Click here to learn how you can build a ThinkQuest site.

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